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WorksheetsImmuno Mission 4 Review
Total questions: 72
Worksheet time: 1hrs 12mins
What 2 groups of bacteria does the Gram stain distinguish between?
gram-positive
gram-negative
gram neutral
gram peptidoglycan
What bacterial cell structure does Gram stain bind to?
nucleus
cell wall
ribosomes
ER
What are the differences between Gram + and Gram – bacteria?
Gram + have thick peptidoglycan layer, Gram – have outer membrane and thin peptidoglycan; Gram+ have teichoic acid, Gram – have LPS
Gram + have thin peptidoglycan layer, Gram – have outer membrane and thick peptidoglycan; Gram+ have techoic acid, Gram – have LPS
What makes up the lipopolysaccharides in the outer membrane of Gram – bacteria?
lipid A
oligosaccharide-side chain made of sugars
core polysaccharide
thick peptidoglycan layer
What is the function of the bacterial cell wall?
Protects from mechanical damage and osmotic shock
Binary fission and replication
promote osmotic shock
What are some of the pathogenic actions of LPS in humans?
Fever inducer
Blood vessel dilation
Blood vessel constrictor
Phagocytize
What is the total magnification when using a 50x objective lens and 10x optical lens?
5000x
5x
50x
500x
What is the average size of a prokaryotic cell?
0.1-0.5 um
2.0-4.0 um
0.5-2.0 um
<0.5
What units would one use to measure a virus
nanometers
micrometers
millimeters
angstrom
What do you call a microorganism that can cause disease?
parasite
bacterium
plague
pathogen
What is one advantage that microorganisms causing infection have over the body’s immune cells?
replicate much faster than immune cells can kill them
replicate much slower than immune cells can kill them
move much faster than immune cells can kill them
phagocytize much faster than immune cells can kill them
How are endotoxins made
a lipopolysaccharide component of the gram + cell outer membrane
a lipopolysaccharide component of the gram – cell outer membrane
a lipopolysaccharide component of the gram – cell inner membrane
a monosaccharide component of the gram – cell outer membrane
What causes a frameshift mutation?
point mutations
germline
insertions
deletions
What do frameshift mutations lead to?
Incorrect proteins and premature stop codons
Nucleotides in a sequence divisible by 2
Correction of amino acid sequences
Reverse protein functions
What cellular component is responsible for making protein from codons in mRNA?
nucleus
Golgi apparatus
ribosomes
mitochondria
What is the name of the process in which DNA is made into RNA?
translation
transcription
replication
mutation
What is the name of the process in which RNA is made into protein?
translation
transcription
replication
mutation
What is the end product of DNA replication?
completely identical RNA molecule as the template
combination of parent and complementary DNA
completely complementary DNA molecule
completely identical DNA molecule as the template
What is the end product of RNA transcription?
mRNA
tRNA
rRNA
mDNA
What is the function of RNA polymerase?
To make an mRNA transcript from a DNA template that will be translated by a ribosome to make a protein.
To make an tRNA transcript from a DNA template that will be translated by a ribosome to make a protein.
To make an mRNA transcript from a RNA template that will be translated by a ribosome to make a protein
To make an mRNA transcript from a DNA template that will be translated by a mitochondria to make a protein.
What is the function of DNA polymerase?
to make a new DNA strand
to make a new RNA strand
to make a complementary RNA strand
to fill in the gaps of replication
_______________ system is activated immediately upon microbial infection in the body
Adaptive Immune
Artificial Immune
Innate Immune
Active Immune
_______________ system establishes immunological memory and takes a few days to initiate a response.
Adaptive Immune
Artificial Immune
Innate Immune
Active Immune
Skin, mucous membranes, sebum, tears, gastric juices are the _______ of the body.
second line of defense
first line of defense
memory line of defense
adaptive line of defense
What are the cells of the innate immune system
dendritic cells, macrophages, NK cells
mast cells
basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils
all of the above
What are the cells of the adaptive immune system?
B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes
eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils
natural killer cells
APC
What do natural killer cells attack?
bacteria-infected cells
cancer cells
virus infected cells
mutated cells
What makes a dendritic cell different from a macrophage?
Dendritic cells transport antigens from the lymph nodes to epithelia
Dendritic cells transport antibodies from the epithelia to the lymph nodes
Macrophages transport antigens from the epithelia to the lymph nodes
Dendritic cells transport antigens from the epithelia to the lymph nodes
Where can you find macrophages? What are they derived from?
Tissues like skin, derived from neutrophils
Tissues like skin, derived from monocytes
Tissues like skin, derived from mast cells
Tissues like skin, derived from neutrophils
Which of the following is not a type of T cell
helper t cell
memory t cell
cytotoxic t cells
effector and t reg t cells
none of the above
Which of the following are types of B cells
Plasma b cells
Helper b cells
Memory b cells
Cytotoxic b cells
MHC Class I is found on what cells?
Normal body cells (nucleated)
White blood cells
Red blood cells
MHC class II is found on what cells?
Normal body cells (nucleated)
White Blood Cells
Red Blood Cells
Macrophages
MHC Class I present what type of derived antigen?
intracellular
extracellular
endogenous
exogenous
MHC Class II present what type of derived antigen?
intracellular
extracellular
endogenous
exogenous
What is the main reason for transplant rejection?
