European Christianity forms syncretic religious beliefs with indigenous Latin American and Caribbean faiths.

The Russian Empire emancipates serfs in order to create a new labor force.

The Chinese invade Vietnam, discover quick-ripening champa rice, and experience a population increase.

South Asia is partitioned into two states because of irreconcilable religious differences.

Portugal creates a trading post empire in the Indian Ocean.

A substantial number of Asians migrate to the Americas for agricultural labor.

New racial classifications, such as mestizo, mulatto, and creole, emerge in colonial Latin America.

The Tanzimat Reform in the Ottoman Empire provokes conservatives by its attempt to secularize education and define society as a collection of individuals equal before the law.

Human population increases due to medical and scientific advances such as antibiotics and polio vaccinations.

Merchant migration leads to cultural enclaves in major urban areas. They often experience legal discrimination.

Eurasian nomads create the largest contiguous empire in history. Silk Road trade is revived.

Women's suffrage movements are successful in Europe and North America

A second wave of imperialism pushes Europeans to colonize the continent of Africa and to project power in much of Asia.

Networks of communication and exchange become truly global.

The most rapid and numerous independence movement in history occurs, some through armed conflict, others through negotiations.

Groups such as the Marathas in South Asia and the Taiping in East Asia challenge imperial rule.

A slave revolt in the Caribbean creates a free black republic.

An exchange of crops, culture, animals, and disease pathogens begins between Afro-Eurasia and the Americas.

The Spanish, Dutch, French, and British establish sea-based empires in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans.