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AP Psych (17-19) 4

Total questions: 200

Worksheet time: 2hrs 50mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

Tyler ate a cheeseburger from a fast food restaurant for dinner, and he was awake all night feeling sick. Now, just thinking about eating any fast food makes him feel nauseous, and he is certain that he will never want to eat it again. Tyler’s aversion to fast food can best be explained by

a)

extinction.

b)

spontaneous recovery.

c)

latent learning.

d)

shaping.

e)

stimulus generalization.

2.

Which of the following statements describes the Flynn effect?

a)

IQ scores in the United States were lower in 1999 than in 1989.

b)

Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores in the United States were higher in 2003 than in 1993.

c)

Children who attend Head Start programs show short-term gains in IQ scores.

d)

There is no statistically significant relationship between IQ scores and creativity.

e)

People may earn higher scores when they are told the test is a personality assessment rather than an intelligence test.

3.

While at a crowded gathering, Zach realized that his attention was being drawn away from his conversation every time a person nearby said the word “exactly.” Zach’s response is an example of

a)

sensory adaptation.

b)

bottom-up processing.

c)

the just-noticeable difference.

d)

the cocktail party effect.

e)

the Gestalt principle of closure.

4.

According to research by Fergus I. M. Craik and Endel Tulving on levels of processing, which of the following would most improve the ability to recall the word “umbrella”?

a)

Deciding whether the word “umbrella” rhymes with the word “banana”.

b)

Writing the word “umbrella”.

c)

Deciding whether an umbrella would be useful to pack for a trip.

d)

Mentally spelling the word “umbrella”.

e)

Counting the number of syllables in the word “umbrella”.

5.

While shopping in the grocery store, Shelby stopped and was blocking the aisle. Another shopper asked Shelby to step aside so that she could move down the aisle. Shelby moved out of the way to let the shopper pass. Which of the following phenomena accurately describes Shelby’s action?

a)

Social loafing

b)

Social impairment

c)

Social facilitation

d)

Informed consent

e)

Compliance

6.

The Big Five personality factors are based in which psychological perspective?

a)

Trait psychology

b)

Behaviorism

c)

Neuropsychology

d)

Cognitive psychology

e)

Biopsychology

7.

During English class, Caleb is worried about an unfinished history project he needs to turn in later in the day. While the English teacher and other students discuss a short story the class just read, Caleb’s attention is focused on how to finish the history project. The next day he is unable to recall the short story details presented in English class. The recall problem is most likely due to

a)

retroactive interference.

b)

proactive interference.

c)

source amnesia.

d)

retrieval failure.

e)

encoding failure.

8.

In Ivan Pavlov’s classical conditioning paradigm, the dog salivated in response to the food at the outset of the experiment because the food was

a)

a conditioned stimulus.

b)

a conditioned response.

c)

an unconditioned stimulus.

d)

an unconditioned response.

e)

a secondary reinforcer.

9.

What type of theorist is most likely to assess people’s personalities by having them draw pictures, in the hope that the drawings will reveal underlying personality characteristics?

a)

Psychoanalytic

b)

Behavioral

c)

Humanistic

d)

Cognitive

e)

Social cognitive

10.

Which of the following types of therapy focuses on changing a behavior by changing maladaptive thinking?

a)

Biological

b)

Behavioral

c)

Cognitive

d)

Psychodynamic

e)

Humanistic

11.

Raj, a four-year-old child, learned to open the door to a classroom by pulling on the handle. Now whenever he approaches any door he pulls on the handle and is confused when that does not work. This is best explained by Raj’s having developed which of the following for door opening?

a)

Accommodation

b)

Object permanence

c)

Conservation

d)

A mental set

e)

Divergent thinking

12.

After spending hours in her kitchen preparing dinner, Rebecca no longer notices the strong smell of garlic until her guests arrive and mention the smell. Her failure to notice the smell of garlic illustrates

a)

anosmia.

b)

synesthesia.

c)

sensory adaptation.

d)

subliminal perception.

e)

the just-noticeable difference.

13.

A healthy, seventy-year-old editor of a print magazine is likely to experience the greatest decline in which of the following cognitive tasks?

a)

Remembering who was the president of the United States in 1960.

b)

Quickly learning the process of editing and publishing an Internet-based magazine.

c)

Recalling the name and author of a favorite book.

d)

Remembering the names of grandchildren.

e)

Explaining the process of magazine publishing before computers and the Internet.

14.

The theorist who conducted pioneering research on latent learning and cognitive maps was

a)

Albert Bandura

b)

Ivan Pavlov

c)

Martin Seligman

d)

B. F. Skinner

e)

Edward Tolman

15.

A test that measures a student’s potential ability is

a)

an aptitude test.

b)

an achievement test.

c)

an intelligence test.

d)

a personality inventory.

e)

an interest inventory.

16.

Which of the following psychological disorders is correctly paired with the appropriate classification?

a)

specific phobia . . schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders

b)

post-traumatic stress . . trauma- and stressor related disorders

c)

specific phobia . . schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders

d)

obsessive-compulsive . . depressive disorders

e)

conversion . . personality disorders

17.

Hermann Ebbinghaus tested his memory using combinations of three-letter nonsense syllables. Which of the following graphs best represents his findings about the relationship between forgetting and time?

a)

A

b)

B

c)

C

d)

D

e)

E

18.

Which of the following statements about the perception of taste is true?

a)

Infants are not able to perceive taste differences until they are at least twelve months old.

b)

The basilar membrane is responsible for sending messages about tastes from the tongue to the brain.

c)

Older adults frequently experience decreases in the sense of smell that make it more difficult to perceive the flavor of food.

d)

The five primary taste qualities are spicy, sour, salty, bitter, and sweet.

e)

Taste receptors are located exclusively on the tip of the tongue.

