the outermost and thinnest of Earth's layers

between the crust and the core; makes up the most of Earth's material

an instrument that records earthquake waves.

This type of weathering forms caves.

breaking of rock into smaller pieces by gravity or other physical forces

ice wedging is an example of what type of weathering?

Changes in rock by chemical processes

Placing or dropping of material in a new location or place

Moving sediment away from one location to another

A place where heavy sediments are deposited when a river meets an ocean

Rocks that form when layers of materials settle on top of each other and harden

type of rock formed when existing rock is squeezed and heated at very high (extreme) temperatures

rocks that form when melted rock cools and hardens

A mineral's _____ will cause it to break in a definite pattern.

A mineral's _____ is the way light is reflected by its surface

Moh's scales is used to find a mineral's ______.

Gritty, smooth, sticky, and powdery all describe a mineral's ________ or how it physically feels.

The color of a mineral in its powdered form is called its _______. (uses a special plate to find this)

Minerals can be found in soil and in _______

Some minerals have a distinct ______ that helps to identify them.

_______ are naturally made solids that have regular arrangements of particles in them.

_____ crust is made mostly of basalt and is about 6-11km thick

the oceanic crust begins at the continental ______

The top part of the mantle and the crust above it form the _______

The liquid in the _____ core flows in currents

A _____ is a section of the lithosphere

Cracks in the Earth's crust where surround rock has moved or shifted are called _______.

In a landslide, _____ quickly pulls rocks and dirt downhill.

_____ rivers carry more sediments.

Rocks are ground to sediment under moving ______

The constant action of _____ is a major source of erosion along shorelines

Large, loose deposits of sand are called _____

Plates move because of gravity and convection currents.

The Atlantic Ocean is the site of a spreading (divergent) plate boundary

Earthquakes most often occur at faults that are away from plate boundaries.

The energy released in an earthquake can cause landslides and tsunamis.

Most volcanoes form near colliding plate boundaries (where subduction takes place).

A mountain forms when a volcano reaches the surface of the water in an ocean.

The rate of mechanical weathering depends on the materials in a rock and the conditions around it.

Areas with little rain will have a lot of chemical weathering.

Soil is a mixture of sediments from weathered rock, decayed materials, gases from air and water.

Bedrock can eventually become soil sediment.

Melted rock that cools quickly results in igneous rock with large mineral crystals

Pumice is a rock that has many tiny holes where gases were trapped.

Plant and animal fossils are most often found in metamorphic rock.

Rocks cannot change from one kind to another.

Over time, rock layers can be bent and turned over by processes such as volcanic eruptions.