Font size
WorksheetsSpring 2021 Biology Final
Total questions: 58
Worksheet time: 5hrs 50mins
A tree grows from an embryo in a seed to form a large, multicellular organism. What is the source of all of the cells of the mature tree?
They begin as single-celled organisms that form interactive groups and gradually become a single organism.
Pre-existing cells form some of the cells as they undergo mitosis, while other cells arise only from nonliving parts.
All of the cells are assembled from nonliving parts, independently of pre-existing cells.
All of the cells are produced by pre-existing cells that undergo mitosis and pass through the cell cycle.
The diagram illustrates the structure of a plant cell. Which BEST describes the structure and function of the parts that surround the cell?
a cell wall that is surrounded by a cell membrane, both of which act to protect and support the cell
a cell wall that has an inner and outer lining, both of which act as a gate for materials to enter and leave the cell
a cell membrane that acts as a gate for materials to enter and leave the cell, and a cell wall that protects and supports the cell
a cell membrane that has an inner and outer lining, both of which act as a gate for materials to enter and leave the cell
The cell membrane consists of a lipid bilayer with embedded proteins. What is one reason why proteins are essential for the cell membrane to function properly?
Proteins attach the cell membrane to the cell wall.
Proteins prevent the cell membrane from breaking apart in water.
Proteins allow certain substances to pass through the cell membrane, and they block other substances.
Proteins prevent gases, including oxygen and carbon dioxide, from passing through the cell membrane.
A scientist is studying a cell from an unidentified organism. Which feature of the cell provides the strongest evidence that the organism is a prokaryote and not a eukaryote?
The cell is surrounded by a cell membrane and a cell wall.
The cell is surrounded by a cell membrane, but not a cell wall.
The cell lacks a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
The cell is too small to see without the use of a microscope.
Nicole is developing a model of photosynthesis and cellular respiration and their role in the carbon cycle. As part of her model, she includes a labeled diagram of plant cells. She labels one organelle as a chloroplast, where she claims photosynthesis occurs. She labels another organelle as a mitochondrion, where she claims that many stages of cellular respiration occur.
Is it possible that Nicole has correctly identified and described these organelles?
Yes. Many plant cells have both mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Yes, but only if the mitochondria and chloroplasts are in separate cells, and not together in the same cells.
No. Plant cells only have chloroplasts, and not mitochondria.
No. Plant cells only have mitochondria, and not chloroplasts.
During the process of photosynthesis, a molecule of ATP breaks apart to form a molecule of ADP and a phosphate group. How is this action of ATP useful during photosynthesis?
It stores chemical energy for the cell to use during the light-dependent reactions.
It releases chemical energy for the cell to use during the light-independent reactions.
It absorbs heat, which prevents the cell from overheating during photosynthesis.
It removes a metabolic poison from the cell during photosynthesis.
The diagram provides a model of the process of photosynthesis. As shown by the right half of the diagram, carbon dioxide (CO2) is used to generate sugars. What is the role of light, if any, in this process?
Light absorbs the energy released by the process, so the process must occur only when light is shining.
Light is the direct energy source for the process, so the process must occur only when light is shining.
Light is the indirect energy source for the process, and the process may occur in the light or in darkness.
Light has no role in this process, which may occur in the light or in darkness.
Warren is developing a model for tracking carbon atoms within an ecosystem and its environment. Warren knows that plants perform both photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Does the number of plants in the ecosystem change the effect of the ecosystem on carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere?
No. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration do not involve carbon dioxide.
No. In plants, photosynthesis adds as much carbon dioxide to the atmosphere as cellular respiration removes.
Yes, because photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and stores the carbon in plant tissues.
Yes, because photosynthesis releases more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere than cellular respiration removes.
Photosynthesis can be modeled by its overall chemical reaction. Which two substances are the products, or outputs, of this reaction?
sugars and carbon dioxide
carbon dioxide and water
carbon dioxide and oxygen
sugars and oxygen
Photosynthesis involves chemical changes to three elements: carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. Which describes the chemical change to carbon?
from one gas compound to a different gas compound
from a liquid compound to a solid compound
from a solid compound to a liquid compound
from a gas compound to a solid compound
Bree is using the following word equation to model a cellular process.
Glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + energy
Which process, if any, could Bree be modeling accurately? (Note: The forward arrow indicates that the reaction proceeds in the forward direction only.)
either cellular respiration or photosynthesis
cellular respiration, but not photosynthesis
photosynthesis, but not cellular respiration
neither cellular respiration nor photosynthesis
Milo is analyzing the steps of cellular respiration. His goal is to quantify the amount of useful chemical energy that cellular respiration can generate from one molecule of glucose. Which of these chemical changes that occur during cellular respiration would be MOST useful for Milo to track and identify?
the conversion of ADP to ATP
the conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid
the addition of hydrogen to oxygen, forming water
the removal of carbon dioxide from the Krebs cycle
The diagram illustrates the steps of glycolysis, which is the first stage of cellular respiration.