Differing APC's between patient and donor
Differing T cells between patient and donor
Differing MHC molecules between patient and donor
Differing B cells between patient and donor
What is the purpose of MHC molecules on the Helper T cells?
Recognizing self from non self and recognizing antigen fragments (co-receptor of CD4+ molecules).
Recognizing self from non self
recognizing antigen fragments (co-receptor of CD4+ molecules).
none of the above
Helper T cells have what CD receptor?
(a)
Cytotoxic t cells have which CD receptor?
(a)
When an antigen is processed it is broken down and its fragments presented on what?
MHC class I or class II receptors
antibodies
DNA sequence
lysosomes
Cytotoxic t cells target what type of pathogen?
intracellular
extracellular
Helper t cells target what type of pathogen?
intracellular
extracellular
The process of amplifying a specific T cell or B cell that is specific to a certain antigen.
none of the above
positive selection
complement cascade
clonal selection
What causes clonal selection to amplify the amounts of a specific lymphocyte?
When a B cell activates a T cell with a specific receptor shape, the T cell then undergoes differentiation and clonal selection makes the necessary antibody
When a T cell activates a B cell with a specific receptor shape, the B cell then undergoes differentiation and clonal selection makes the necessary antibody
The complement cascade consists of what pathways?
classical
alternative
lectin binding
all of the above
What makes these complement cascades similar?
They all produce C3 complement protein that is cleaved into C3a and C3b
They all produce C4 complement protein that is cleaved into C4a and C4b
Which portion of an antibody composes the antigen-binding site?
Variable regions of heavy chain
Variable regions of light chain
Variable regions of heavy chain and light chain
Fc
What is the first antibody to respond to an infection?
IgA
IgG
IgE
IgM
Where does clonal selection take place?
blood
bone marrow
thymus
nephrons
What are the cell surface receptors of B cells? How is this different from T cells?
B cells- antibodies, usually IgD and IgM; T cells- CD8 and CD4
B cells- antibodies, usually IgD and IgM; T cells- CD8 and CD4
T cells- antibodies, usually IgD and IgM; B cells- CD8 and CD4
Where do T cells mature?
blood
bone marrow
thymus
nephrons
Heavy chain genes of antibodies are?
VJ segments
VDJ segments
Fb segments
Fc segments
Light chain genes of antibodies are?
VJ segments
VDJ segments
Fb segments
Fc segments
Which B cells secrete antibodies after clonal selection?
Plasma cells
Memory cells
The selecting and proliferation of T cells in thymus that do not attack self-antigens.
opsonization
positive selection
complement cascade
clonal selection
What do TH2 cytokines do?
They help with differentiation of T cells.
They help with differentiation of B cells.
Coating a pathogen with antibodies to enhance receptor-mediated phagocytosis.
opsonization
positive selection
complement cascade
clonal selection
What T cells attack tumor cells?
Cytotoxic t cells
CD4
Helper t cells
CD8
What type of virus is HIV?
adenovirus
retrovirus
megavirus
coronavirus
Which enzyme do retroviruses depend upon in order to create a retrotransposon?
Reverse Transcriptase
Integrase
Lipase
Ribonuclease
The co-receptor of a CD4 T cell interacts with and relies on what receptor on the antigen-presenting cell?
MHC Class II
MHC Class I
What region of an antibody is responsible for the five classes of antibodies?
constant region
variable region
Which antibody can be passed from mother to fetus?
IgM
IgA
IgG
IgE
The prior exposure of an infectious agent in a weakened form in order to establish immunity and prevent later onset of infection.
positive selection
opsonization
injection
vaccination
Which cells are responsible for immunological memory throughout one’s life?
memory b and t cells
t cells
memory b
plasma b and t cells
Lytic results in cell death and immediate synthesis of viral components upon integration of viral genome into host genome but during the lysogenic cycle, the virus is dormant and does not undergo synthesis of viral components, instead it remains within the genome and replicates with the host genome during cell division and eventually hundreds of cells are made each with the viral genome. The lytic cycle can then be triggered.
True
False
Antibodies interact with an antigen so that it cannot interact with a target cell.
opsonization
neutralization
immunization
inoculation
What is budding? What does the virus take with it?
The release of an enveloped virus from a host cell. It takes the nucleus of the host cell.
The release of a virus. It takes the cytoplasm of the host cell.
The release of an enveloped virus from a host cell. It takes the plasma membrane of the host cell.
the naked virus lifecycle different from the enveloped virus lifecycle because
The naked virus enters the cell by receptor-mediated endocytosis while the enveloped virus enters by fusion of viral envelope with host cell membrane. The naked virus has a capsid that must undergo uncoating within endosome, enveloped viruses with capsid must uncoat OUTSIDE the cytoplasm.
True
False
Antibodies that are secreted in large amounts by a hybrid cell which is a fusion of a normal plasma B cell and myeloma (cancerous plasma B cell). Used for immunological diagnostic tests.
monoclonal antibodies
chemotherapy
IgG
IgE
Genes that when activated can cause a normal cell to become cancerous.
signaling genes
oncogenes
nondormant genes
Prions are infectious VIRUSES that can cause disease in normal cells and cause neurodegeneration. They are caused by mutation of the of PrPC resulting in PrPSc glycoprotein.
True
False
