(Epidemiology)

This type of influenza virus produces the most common outbreaks & can sweep across continents and around the world in massive epidemics called pandemics

(Epidemiology)

This type of influenza virus has less extensive and less severe outbreaks & sometimes causes epidemics

(Epidemiology)

This type of influenza virus is the least significant & causes mild sporadic respiratory disease but not epidemic influenza

(Epidemiology)

Evidence supports the model that _______ serve as mixing vessels for reassortants because their cells contain receptors recognized by both human and avian viruses

(Transmission)

Which of the following is/are mode of transmission of orthomyxoviridae?

(Pathogenesis)

Virus can establish infection of URT/LRT by compromising the mucociliary defenses of the respiratory tract

(Pathogenesis)

Having systemic symptoms are due to ______ & lymphokine response, especially _____ since influenza viruses are sensitive to its antiviral effects

Infectious virus is also rarely recovered from blood

(Pathogenesis)

Innate immunity response contributes to host recovery from infection while specific antibody and cell-mediated immune responses cannot be detected for another 1-2 weeks

(Pathogenesis)

___________: epithelial cell damage → ciliated and mucus secreting cells

(1) Causes cellular destruction and desquamation of superficial mucosa of the respiratory tract

(2) Does not affect the basal layer of epithelium

(3) Complete reparation of cellular damage takes up to 1 month → Leads to edema and mononuclear infiltrations

(Pathogenesis)

Infected individuals predisposed to ______ superinfection because of loss of natural barriers and induction of bacterial adhesion to epithelial cells

(Immunopathology)

Interferon and cell-mediated immune response (NK and T cell) are important for both immune resolution and

immunopathogenesis

(Immunopathology)

_______ of influenza A can undergo major and minor antigenic changes to ensure the presence of immunologically naïve and susceptible individuals

(Immunopathology)

A few cells of respiratory epithelium are infected if deposited virus particles did the following:

(Immunopathology)

__________ are soon produced which spread to adjacent cells where the replicative cycle is repeated which results to many cells in the RT become infected and killed eventually

(Course of the disease)

Incubation period: ______ and it depends on size of the viral dose and immune status of the host

(Course of the disease)

Viral shedding starts the day preceding onset of symptoms and peaks within 24 hours or (3 to 4 days post-infection [Murray 8th ed])

It remains elevated for 1-2 days and declines over the next 5 days

(Clinical manifestations)

(1) Incubation period: 1-4 days (average of 2 days)

(2) Adults: fever, malaise, headache, myalgia, anorexia, sore throat, dry cough

(3) Children: higher fever, GI symptoms (abdominal pain, vomiting), otitis media, myositis, croup

(Clinical manifestations)

(1) Milder 3 day febrile illness with predominantly systemic symptoms

(2) More GIT involvement “gastric flu”

(Clinical manifestations)

(1) Afebrile URTI

(2) Confined to young children

(Clinical manifestations)

Which of the following are the complications of orthomyxoviruses?

(Clinical manifestations)

Which of the following are example of neurological complications of orthomyxoviruses?

(Clinical manifestations)

An acute encephalopathy of children and adolescents, usually between 2 and 16 years of age

(1) Mortality rate is high (10-40%)

(2) Cause is unknown but it is recognized rare complication of influenza A and B, and VZV infections

(3) Epidemiologic relationship between salicylate use and subsequent development of this disease

(Clinical manifestations)

Timeline of classic/uncomplicated Influenza

Fever and systemic symptoms: last 3-5 days

__________ : last another 3-4 days

Cough and weakness: may persist for 2-4 weeks after major symptoms subside

(Clinical Manifestations)

Pneumonia complicating influenza infections can be viral, secondary bacterial, or a combination of the two. Which of the following are bacterial pathogens that's commonly involved?

(Clinical Manifestations)

_________ is a risk factor for lethal pulmonary complications in some epidemics

(Immunity)

The three types of influenza viruses are antigenically

unrelated, therefore induce no cross-protection for each types (A, B, C)

(Immunity)

Antibody (including vaccine-induced Ab) can prevent disease. This Ab can protect the person against reinfection

(Immunity)

Antibody (including vaccine-induced Ab) can prevent disease. This Ab can decreased severity of disease and decreased ability to transmit virus to contacts

(Immunity)

IgA, serum IgG, and cell-mediated immunity (CMI) are

important. Which of the following are the primary roles of cell-mediated immune response?

(Immunity)

A phenomenon where subsequent infections or immunization reinforce the Ab response to the first subtype of influenza experiences years earlier