19.

Hillary glances at a graph and then turns her head away less than a second later. When she tries to immediately remember what she saw, which of the following types of memory does Hillary use?

a)

Procedural

b)

Declarative

c)

Implicit

d)

Iconic

e)

Echoic

20.

Mikayla, a high school student strongly opposed to video game use, is researching the topic for a speech she will deliver to her English class. Rather than searching for “the effects of video games,” Mikayla searches for “the dangers of video games,” and finds hundreds of Websites with information she can use to argue her position. Her behavior is an example of

a)

confirmation bias.

b)

using a syllogism.

c)

insight.

d)

self-serving bias.

e)

functional fixedness.

21.

A psychologist designed a study to test the effects of cell phone use on driving safety. Participants were randomly assigned either to drive an automobile simulator while talking to a friend on a cell phone or to drive a simulator without talking on a phone. Which type of research does the scenario describe?

a)

Case study

b)

Correlational

c)

Naturalistic observation

d)

Participant observation

e)

Experimental

22.

A psychologist designed a study to test the effects of cell phone use on driving safety. Participants were randomly assigned either to drive an automobile simulator while talking to a friend on a cell phone or to drive a simulator without talking on a phone. In the study, cell phone use can be described as

a)

a dependent variable.

b)

a confounding variable.

c)

an independent variable.

d)

a random variable.

e)

an operational definition.

23.

People respond more favorably when they are faced with a 95 percent success rate than with a 5 percent failure rate because of

a)

intuition.

b)

overconfidence.

c)

belief perseverance.

d)

framing.

e)

the representativeness heuristic.

24.

Suzie screamed at her little brother, and her mother yelled, “We do not yell in this house!” Suzie continues to yell at her brother despite her mother reprimanding her. Suzie’s behavior is best explained by

a)

observational learning.

b)

stimulus generalization.

c)

latent learning.

d)

negative reinforcement.

e)

intermittent reinforcement.

25.

Robert has a persistent fear of having a heart attack in public that has resulted in his not wanting to leave his house. Therefore, he severely limits the time he spends out in public. Robert’s condition is most similar to which of the following disorders?

a)

Separation anxiety

b)

Generalized anxiety

c)

Obsessive-compulsive

d)

Social anxiety

e)

Agoraphobia

26.
the retention of encoded information over time. 
a)
memory 
b)
 storage
c)
imagery 
d)
recall
27.
a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test. 
a)
recall 
b)
memory 
c)
rehearsal
d)
recognition
28.
the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage. 
a)
rehearsal
b)
retrieval
c)
relearning
d)
recall
29.
the process of getting information out of memory storage. 
a)
recall 
b)
rehearsal
c)
priming
d)
retrieval
30.
the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system. 
a)
echoic memory
b)
sensory memory
c)
working memory
d)
short term memory
31.
the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information. 
a)
proactive interference 
b)
retroactive interference
c)
serial position effect 
d)
spacing effect
32.
organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically. 
a)
relearning 
b)
chunking 
c)
encoding
d)
priming
33.
the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response. 
a)
 memory
b)
encoding
c)
 priming
d)
chunking
34.
a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second. 
a)
iconic memory
b)
implicit memory
c)
echoic memory
d)
working memory
35.
Madeleine was a lawyer who had a very big court case to prepare. Madeleine found it much easier to recall her opening address in court when she rehearsed it first in the empty courtroom. This is most likely due to
a)
A. elaborative rehearsal.
b)
B. state-dependent cues.
c)
C. context-dependent cues.
d)
D. the use of narrative chaining.
36.
Last year, Zoe was taught by Mrs Hopper. This year, Mrs Hopper teaches Zoe’s sister, Pia, but she often calls Pia by Zoe’s name. This is known as
a)
A. retrograde amnesia.
b)
B. anterograde amnesia.
c)
C. proactive interference.
d)
 D. retroactive interference.
37.
After looking up a phone number, Jim calls it, then forgets. The number was stored in his
a)
Short-Term Memory
b)
Long Term Memory
c)
Visual Memory
d)
Echoic Memory
38.
The process of filing information into your memory is...
a)
Chunking
b)
Encoding
c)
Retrieving
d)
Priming
39.
Rephrasing a new definition in order to remember its meaning is
a)
Echoic Encoding
b)
Semantic Encoding
c)
Visual Encoding
d)
Auditory Encoding
40.
This term is a limited capacity store and preserves unrehearsed information for about 15-30 sec.
a)
Working Memory
b)
Long Term Memory
c)
Retrieval Memory
d)
Short-Term Memory
41.
Which type of memory has an essentially unlimited storage capacity?
a)
echoic memory
b)
long-term memory
c)
short-term memory
d)
state-dependent memory
42.
What are the three types of storage that our brain uses?
a)
sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory
b)
vivid memory, short-term memory, long-term memory
c)
compact memory, short-term memory, long-term memory
d)
none of these
43.
"The magical number 7 plus or minus 2" refers to the storage capacity of ___________ memory. 
a)
explicit
b)
implicit
c)
sensory
d)
short-term
44.
According to the spacing effect, which of the following study methods would work best? 
a)
explaining physics to someone that hasn't taken the class
b)
learning physics by rereading your notebook
c)
studying physics everyday for 1 hour a day in the week leading to the test
d)
studying physics for an hour before a test
45.

Kevin seems to be able to communicate, but isn't following the rules of language, which are known as _____

a)

semantics

b)

morphemes

c)

phonemes

d)

syntax

46.

Kevin seems in an awful hurry - what motivation theory is at work?

a)

incentive

b)

instinct

c)

drive-reduction theory

d)

arousal theory

47.

Maybe Michael's problem is with the brain area responsible for producing speech, which is _____

a)

Broca's area

b)

Wernicke's area

c)

the temporal lobe

d)

the parietal lobe

48.

