A temporary government formed in 1848 after Louis Philippe's abdication. Most active members were the working class who favored socialism, created national workshops.

Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire (714) Realpolitik real politics based on the needs of the people.

This was a major war between the French and the Germans in 1871 that brought about the unification of Germany. It was caused by Otto Von Bismarck altering a telegram from the Prussian King to provoke the French into attacking Prussia, thus hoping to get the independent German states to unify with Prussia (which they did, thus creating Germany).

Italian nationalist; leader of the Red Shirts; united southern Italy with Northern Italy

British Queen, under whose rule the British empire reached the height of its wealth and power, forced to accept a new, virtually powerless role after the Chartist movement.

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

Invented the seed drill

Theory that opposes governmental interference in economic affairs beyond what is necessary to protect life and property.

A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.

He was a political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society.

A socialist manifesto written by Marx and Engels describing the history of the working-class movement according to their views.

Invented dynamite; donated funds for the Nobel Peace Prize still given out today

Founder of modern nursing; she said, "The very first requirement in a hospital is that it should do the sick no harm." As a nurse in the Crimean War, she insisted on better hygiene. She worked to introduce sanitary measures in British hospitals.

English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection. He said that all forms of life, including humans, had evolved into their current state over millions of years. He said we have gone through an extremely long, slow progress of evolution.

19th century artistic movement that appealed to emotion rather than reason. It emphasized imagination, freedom, & emotion. Its writers focused on simple, direct language that conveyed intense feelings & glorified nature.

French poet and novelist and dramatist; he wrote The Three Musketeers, The Hunchback of Notre Dame, & Les Miserable.

Absolutist king of France that had the palace of Versailles built. He used all France's money and put France in huge debt. He entered wars to increase France's prestige. He was known as the sun king.

a palace built in the 17th century for Louis XIV southwest of Paris near the city of Versailles; it was once a hunting lodge; huge gardens; many fountains; gold everywhere

This was the massacre that occurred during the wedding of a Catholic and Huguenot that would resolve the conflict between the two conflicting parties; hundreds of Huguenots were killed. The pope celebrated this happening.

Gained the loyalty the the Junkers by giving them positions in the army & government. This gave him more control & he was able to challenge their rival, Austria.

He helped Russia become a modern power. He brought a group of technical experts, teachers, & soldiers from Europe. He set out to westernize Russia. He even had the boyars (landholding nobles) shave their beards & wear western clothes. He brought the Russian Orthodox church under his control. Serfdom spread in Russia even though it was dying out in most other parts of the world. He simplified the Russian alphabet. He set up academics in math, science, & engineering. He improved waterways & canals, developed mining & textile manufacturing, & backed new trading companies. He created the largest standing army in Europe & built a great navy from scratch. Moved the capital to St. Petersburg.

He was a great military general, but not a great ruler of England. He ruled as a dictator with his army to carry out his demands. He must have been a Puritan, because they came to rule. After he died, the Puritans lost their control of England.

The head of the cabinet of England became known as this.

Who was England's first prime minister?

Philosophers using the power of human reason to uncover general laws of nature that shape all of human experience. Stressed science & natural law rather than religious law.

allowing business to operate with little or no government interference.

Laissez-faire

The social system that governed France before the French revolution.

This estate was composed of the clergy. The French clergy had enormous wealth & privilege. They owned 10% of the land, collected tithes, & paid no direct taxes to the state. They did so some services for the community such as rus schools, hospitals, & orphanages.

This estate was the nobility. Most of the nobles had top jobs in the government, army, courts, & the Church. They were kept busy at the palace with endless entertainments. They had little to no taxes to pay.

98% of French population; everyone else in France; The bulk of this estate were the rural peasants. Some were landholders which were more wealthy, but some were the hired laborers who worked for them. Some were tenant farmers or day laborers.This was the most diverse estate.

How many taxes did the First Estate of France have to pay?

How many taxes did the Second Estate have to pay?

How many taxes did the Third Estate of France have to pay?

middle class; included bankers, merchants, & manufacturers, as well as lawyers, doctors, journalists, & professors.

King during the French Revolution

financial expert of Louis XVI, he advised Louis to reduce court spending, reform his government, abolish tariffs on internal trade, but the First and Second Estates had him dismissed

French Revolutionary assembly. Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.

Destruction of the prison seen as the true start of the French Revolution. The people from Paris were looking for weapons & ammunition. They killed the prison commander & 5 guards. There were no weapons or ammunition.

The most radical political faction of the French Revolution who ruled France during the Reign of Terror.

Established after the Reign of Terror / National Convention; a five man group as the executive branch of the country; incompetent and corrupt, only lasted for 4 years.

Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.

the small island where Napoleon was first exiled to

This is the second island Napoleon was sent to after the Battle of Waterloo. This is in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean and it is where Napoleon dies

Which of these were new technology used during the Age of Exploration?

He made a school in Portugal; they were mapmakers, trained captains & crew.

He sent them out to the west African coast, & they mapped accurately how it looked.

In 1488, he rounded the tip of south Africa. He just rounded the tip and went back to Portugal.

He navigated around the Cape of Good Hope. He made it all the way to India. He is the first to do this from Portugal & Europe.

Claim to fame is the first to reach the Americas after Leif Erikson. He sailed in 1492. He thought he had reached the Indies, but no.

Which of these were Columbus's ships?

The 1494 treaty in which the pope divided unexplored territories between Spain and Portugal

The line the divided the world in half for Spain & Portugal to explore. Spain got any lands to the west of the line; Portugal got any lands to the east of the line.

