Atherosclerosis is the most frequent and clinically important form of arteriosclerosis.

_______________ is a form of arteriosclerosis characterized by thickening and hardening of arteries caused bay accumulation of lipid-laden macrophages in the arterial wall.

Plaque development leads to _____________.

Atherosclerosis can cause ___________.

Progression of which disease includes the following: inflammation of endothelium due to damage, cellular proliferation and LDL entry, macrophage migration, LDL oxidation (foam cell formation), fatty streak, fibrous plaque, complicated plaque

What kind of risk factors for atherosclerosis are the following: genetics, age, sex

What kind of risk factors for atherosclerosis are the following: hyperlipidemia, hypertension, cigarette smoking, diabetes mellitus

What is another way to say orthostatic hypotension?

Which measurement of blood pressure decreases when someone is affected by orthostatic (postural) hypotension?

What is an aneurysm?

Choose the true aneurisms from below

Choose the false aneurisms from below

What is a thrombus?

What is it called when a blood clot has broken loose?

Which of the below is a clot that is blocking veins (usually in the legs)?

Can an embolism be anything other than a blood clot such as an air bubble, amniotic fluid, aggregate of fat, bacteria, cancer cells, or a foreign substance?

Atherosclerotic disease of the arteries that perfuse the limbs; intermittent claudication (obstruction of arterial blood flow in the iliofemoral vessels resulting in pain with ambulation)

Occurs mainly in young men who smoke, inflammatory disease of peripheral arteries resulting in the formation of nonatherosclerotic lesions, obliterates the small and medium-sized arteries (decreased profusion of peripheral tissues)

Causes pain, tenderness, and hair loss in the affected area; symptoms are caused by slow, sluggish blood flow; can often lead to gangrenous lesions

Episodic vasospasm in arteries and arterioles of the fingers, less commonly the toes; primary vasospastic disorder of unknown origin

Collagen vascular disease (scleroderma), smoking, pulmonary hypertension, myxedema, and environmental factors (cold and prolonged exposure to vibrating machinery); secondary to other systemic diseases or conditions

Any vascular disorder that narrows or occludes the coronary arteries (atherosclerosis is the most common cause)

What are the following risk factors for: dyslipidemia, hypertension, cigarette smoking, diabetes mellitus, obesity/sedentary lifestyle

Local, temporary deprivation of the coronary blood supply resulting in low oxygen supply

What are the following types of: stable angina, silent ischemia

Which of the following are acute coronary syndromes?

______________ is defined as sudden and extended obstruction of the myocardial blood supply, death of cardiac muscle from prolonged ischemia.

What is the most common cause of myocardial infarction?

Atherosclerotic narrowing of the epicardial coronary arteries is the most common cause of a myocardial infarction, however, this is usually in concert with what other triggering factors?

For a myocardial infarction to cause irreversible damage or necrosis, how much blood flow and time is needed?

Overall, _________ lead to cellular injury, cellular death, structural and functional changes (myocardial remodeling), and repair

What can heart attacks lead to?

Which subtype of cardiomyopathy is seen in congestive heart failure when heart is weakened causing low stroke volume, ventricles enlarge due to higher volume of blood pumped in from the venous system in order to increase stroke volume and cardiac output, results in inability for heart to constrict

Which cardiomyopathy subtype generally occurs after an MI leading to increase in muscle tissue around ventricles due to tissue damage and leads to lower stroke volume?

Which cardiomyopathy subtype is a condition where the chambers of the heart become stiff over time. The heart is able to squeeze well, not able to relax. makes it harder for the heart to fill with blood. Usually caused by amyloidosis: an abnormal buildup of protein in organs and tissues.

What do cardiomyopathies lead to?

Causes of this are acute MI, complications from myocardial infarction, uremia, chest radiation, rheumatic fever, SLE, trauma, cardiac surgery, infections

The following are symptoms of this: loud pericardial friction rub, but fluid may prevent rubbing; sharp, pleuritic, position-dependent pain and fever (better sitting up and forward), ECG changes, possible HF

When abnormal fluids fill between pericardium and heart, a diagnosis of _________ is given.

Acute effusions have clinical consequences with 200-300mL of fluid, ruptured MI or aortic dissection. This compresses the heart, causing potentially fatal _________

_____________ is the general term used to describe several types of cardiac dysfunction that result in inadequate perfusion of tissues with blood-borne nutrients.

How many types of congestive heart failure are there?

____________ heart failure is the inability of the heart to generate adequate cardiac output to perfuse tissues.

__________ heart failure is pulmonary congestion despite normal stroke volume and cardiac output.

Most commonly caused by a diffuse hypoxic pulmonary disease, can result from an increase in left ventricular filling pressure that is reflected back into the pulmonary circulation.

Inability of the heart to supply the body with blood-borne nutrients, despite adequate blood volume and normal or elevated myocardial contractility.

Coronary artery disease results from _________

A clot attached to the wall of an artery is called ___________

A heart attack is also known as __________

______ is a condition where the chambers of the heart become stiff over time. The heart is able to squeeze well, not able to relax.