Maybe Michael's problem is with the brain area responsible for understanding speech, which is _____

a)

Broca's area

b)

Wernicke's area

c)

the temporal lobe

d)

the parietal lobe

49.

Which part below does Stanley not use in this image?

a)

Basilar membrance

b)

Eardrum

c)

Cochlea

d)

Semicircular canals

50.

Oh no, looks like poor Stanley's _______ levels have fallen.

a)

Glucose

b)

Set point

c)

Insulin

d)

Ghrelin

51.

Michael can thank his ________ for his ability to enjoy that smell!

a)

olfactory bulb

b)

kinesthetic sense

c)

vestibular sense

d)

interneurons

52.

Misinterpreted? That word is most closely associated with the ______ perspective.

a)

behavioral

b)

biological

c)

humanistic

d)

cognitive

53.

Maybe Creed's too worried - if his parents encourage his autonomy, yet still place limits on his behavior, he might be okay. This is the _____ parenting style

a)

authoritarian

b)

authoritative

c)

permissive

d)

rejecting–neglecting

54.

Creed comes up with an acrostic first, then tries to figure out what each letter stands for. That's a very backward attempt at creating a _______ .

a)

heuristic

b)

mnemonic

c)

method of loci

d)

mental set

55.

Uh oh, Erin might be making a poor choice at the office Christmas party. Which of the following is not true about her drug of choice?

a)

It can disrupt memory formation

b)

it can reduce self-control

c)

it's a stimulant

d)

it slows brain activity

56.

Ryan, Ryan, Ryan - Freud might say that you are using the defense mechanism known as ________

a)

projection

b)

rationalization

c)

denial

d)

sublimation

57.

If Dwight's cousin Mose were a part of the human brain, he'd be the __________

a)

hypothalamus

b)

amygdala

c)

reticular formation

d)

thalamus

58.

Michael gave blood, then passed out for a few minutes. What part of his brain was most involved in his arousal here?

a)

pituitary

b)

suprachiasmatic nucleus

c)

reticular formation

d)

sensory cortex

59.

Stanley is so focused on his crossword that he doesn't notice that it's Kevin (wearing Phyllis' clothes) sitting across from him instead of Phyllis, as usual. This failure is an example of ____

a)

bottom-up processing

b)

the Stroop effect

c)

the cocktail party effect

d)

change blindness

60.

Creed successfully (?) completes his first cartwheel - what brain region must have been coordinating this movement?

a)

occipital lobe

b)

brain stem

c)

cerebellum

d)

hippocampus

61.

When Andy gets upset at work, he responds by doing this - OUCH! The defense mechanism he's using is:

a)

repression

b)

displacement

c)

sublimation

d)

reaction formation

62.

Co-workers have worked with Stanley for years, but just realized that they can't recall if he normally has a mustache. Their failure to notice that detail that is an example of

a)

top-down processing

b)

opponent-process theory

c)

feature detectors

d)

inattentional blindness

63.

If Jim had erased Dwight's memory, he would have targeted his ___________ .

a)

hypothalamus

b)

hippocampus

c)

corpus callosum

d)