He was the first to circumnavigate the globe. Actually, he didn't make it, but some of the crew did. He was murdered in the Philippines.

A policy of nonparticipation in international economic and political relations; countries such as Korea, Japan, & China wanted to be left alone & not trade with Westerners

conquerors (Spanish)

They brought disease to these people as well. Smallpox, measles, & influenza. They wiped out village after village. They had no immunity.

He was a landholder in Cuba. He felt he could conqueror Indian civilizations where others had failed before him. He landed on the coast of Mexico with about 600 men, 16 horses, & a few canons.

He explored the coastline of eastern Canada. He discovered the St. Lawrence River and claimed this land in Canada for France.

He was a Venetian explorer that sailed for the British. He claimed the area of Newfoundland for them.

A mapmaker and explorer who said that America was a new continent, so America was named after him.

Which of these are reason for exploration?

It changed the way people saw themselves & their world. It was a very creative time. They felt it was a time of rebirth after the darkness of the Middle Ages. There were new attitudes about culture & learning.

They studied classical works of Greek & Roman cultures. All about the individual & what they could achieve. They wanted to use wisdom of the ancients to increase their understanding of their times. They focused on worldly, or secular, subjects rather than on religious issues. They believed that education should stimulate the individual's creative powers. They studied humanities - grammar, rhetoric, poetry, & history.

They lived in Florence, Italy. Organized a banking business; it made them very rich & powerful. They gained control of the government in Florence. Lorenzo became the best known of this family. He was a patron of the arts. He had works of art all over his estate.

Probably the best example of a Renaissance man. He did a variety of things - dissecting corpses, sketching things in nature, painting, sculpting, airplane, submarines... His most famous painting is the Mona Lisa. He also painted The Last Supper.

He was a genius. He worked for the Medicis as a young man. Sculpted the Pieta, the David, the Sistine Chapel, drew the dome for St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome.

His paintings blend Christian & classical themes.

One of his best known works is "School of Athens" which is known for its symmetry. It is a painting of an imaginary meeting of the great thinkers of the time.

He was a sculptor who mastered the art of free-standing structures. His "David" caused Michelangelo to sculpt his "David."

He wrote a handbook on how the courtier was supposed to act. The Book of the Courtier.

It included manners, skills, learning, & virtues.

The ideal man was athletic, but not overactive. Knows about a lot of things, but not arrogant.

The ideal woman was a complement to the man. She is graceful & kind; lively, but reserved.

He gave a guide to rulers on how to gain & maintain power. It combined his personal experience of politics with his knowledge of the past. It was called The Prince.

He produced a new Greek edition of the Bible & asked for a translation into the vernacular.

He called for reforms in the Church. He challenged its worldliness. He wrote In Praise of Folly which used humor to explore the ignorance of people.

He wrote Utopia, which describes a society where men & women live in peace & harmony. Private property does not exist. No one is idle, all are educated, & justice is used to end crime.

He was executed for treason & made a saint.

He wrote 37 plays that are still performed and studied. They were universal themes in everyday realistic settings. He wrote comedies, histories, & tragedies.

Which of these did Shakespeare write?

Which of these words did Shakespeare create?

He printed a complete edition of the Christian Bible using a printing press with movable metal type. Within a few years, printing presses like his spread all over Europe. This transformed Europe because books were more readily available.

German religious reformer. He began Protestantism. He felt indulgences were wrong. He nailed the 95 Theses to the door of the Wittenberg Church.

He was from Switzerland. He published "Institutes of the Christian Religion", which was widely read. He believed that salvation was found by faith alone. He also said the Bible was the only source of religious truth. He also said that God was all-powerful & that humans by nature were sinful. God decided whether whether an individual would go to heaven or not.He said the world was divided into two parts - saints & sinners. In Geneva, Switzerland, he set up a theocracy, or a government run by church leaders.

He wanted to end papal control over the English Church. At first he was called a "Defender of the Faith" because he renounced Luther. He wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon, She couldn't give him a male heir. He wanted to marry a new woman, but the pope refused. He had 6 wives!

She adopted a policy of religious compromise. She gradually enforced reforms that both moderate Catholics & Protestants could accept. This became known as the Elizabethan Settlement. English became the language of the services instead of Latin. The Book of Common Prayer was restored.

He published "On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres." He proposed the heliocentric theory saying the sun was the center of the universe. Most experts rejected this theory for year. However, a man name Tycho Brahe, provided evidence that he was right.

He used Brahe's calculations to figure out that the planet actually orbit in ellipses. His calculations supported Copernicus, too.

He used Brahe's calculations to figure out that the planet actually orbit in ellipses. His calculations supported Copernicus, too.

He used new technology to assemble a telescope. He became the first to see the mountains on the moon. He observed that the 4 moons of Jupiter move slowly around that planet. The Church condemned him for his ideas because they went against ancient ideas.

He was tried before the Inquisition, spent the rest of his days under house arrest.

He described the circulation of blood for the first time. He showed the heart serves as a pump to force blood through veins & arteries.He was tried before the Inquisition, spent the rest of his days under house arrest.

He formed a brilliant theory on why the planets move the way they do. He developed the basis for calculus. He developed the Laws of Gravity and Motion.

The date Martin Luther nailed the 95 Theses to the door of the Wittenberg Church.

A Protestant sect that believed only adults should be baptized; they also advocated pacifism, separation of church and state, and democratic church organization.