How does the energy content of the two molecules of pyruvic acid compare to the energy content of the glucose molecule?
Pyruvic acid has the same amount of energy, because energy is always conserved in chemical reactions.
Pyruvic acid has more energy, because it is a three-carbon sugar and glucose is a six-carbon sugar.
Pyruvic acid has more energy, because it gained energy from the conversion of ADP to ATP.
Pyruvic acid has less energy, because some of the energy of glucose was transferred to ADP to make ATP.
The diagram illustrates the steps of glycolysis, which is the first stage of cellular respiration. The model uses sets of spheres to represent glucose, pyruvic acid, and intermediate compounds. What is represented by the sets of spheres?
carbon atoms that form a chain with atoms of other elements
carbon atoms that form a chain, but do not bond with atoms of other elements
atoms of carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen
atoms of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus
Lily is developing a model of the eukaryotic cell cycle. The model includes mitosis, in which the chromosomes of a cell separate into single-stranded chromatids. Where should Lily show the duplication of the chromatids to prepare for another round of mitosis?
cytokinesis, which occurs immediately after mitosis
either of the two growth phases (G1 or G2) of the cell cycle
the S phase of the cell cycle
telophase, which is the last phase of mitosis
The diagram models a process as it occurs in an animal cell and a plant cell. What has occurred in both cells immediately before this process?
A cell nucleus has divided by mitosis.
Two cells have migrated to join together.
A cell wall has increased in size.
A cell has grown larger, without mitosis occurring
During the cell cycle, compounds called cyclins increase and decrease in a regular pattern. What is the role of cyclins?
They attach to chromosomes and cause them to condense or expand.
They attach to chromosomes and move them around the cell.
They regulate the stages of cell division and growth.
They form the new cell membrane or new cell wall that divides one cell into two cells.
In multicellular organisms, cells are specialized to complete tasks such as communication, movement, structural support, or secretion of useful compounds. Does mitosis occur differently among different types of specialized cells?
Yes. Mitosis removes unnecessary chromosomes from specialized cells.
Yes. Mitosis deactivates unnecessary chromosomes in specialized cells.
No. Mitosis always occurs the same way and always maintains the same number of chromosomes per cell.
No. Mitosis always adds one new chromosome every time the cell divides.
A cell has 18 chromosomes. What happens to the chromosomes during anaphase?
They separate into 18 identical pairs of chromatids.
They separate into 36 unique chromatids.
They align in a single row across the cell.
They align in two rows across the cell, with 9 chromosomes per row.
The enzyme ATP synthase is a protein that contains a small channel. How is the movement of hydrogen ions through the channel useful in the function of the enzyme?
Some of the hydrogen ions are combined with ADP to form ATP.
The movement of hydrogen ions provides the energy for the reaction that forms ATP.
Some of the hydrogen ions combine with ATP to form the enzyme.
The movement of hydrogen ions provides the energy for the reaction that breaks apart ATP.
Marianne is conducting an experiment on homeostasis in paramecium, which is a type of single-celled organism. Which of these observations provides the strongest evidence of a paramecium maintaining homeostasis?
When a paramecium is placed in a very salty solution, water moves out of the cell by osmosis.
When a paramecium is placed in pure water, water moves into the cell by osmosis.
When water enters the paramecium by osmosis, the organism responds by pumping out the excess water.
When a paramecium is placed in warm water, it takes on the temperature of the water.
Nathan is modeling the chemical reactions that occur during photosynthesis. One of these reactions is the removal of hydrogen atoms from water molecules (H2O). What is the ultimate fate of the oxygen atoms (O) that are produced?
They combine with carbon atoms to form carbon dioxide (CO2).
They recombine with hydrogen atoms to form new water molecules (H2O).
They accumulate in the thylakoid membrane and stroma.
They are released as part of molecular oxygen (O2).
Nerve cells send messages in a process that involves the movement of potassium ions rushing out of the cell and then being pumped back inside the cell. These processes allow homeostasis to be maintained in the nervous system. Which two observations support the conclusion that the movement of potassium ions involves active transport? Select two answer choices.
Potassium ions enter and leave the cell through a protein channel.
When potassium ions enter the cell, molecules of ATP are converted to ADP.
When potassium ions enter the cell, molecules of ADP are converted to ATP.
The concentration of potassium ions is higher inside the cell than outside the cell.
Scientists are excited about the potential benefits of stem cell research. Which is the MOST likely of these benefits?
repairing or replacing damaged cells and tissues
repairing or replacing a faulty gene or other section of DNA
treating serious bacterial or viral infections
engineering bacteria to produce useful proteins, such as human insulin
In 2007, a researcher in Japan was able to convert human fibroblasts into cells called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells), which closely resemble embryonic stem cells. What is the MOST likely practical application of this research?