pons

64.
1. An individual with damage to their Wernicke’s area is most likely to have difficulty
a)
a. identifying an object held in the hand but not seen.
b)
b. planning what to wear to a party.
c)
c. remembering the name of a person in a photograph.
d)
d. comprehending a spoken request for information.
e)
e. distinguishing between red and green.
65.
2. A two-year-old child is frightened by a small dog. A few weeks later the same child sees a cat and becomes frightened. You can conclude that the child’s reaction is most likely an example of
a)
a. discrimination.
b)
b. second-order conditioning.
c)
c. generalization.
d)
d. preconditioning.
e)
e. spontaneous recovery.
66.
3. A psychologist is attempting to get Wade, an 8-year-old autistic boy, to make eye contact when she speaks to him. She gives Wade a piece of candy every time he looks at her face. This treatment illustrates
a)
a. negative reinforcement
b)
b. positive reinforcement
c)
c. intermittent reinforcement
d)
d. partial reinforcement
e)
e. neutral reinforcement
67.
3. A psychologist is attempting to get Wade, an 8-year-old autistic boy, to make eye contact when she speaks to him. She gives Wade a piece of candy every time he looks at her face. This treatment illustrates
a)
a. negative reinforcement
b)
b. positive reinforcement
c)
c. intermittent reinforcement
d)
d. partial reinforcement
e)
e. neutral reinforcement
68.
4. Which component of the limbic system has an essential role in the formation of new memories?
a)
a. Amygdala
b)
b. Hippocampus
c)
c. Pituitary gland
d)
d. Hypothalamus
e)
e. Thalamus
69.
5. The human vestibular sense is most closely associated with the:
a)
a. Skin
b)
b. Semicircular canals
c)
c. Taste buds
d)
d. Olfactory bulb
e)
e. Rods and cones
70.
5. The human vestibular sense is most closely associated with the:
a)
a. Skin
b)
b. Semicircular canals
c)
c. Taste buds
d)
d. Olfactory bulb
e)
e. Rods and cones
71.
6. Of the following research methods, which can best establish a cause-and-effect relationship?
a)
a. Naturalistic observation
b)
b. A survey
c)
c. A test
d)
d. A case study
e)
e. An experiment
72.
6. Of the following research methods, which can best establish a cause-and-effect relationship?
a)
a. Naturalistic observation
b)
b. A survey
c)
c. A test
d)
d. A case study
e)
e. An experiment
73.
7. The phenomena of visual afterimages are a result of which theory?
a)
a. opponent-processes
b)
b. simultaneous contrast
c)
c. spatial summation
d)
d. brightness oversensitivity
e)
e. color intensity
74.
8. Which of the following structures of the brain has been linked with the regulation of hunger and thirst?
a)
a. Hippocampus
b)
b. Hypothalamus
c)
c. Thalamus
d)
d. Pons
e)
e. Medulla
75.
9. Rats in an experiment learned to associate sweetened water with a drug that causes immune suppression. Later, the sweetened water alone produced immune suppression. In the study, what is considered to the conditioned stimulus?
a)
a. sweetened water
b)
b. immune suppression
c)
c. drug
d)
d. rats
e)
e. unsweetened water
76.
10. The minimum intensity at which a stimulus can be detected at least 50 percent of the time is known as the:
a)
a. Visual cliff
b)
b. Just noticeable difference
c)
c. Perceptual set
d)
d. Receptor potential
e)
e. Absolute threshold
77.
11. When Jason practices the drums, he tends not to hear the phone. Today he is expecting a call from a record producer and answers the phone each time it rings even when he is practicing the drums. Which of the following best explains the differentiation in Jason ability to hear the phone today?
a)
a. Weber’s law
b)
b. Accommodation
c)
c. Frequency theory
d)
d. Signal detection theory
e)
e. Harmonics
78.
12. In vision, transduction occurs within the
a)
a. optic nerve
b)
b. visual cortex
c)
c. photoreceptor cells
d)
d. lens
e)
e. cornea
79.
13. Which of the following is the correct sequence of anatomical structures through which an auditory stimulus passes before it is perceived as sound?
a)
a. Cochlea, ossicles, eardrum, auditory canal
b)
b. Eardrum, cochlea, auditory canal, ossicles
c)
c. Auditory canal, eardrum, cochlea, ossicles
d)
d. Ossicles, eardrum, cochlea, auditory canal
e)
e. Auditory canal, eardrum, ossicles, cochlea
80.
16. Dr. Lewis decided to study the television viewing habits of her students and therefore demanded that they complete and return a survey regarding their viewing habits. Assess Dr. Lewis’ design in order to determine which of the following ethical principles were clearly violated.
a)
a. The right to have a copy of the results
b)
b. The right to privacy
c)
c. The right to be protected from unnecessary risk of harm
d)
d. The right to refuse to participate in the study
e)
e. The right to be informed of deception
81.
17. A psychotherapist who believes that deviant behavior can be traced either to genetic abnormalities or to problems in the physical structure of the brain most likely subscribes to which of the following views of abnormality?
a)
a. cognitive
b)
b. behavioral
c)
c. biological
d)
d. sociocultural
e)
e. psychoanalytic
82.
18. Which of the following would an industrial- organizational psychologist be LEAST likely to study?
a)
a. managerial skills
b)
b. employee motivation
c)
c. job satisfaction
d)
d. corporate profitability
e)
e. pay incentive programs
83.
19. Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system results in which of the following?
a)
a. Acceleration of heart and breathing rates, dilation of pupils in order to get one ready to fight or flight
b)
b. Stimulation of tearing, salivation, and digestion
c)
c. Calming of the body by contracting pupils and lowering heart rate
d)
d. Paralysis of the muscles of the hands and feet
e)
e. Raising the perceptual threshold of olfactory and gustatory receptors
84.
20. With an increase in learning, neurons need less prompting to send an action potential. This idea best explains
a)
a.     echoic memory
b)
b.     flashbulb memories
c)
c.     long-term potentiation
d)
d.     implicit memories
e)
e.     priming
85.
21. A researcher conducts an experiment to test the claim that new drug Y is more effective than standard drug X in inhibiting arousal. The researcher randomly assigns participants to receive drug Y or drug X and subsequently measures arousal. Although the experimenter is aware of drug assignments, the participants are not told which drug they will be taking. The design of this experiment constitutes a:
a)
a. Double-blind procedure
b)
b. Confounding variable
c)
c. Experimental group
d)
d. Single-blind procedure
e)
e. Placebo group
86.
22. People who are color blind most likely have deficiencies in their
a)
a. rods.
b)
b. cones.
c)
c. lens.
d)
d. optic nerve.
e)
e. occipital lobe.
87.
23. The gate control theory attempts to explain how:
a)
a. The brain analyzes patterns by changes in brightness over broad areas
b)
b. Filtering of excess information results in reduced response to constant stimulation
c)
c. The nervous system blocks or allows pain signals to pass to the brain
d)
d. The flavor of spicy is misinterpreted as pain
e)
e. Chemicals released by one animal can shape the behavior of a second animal of the same species
88.
23. The gate control theory attempts to explain how:
a)
a. The brain analyzes patterns by changes in brightness over broad areas
b)
b. Filtering of excess information results in reduced response to constant stimulation
c)
c. The nervous system blocks or allows pain signals to pass to the brain
d)
d. The flavor of spicy is misinterpreted as pain
e)
e. Chemicals released by one animal can shape the behavior of a second animal of the same species
89.
24. After her bridal shower, a young woman dreamed that she was dining with her parents when a young man grabbed her wallet containing her driver's license, credit cards, cash, and family pictures. After discussing the dream with a friend, she realized that she felt anxious about losing her identity in her approaching marriage. This explanation of her dream represents the
a)
a. latent content.
b)
b. manifest content.
c)
c. cognitive analysis.
d)
d. activation-synthesis theory.
e)
e. ego.
90.
25. In animals, destruction of the lateral hypothalamus results in ________, whereas destruction of the ventromedial hypothalamus results in ________.
a)
a. overeating; loss of hunger
b)
b. loss of hunger; overeating
c)
c. an elevated set point; a lowered set point
d)
d. increased thirst; loss of thirst
e)
e. decreased thirst; hunger
91.
26. How would researchers investigate someone’s brain waves while they sleep? Researchers would use __________. They would place electrodes (or a cap with electrodes placed throughout) on the person’s head. When neurons send messages, this device would be able to pick up on the brain’s electricity.
a)
a. A MRI
b)
b. A CAT scan
c)
c. An EEG
d)
