A pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and

cortisol) that help arouse the body in times of stress

states that moderate arousal is best for performance or theory that we are motivated to do activities that balance our arousal level

Estimating the likelihood of events based on access to examples in our memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common

Clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited (they are exposed to contradictory info)

openness to experience: inventive/curious vs. consistent/cautious, conscientiousness: disciplined/organized v easy-going/careless, extraversion: outgoing v reserved, agreeableness: friendly/compassionate v cold/unkind, neuroticism: sensitive/anxious v secure/confident

The biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle

Theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent

A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

a.k.a. encoding specificity principle: The external factors in which you encode the memory must match the external factors of when you attempt to retrieve the memory for best results

A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other

acquired knowledge of facts/information (according to Cattell)

The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal or anonymity

The minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time. (Also called just noticeable difference or JND.)

Breaking up the learning of information and spreading it out over time (improves retention of information)

creative thinking, using new, innovative solutions to a problem

neurotransmitter involved in voluntary movement and feelings of reward/pleasure (plays a role in forming habits, schizophrenia, addiction)

The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

information is not entered into the memory system due to lack of attention

Division of LTM devoted to personal experiences

What are the two key characteristics of an experiment? (what is NECESSARY to make something an experiment)

Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare" (declarative memory)

belief that the outcome of events is based on outside factors (luck, other people, etc), not ones' own actions

desire to perform an action based on the external reward

aspect of intelligence that corresponds to quick thinking and problem solving abilities (accoring to Cattell) It decreases as we age

A set of expected behavior for males or for females

Perceiving objects as part of a group that close together

Retention/Recall of information independent of conscious effort. (nondeclarative or procedural memory)

Motivation based on receiving an external reward for an action

The desire to perform an action solely for enjoyment/internal satisfaction

conformity resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

Socio-cognitive form of learning through imitating or modeling behaviors

voluntary behaviors are shaped by consequences

Being rewarded for something reduces the intrinsic motivation to complete the task

Adding a desireable stimulus to increase a behavior

Level of moral devleopment where moral reasoning based on abstract principles (according to Kohlberg)

Area of the frontal lobe responsible for judgement and decision making

The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

Memory of how to do something ***Implicit memory: well learned, does not require attention***

Memory to do something in the future

dividing participants into groups based on chance

choosing participants for a study randomly so that every member of the population has an equal chance of being chosen

A binocular cue for perceiving depth; by comparing images from the two eyeballs, the brain computes distance - the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the close the object

Cognitive framework that guides thought, perception, interpretation

the inability to focus on multiple stimuli at once

Bandura's theory; belief in one's ability to succeed or accomplish a goal

An expectation that causes you to act in ways that make that expectation come true

neurotransmitter involved in mood, appetite and sleep (deficiency linked to depression)

performance increases in the presence of others

A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance

arouses the body during stressful situations/activates the fight or flight response

Sachio played better for the judges than he did when he practiced on his own

“Jessie used to think all firefighters were men, but after seeing a woman firefighter, she changed her ______.”

Ashley is no longer able to remember the route her parents originally suggested after learning the route her gps planned

__ increases generalizeability of the results because participants were chosen at random by a computer and are more representative of the entire population

Ashley is able to use the gas and brake to control her speed without needing to pay attention to her actions

“John’s proposal to award students with pizza for reading a certain amount of books would reduce their desire to read”

Savannah didn't do well on her Spanish quiz because she never put the words into memory in the first place. She did not pay attention in class.

Eating a sweet treat will lead to the release of ___. ___creates a pleasurable feeling and tells the person they should eat more of that food

The children who were wearing masks felt anonymous and were more likely to take extra candy

Jackie knows that she should rehearse her role on the stage on which the play will actually take place to do her best in the performance and more accurately remember her lines

People easily accept the conclusion that sugar causes hyperactivity because they can quickly and easily think of examples of this happening