d. A PET scan
e)
e. A fMRI
92.
27. On your first day of college, you get a new identification number. After several weeks of using this number, you can no longer recall your high school identification number. This experience is most likely due to:
a)
a.     Proactive interference.
b)
b.     Retroactive interference.
c)
c.     Encoding failure.
d)
d.     Storage failure.
e)
e.     Memory Construction
93.
28. While packing for a vacation abroad you were heavily drinking. You wanted to be sure you didn't forget your passport, so you put it in a very special location. Unfortunately you missed your plane ride because you couldn't find your passport come morning. The consequence of your decisions best illustrates the concept:
a)
a.     The spacing effect.
b)
b.     The serial position effect.
c)
c.     Mood-congruent memory.
d)
d.     Chunking.
e)
e.     State-dependent memory.
94.
29. Which area of the brain is most important in the processing of implicit memories?
a)
a.     Hippocampus
b)
b.     Cerebellum
c)
c.     Hypothalamus
d)
d.     Frontal Lobe
e)
e.     Amygdala
95.
30. Sensory experience without the sensory stimulus are called:
a)
a. dissociation
b)
b. hallucinations
c)
c. night terrors
d)
d. nightmares
e)
e. hypnotism
96.
31. The reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished conditioned response is called
a)
a. acquisition
b)
b. generalization
c)
c. extinction
d)
d. discrimination
e)
e. spontaneous recovery
97.
32. Beta waves are characteristics of a person who is
a)
a. having sleep spindles.
b)
b. REM sleep.
c)
c. awake and alert.
d)
d. dreaming.
e)
e. asleep but not dreaming.
98.
33. Which of the following reinforcement schedules results in maintenance of behavior that is MOST resistant to extinction?
a)
a. continuous
b)
b. fixed ratio
c)
c. fixed interval
d)
d. variable ratio
e)
e. variable interval
99.
34. The spacing effect explains:
a)
a.     Distributed study sessions yields better retention
b)
b.     Retention is improved when encoding and retrieval are separated by no more than 1 hour.
c)
c.     Learning causes a reduction in the size of the synaptic gap between certain neurons.
d)
d.     Delaying retrieval until memory has consolidated improves recall.
e)
e.     Sleeping between study sessions will decrease retention.
100.
35. Which neurotransmitter is most closely associated with both Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia?
a)
a. acetylcholine
b)
b. dopamine
c)
c. serotonin
d)
d. endorphins
e)
e. GABA
101.
37. A word projected to the right visual field of a person with a corpus callosum, will process the information in their left visual cortex. Given no brain damage, one can conclude the proper functioning of their:
a)
a. temporal lobe
b)
b. optic nerve
c)
c. optic chiasm
d)
d. suprachiasmatic nucleus
e)
e. sensory cortex
102.
38. Retinal disparity refers to the:
a)
a. tendency to see parallel lines as coming together in the distance.
b)
b. tendency to see stimuli that are near each other as parts of a unified object.
c)
c. somewhat different images our two eyes receive of the same object.
d)
d. extent to which our eyes turn away from each other when locating an object.
e)
e. reason why our eyes cross when we try to focus on an object close to our face.
103.
39. In neurons, neurotransmitters are stored at the
a)
a. Axons
b)
b. Cell bodies
c)
c. Dendrites
d)
d. Receptor sites
e)
e. Axon Terminals
104.
40. In a normal distribution, approximately what percent of the scores occurs within one standard deviation above and below the mean?
a)
a. 5%
b)
b. 16%
c)
c. 33%
d)
d. 68%
e)
e. 97%
105.
41. Which of the following correlation coefficients most likely represents the relationship between length of sleep and level of alertness?
a)
a. 1.35
b)
b. 0.85
c)
c. 0.01
d)
d. -0.4
e)
e. -1.25
106.
42. Which of the following are most involved in the action potential of a neuron?
a)
a. Calcium and sodium
b)
b. Sodium and potassium
c)
c. Potassium and calcium
d)
d. Chloride and calcium
e)
e. Chloride and sodium
107.
43. Failing to see that an article of clothing can be inflated as a life preserver is an example of:
a)
a. belief bias.
b)
b. the availability heuristic.
c)
c. the representativeness heuristic.
d)
d. functional fixedness.
e)
e. confirmation bias.
108.
44. Complete the following: pre- is to ph as ________ is to ________.
a)
a. phoneme; morpheme
b)
b. morpheme; phoneme
c)
c. grammar; syntax
d)
d. syntax; grammar
e)
e. semantic; morpheme
109.
45. A correlation coefficient of -1.09 indicates a(n)
a)
a. strong positive correlation
b)
b. strong negative correlation
c)
c. cause/effect relationship
d)
d. error in computation
e)
e. no relationship
110.
46. For language test with normal distributed scores, the mean was 70 and the standard deviation was 10. Approximately what percentage of test takers scored 60 and above?
a)
a. 16
b)
b. 34
c)
c. 68
d)
d. 84
e)
e. 95
111.
47. Bonnie has brain damage to her right temporal lobe results in prosopagnosia. This phenomena can best be explained by her lack in
a)
a. top-down processing
b)
b. perception processing
c)
c. phi phenomenon
d)
d. bottom-up processing
e)
e. perceptual constancies
112.
48. Which of the following is the best example of relative motion:
a)
a. Noticing the pavement moves faster while the distant trees move slower while driving in a car.
b)
b. Combining still pictures to create the illusion of motion.
c)
c. Noticing the size of cars on the ground get smaller as you ascend in an airplane.
d)
d. The moon appears to follow you as your drive down the highway.
e)
e. As your proximity lowers, you tend to see more detail of an object.
113.
49. When Jewish subjects tried to remember briefly flashed groups of stimuli, they recalled few items except each participant recalled the image of the swastika. This is evidence of the concept:
a)
a. serial position effect
b)
b. self-reference effect
c)
c. chunking
d)
d. state dependent memory
e)
e. echoic memory
114.
50. An ability to “read” another person’s mind is termed
a)
a. clairvoyance
b)
b. telepathy
c)
c. precognition
d)
d. psychokinesis
e)
e. parapsychology
115.
51. A researcher interested in finding a simple way to estimate intelligence decides to evaluate skull circumference as a possible indicator of intelligence. He finds that the size of an adult’s skull remains the same from one measurement to the next, but he finds that skull circumference is not a very good predictor of intelligence. In this example, skull circumference as a measure of intelligence is
a)
a. reliable and valid
b)
b. reliable but not valid
c)
c. valid but not reliable
d)
d. neither reliable nor valid
e)
e. highly correlated with intelligence scores
116.
52. Standard deviation is a measure of how much
a)
a. a normal person’s behavior changes in a given time.
b)
b. two sets of scores vary together.
c)
c. difference there is between the highest and lowest scores in a sample.
d)
d. scores in a group differ from the mean of that group.
e)
e. scores from a sample differ from that of the population.
117.
53. The left temporal lobe contains your ______ which helps you comprehend speech.
a)
a. Pons
b)
b. Broca’s area
c)
c. Lateral geniculate nucleus
d)
d. Wernicke’s area
e)
e. Frontal lobe
118.
54. Which of the following drugs is considered a depressant?
a)
a. Alcohol
b)
b. Marijuana
c)
c. Ecstasy
d)
d. Speed
e)
e. Cocaine
119.
55. After seeing her parents give her brother a dollar for cleaning his room, Sarah begins cleaning her own room. According to social-learning theorists, Sarah’s behavior is an example of ______.
a)
a. Classical conditioning
b)
b. Spontaneous recovery
c)
c. Stimulus generalization
d)
d. Shaping
e)
e. Observational learning
120.
56. John B. Watson was a pioneer in which of the following perspectives of psychology?
a)
a. Gestalt
b)
b. Functionalism
c)
c. Psychoanalytic
d)
d. Structuralism
e)
e. Behaviorism
121.
57. The practice of solving problems by using a mental shortcut is an example of:
a)
a. an insightful operation
b)
b. a confirmation bias
c)
c. a hypothesis test
d)
d. using a heuristic
e)
e. using an algorithm
122.
58. Cognitive psychologists are most likely to study
a)
a. the acquisition of knowledge, planning, and problem solving
b)
b. how infants move from basic trust to autonomy
c)
c. the conflicts of the conscious and the unconscious
d)
d. the relationship between the id, ego and superego
e)
e. how attribution processes vary across cultures
123.
59. Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is highly correlated with which of the following?
a)
a. A lack of genital arousal
b)
b. Dreaming
c)
c. Slow heart rate
d)
d. Considerable tossing and turning
e)
e. Sleep apnea
124.
60. Night terrors usually occur during which stage of sleep?
a)
a. REM sleep
b)
b. Stage 1
c)
c. Stage 4
d)
d. Sleep onset
e)
e. Sleep walking
125.

Early psychological perspective that emphasized units of consciousness and identification of elements of thought using introspection

a)

Structuralism

b)

Functionalism

c)

Monism

d)

Dualism

126.

The study of behavior and mental processes.

a)

psychodynamic

b)

biology

c)

psychology

d)

humanistic

127.

Psychological perspective concerned with individual potential for growth and the role of unique perceptions in growth toward one’s potential.

a)

behavioral

b)

biological

c)

socio-cultural

d)

humanistic

128.

Psychological perspective concerned with physiological and biochemical factors that determine behavior and mental processes.

a)

behavioral

b)

biological

c)

psychodynamic

d)

evolutionary

129.

Psychological perspective concerned with how cultural differences affect behavior.

a)

evolutionary

b)

humanistic

c)

behavioral

d)

socio-cultural

130.

Evaluate and treat mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders.

a)

clinical psychologist

b)

counseling psychologist

c)

developmental psychologist

d)

personality psychologist

131.

They help people adapt to change or make changes in their lifestyle.

a)

clinical psychologist

b)

counseling psychologist

c)

school psychologist

d)

educational psychologist

132.

They study psychological growth & development throughout the lifespan.

a)

forensic psychologist

b)

developmental psychologist

c)

rehabilitation psychologist

d)

social psychologist

133.

The psychological perspective concerned with how unconscious instincts, conflicts, motives, and defenses influence behavior.

a)

functionalism

b)

behavioral

c)

psychoanalytic

d)

humanistic

134.

They focus on traits, attitudes, and goals of the individual.

a)

forensic psychologist

b)

school psychologist

c)

personality psychologist

d)

social psychologist

135.

If Aristotle and Locke, who both believed that what we know is acquired from experience, were alive today, they would best agree with the

a)

behavioral

b)

biological

c)

cognitive

d)

psychodynamic

136.

____________ refers to biological/genetic predispositions' impact on human traits

a)

nature

b)

nurture

137.

____________ refers to biological/genetic predispositions' impact on human traits

a)

nature

b)

nurture

138.

Dr. Didden was hired by the TLC Company to help it retain its employees without lowering the firm’s profits. After TLC removed cubicles and permitted employees to decorate their workroomas recommended by Dr. Didden, the absentee rate declined and no employees left for jobs else- where. Dr. Didden is most likely to be

a)

clinical psychologist

b)

counseling psychologist

c)

industrial/organizational psychologist

d)

forensic psychologists

139.

Wilhelm Wundt and the structuralists studied questions still asked today primarily by

a)

humanistic approach

b)

behavioral approach

c)

cognitive approach

d)

socio-cultural approach

140.

In the human eye, rods are to _________, as cones are to ________.

a)

light/ color

b)

color/ light

c)

monochromat/ dichromat

d)

dichromat/ monochromat

e)

lens/ iris

141.

What sense helps maintain balance?

a)

Vestibular

b)

Kinesthetic

c)

Proprioception

d)

Audition

e)

Olfaction

142.

The specialized cells in each of the sense organs that collect information to send to the brain are called...

a)

sensory cells

b)

sensory nuerons

c)

bipolar cells

d)

ganglion cells

e)

sensory receptors

143.

The phenomenon of color constancy best demonstrates that...

a)

an object's perceived color is influenced by its surrounding objects

b)

the retina has three types of color receptors

c)

the brain processes information about color and shape simultaneously

d)

quivering eye movements help to maintain the perception of color

e)

color vision depends on pairs of opposing retinal processes

144.

Almost half the birds in the tree outside Brian's window were brown and the rest were red, so Brian perceived them as two different groups of birds. This best illustrates...

a)

proximity

b)

closure

c)

similarity

d)

connectedness

e)

disparity

145.

The area of the brain that receives information from the nose is directly connected to the limbic system, rather than relayed first through the thalamus. This connection may explain why smells are often involved in...

a)

pain sensations

b)

altered states of consciousness

c)

subliminal messages

d)

vivid memories

e)

retinal disparity

146.

The classic gate-control theory suggests that pain is experienced when small nerve fibers activate and open a neural gate in the...

a)

basilar membrane

b)

spinal cord

c)

semicircular canal

d)

olfactory bulbs

e)

fovea

147.

A psychologist believes her patient's chronic pain is influenced by his obsessive thoughts and unnecessary concern that he might be injured again in the future. What school of thought is this psychologist likely from?

a)

Gestalt

b)

Humanist

c)

Cognitive

d)

Biological

e)

Socio-Cultural

148.

Where is the basilar membrane located?

a)

middle ear

b)

auditory canal

c)

semicircular canal

d)

cochlea

e)

feature detected

149.

The coiled, fluid filled tube in which sound waves trigger nerve impulses is called...

a)

eustachian tube

b)

auditory canal

c)

semicircular canal

d)

cochlea

e)

vestibular aparatus

150.

What color afterimage would occur after viewing the color blue?

a)

blue

b)

red

c)

yellow

d)

green

e)

white

151.

The process by which your ears convert sound waves to neural impulses is called...

a)

sensory adaptation

b)

accommodation

c)

parallel processing

d)

sensory introduction

e)

Transduction

152.

The principle that two stimuli must differ by a constant proportion for their difference to be perceived is known as...

a)

opponent process theory

b)

feature detector

c)

sensory interaction

d)

Weber's law

e)

absolute threshold

153.

A person's diminished sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus is known as...

a)

accomodation

b)

parallel processing

c)

sensory adaptation

d)

transduction

e)

sensory equilibrium

154.

a person typically fails to consciously perceive their own nose in their line of vision. This best illustrates...

a)

subliminal perception

b)

change blindness

c)

cocktail party effect

d)

selective attention

e)

visual cliff

155.

While waiting in line at Starbucks, Kramer was playing games on his cell phone and subsequently failed to see the customer in front of him rob the cashier. This is an example of...

a)

inattentional blindness

b)

place theory

c)

blind spot

d)

feature detectors

e)

sensory adaptation

156.

Although Bill was seated next to his friend, he was able to smell the burning popcorn a full minute earlier than his friend. Bill must have a lower _________ for smell.

a)

accommodation level

b)

absolute threshold

c)

tolerance level

d)

gustatory saturation level

e)

adaptation level

157.

If you are expecting an important text message, you are much more likely to notice the sound as soon as the message arrives. This best illustrates...

a)

priming

b)

signal detection theory

c)

difference threshold

d)

absolute threshold

e)

Weber's law

158.

What three primary colors of light are detected by your cones?

a)

Green, red, and blue

b)

Black, gray, and white

c)

Blue, red, and yellow

d)

Blue, green, and purple

e)

Cyan, magenta, and yellow

159.

What is the first part of the eye that light hits?

a)

lens

b)

cornea

c)

pupil

d)

retina

e)

iris

160.
Any system that encodes, stores and retrieves information
a)
Chunking
b)
Memory
c)
Sensory experience
d)
Rehearsal
161.
Which of the following is NOT one of the 3 memory tasks?
a)
Encoding
b)
Storage
c)
Rehearsal
d)
Retrieval
162.
Preserves brief sensory impression for only a fraction of a second.
a)
Sensory Memory
b)
Working Memory
c)
Short-Term Memory
d)
Long-Term Memory
163.
Preserves recently  perceived events or experiences for less than a minute w/o rehearsal.
a)
Sensory memory
b)
Working memory
c)
Long-term memory
164.
Organizing pieces of info into smaller units.
a)
Rehearsal
b)
Chunking
c)
Perserverance
d)
Encoding
165.
Retention of encoded material over time.
a)
Encoding
b)
Storage
c)
Rehearsal
d)
Retrieval
166.
Location and recovery of info from memory
a)
Encoding
b)
Storage
c)
Rehearsal
d)
Retrieval
167.
Holds about 7 items at a time
a)
Short-term memory
b)
Long-term memory
c)
Sensory memory
168.
Information that is reviewed to keep it from fading.
a)
Chunking
b)
Maintenance Rehearsal
c)
Storage
d)
Retrieval
169.
Has unlimited storage capacity
a)
Working memory
b)
Short-term memory
c)
Sensory memory
d)
Long-term memory
170.
Part of LTM that stores memories of how things are done.
a)
Declarative memory
b)
Acoustic memory
Elaborative memory
c)
Acoustic memory
d)
Procedural memory
171.
A memory of something that was NOT deliberately learned.
a)
Implicit memory
b)
Explicit memory
c)
Retrieval cues
d)
Acoustic memory
172.
Memory of something that WAS deliberately learned.
a)
Implicit memory
b)
Explicit memory
c)
Retrieval cues
d)
Acoustic memory
173.
Inability to recall a word, while knowing that it is in your memory.
a)
Priming
b)
Recall
c)
TOT
d)
Recognition
174.
Forgetting caused by lapses in attention
a)
Blocking
b)
Transience
c)
Misattribution
d)
Absent-mindedness
175.
Techniques used to improve memory.
a)
Bias
b)
Persistence
c)
Mnemonic
d)
Transience
176.
The rules of language
a)
Grammer
b)
Morphemes
c)
Language acquistion
d)
Script
177.
A knowledge cluster 
a)
Script
b)
Schema
c)
Algorithm
d)
Heuristic
178.
A knowledge cluster about sequences of events.
a)
Script
b)
Schema
c)
Algorithm
d)
Heuristic
179.
Problem-solving procedures or formulas that guarantee a correct outcome
a)
Schema
b)
Script
c)
Algorithm
d)
Heuristic
180.
A rule of thumb
a)
Schema
b)
Script
c)
Algorithm
d)
Heuristic
181.
Inability to perceive a new use for an object associated with a different purpose
a)
Mental set
b)
Functional Fixedness
c)
Bias
182.
Ignoring or finding fault with info that does not fit our opinions.
a)
Confirmation bias
b)
Hindsight bias
c)
Anchoring bias
d)
Availability bias
183.
Racial and ethnic stereotypes can sometimes bias our perceptions of others' behaviors. This best illustrates the impact of: 
a)
retinal disparity
b)
interposition
c)
top-down processing
d)
perceptual adaptation
184.
The fact that perceptions involve more than the sum of our sensations best illustrates the importance of: 
a)
top-down processing
b)
interposition
c)
retinal disparity
d)
visual capture
185.
Which of the following is true?
a)
Humans cannot sense stimuli below the absolute threshold.
b)
Humans cannot be affected by stimuli below the absolute threshold at all.
c)
Stimuli presented below the absolute threshold can have a subtle, brief effect on behavior.
d)
Stimuli presented below the absolute threshold exert a strong, powerful effect on behavior.
186.
If you move your watchband up your wrist an inch or so, you will feel it for only a few moments. This best illustrates: 
a)
parallel processing
b)
accommodation
c)
sensory adaptation
d)
Weber's law
187.
As we look at a flower, the intensity of the color we see is related to the light wave’s:
a)
amplitude
b)
hue.
c)
length.
d)
placement on the spectrum.
188.
The eye’s “blind spot” is related to:
a)
light rays focusing too far in front of the retina.
b)
light rays focusing too far behind the retina.
c)
a cluster of cells around the fovea which contains cones, but no rods.
d)
an area without receptor cells where the optic nerve leaves the eye.
189.
Rather than saying a person is “colorblind,” it would be more accurate to say that the person:
a)
has a blind spot.
b)
lacks red- or green-sensitive cones.
c)
is experiencing an overstimulation of the red- and green-sensitive cones.
d)
has an excess of blue-sensitive cones. 
190.
The hammer, anvil, and stirrup are found in the:
a)
middle ear.
b)
inner ear.
c)
cochlea.
d)
outer ear.
191.
What is umami?
a)
a savory, meaty taste sensation for which researchers recently discovered receptors on the tongue
b)
receptors on the tongue that respond only to bitter tastes
c)
receptors on the tongue that allow us to taste nutrients in food, such as proteins and vitamins 
d)
a condition in which there is a loss of the sensation of taste
192.
As you talk with a friend at a party, her voice is distinct from all the other voices you hear.  This illustrates the perceptual principle of: 
a)
grouping.
b)
proximity.
c)
closure.
d)
figure-ground.
193.
The way in which you quickly group the individual letters in this test item into separate words best illustrates the principle of: 
a)
closure.
b)
proximity.
c)
continuity.
d)
convergence.
194.
Makers of 3-D movies rely most heavily on:
a)
the visual cliff.
b)
the Müller-Lyer illusion.
c)
retinal disparity.
d)
shape constancy.
195.
After hearing that Bryce had served a prison sentence, Janet began to perceive his friendly behavior as insincere and manipulative. This best illustrates the impact of: 
a)
perceptual sets.
b)
visual capture.
c)
bottom-up processing.
d)
sensory adaptation.
196.
Researcher James Haxby (2001) stated, “We can tell if a person is looking at a shoe, a chair, or a face, based on the pattern of their brain activity.”  This statement is relevant to:
a)
sensory adaptation.
b)
feature detection.
c)
opponent-process theory.
d)
place theory.
197.
If a person were able to sense that his friend’s dog was lost and needed help, this person would be said to have:
a)
psychokinesis.
b)
telepathy.
c)
precognition.
d)
clairvoyance.
198.
Which of the following activities requires you to use the absolute threshold for sensation? 
a)
telling the difference between sweet and salty
b)
detecting a tiny, faint light on a radar screen
c)
deciding if two glasses contain the same amount of water
d)
telling if your guitar is in tune
199.
As a professional chef, which of the following sensations would you rely on most?
a)
hearing
b)
seeing
c)
balance
d)
smell
200.
Your roommate, who has trouble understanding Weber’s Law, asks you, “How different do two stimuli need to be, in order for a person to notice the difference?”  You explain that: 
a)
the stimuli must differ by at least ten percent.
b)
the difference threshold decreases with the magnitude of the stimulus. 
c)
the minimum difference needed for detection depends on the type of stimulus.
d)
Weber’s Law does not address this issue.

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