The iPS cells could develop into an embryo and then a new organism.
The iPS cells could be stimulated to form more human fibroblasts, but not other cell types.
The iPS cells could be stimulated to form a wide variety of cell types, including nerve and muscular cells.
The iPS cells could develop into functional sperm or egg cells.
Researchers are investigating new uses for human stem cells. Which of the following statements identify the most likely harmful effects of treating a patient with stem cells? Select three answer choices.
The stem cells could divide uncontrollably, leading to a cancerous tumor.
The stem cells could release metabolic toxins that harm or kill healthy cells.
The stem cells could differentiate into unintended and unwanted types of differentiated cells.
The stem cells could spread beyond the transplant site.
The Punnett square shows the possible allele combinations that result from a two-factor cross between pea plants that are heterozygous for seed shape (round, R; and wrinkled, r) and pod color (green, Y; and yellow, y). Which of the following conclusions can be reached about the offspring of this cross?
Half of the offspring will produce round seeds and half will produce wrinkled seeds, and half of the offspring will have green pods and half will have yellow pods, because of the random assortment of alleles.
All of the plants produce rounds seeds with green pods because these are the dominant traits.
For a large number of offspring, there should be a ratio close to 9:3:3:1 of round-seed plants with green pods : wrinkled-seed plants with green pods : round-seed plants with yellow pods : wrinkled-seed plants with yellow pods, because this is the expected ratio with an independent assortment of dominant and recessive alleles.
The offspring will consist of exactly 9 round-seed plants with green pods, 3 wrinkled-seed plants with green pods, 3 round-seed plants with yellow pods, and 1 wrinkled-seed plant with yellow pods, because this is the expected ratio with an independent assortment of dominant and recessive alleles.
A pea plant with two dominant traits AB is crossed with a pea plant with the recessive alleles ab for the same traits. How will the offspring in the F2 cross show whether the traits A and B sort independently or not?
If the traits are independent, the F2 plants can be AB, Ab, aB, or ab. If they are not independent, the F2 plants will be AB or ab.
If the traits are independent, the F2 plants can be AA, aa, BB, or bb. If they are not independent, the F2 plants will be AB or ab.
If the traits are independent, the F2 plants can be AB, Ab, aB, or ab. If they are not independent, the F2 plants will have features that are a blending of the dominant and recessive traits.
If the traits are independent, the F2 plants can be AA, aa, BB, or bb. If they are not independent, the F2 plants will have features that are a blending of the dominant and recessive traits.
When crossing pea plants with contrasting traits, Mendel found that some characteristics that seemed to disappear in the F1 generation reappeared in the F2 generation. What did Mendel conclude from this result?
Different characteristics arise and disappear spontaneously from mutations during gamete formation.
The characteristics show incomplete dominance.
Alleles for a trait segregate during gamete formation.
The alleles for the trait must be on different chromosomes.
Mendel established several principles of heredity from his experiments and observations. What did he conclude regarding the inheritance of genes from parents?
Offspring inherit two copies of each gene from the dominant parent.
Offspring inherit one copy of each gene, and some genes are inherited from one parent and some from the other.
Offspring inherit two copies of each gene, one from each parent.
Offspring inherit one copy of each different allele that exists for a gene.
A red-flowered plant is crossed with a white-flowered plant, and the resulting offspring have pink flowers. What is the BEST explanation for this pattern of inheritance?
This is incomplete dominance, where every other flower cell expresses the white allele and the remaining flower cells express the red allele, which gives the appearance of a pink plant.
This is incomplete dominance, where both alleles are expressed at the same time, giving an intermediate phenotype.
This is codominance, where every other flower cell expresses the white allele and the remaining flower cells express the red allele, which gives the appearance of a pink plant.
This is codominance, where both alleles are expressed at the same time, giving an intermediate phenotype.
Leaf color in a morning glory is always the same as the maternal plant. What mechanism of inheritance does this pattern represent?
maternal inheritance through asexual reproduction
simple dominance, as the maternal plants always pass on the dominant allele for leaf color
maternal inheritance of chloroplast genes for leaf color
genetic imprinting of the gene for leaf color
During prophase I of meiosis, the homologous chromosomes pair up to form tetrads. What are two outcomes of this pairing that increase genetic variation?
The homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material in a process called crossing-over, and the DNA is replicated, introducing new mutations.
The homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material in a process called gene linkage, and the DNA is replicated, introducing new mutations.
The homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material in a process called gene linkage, and the homologous chromosomes are separated into the daughter cells forming new combinations of chromosomes.
The homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material in a process called crossing-over, and the homologous chromosomes are assorted into the daughter cells forming new combinations of chromosomes.
The gene map shows some of the genes on chromosome 2 of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.
Which pair of traits is MOST likely to assort independently?
Curved wing and bent wing, as wings cannot be both curved and bent.
Purple eye and light eye, as they are closest together and crossovers between them will be rare.
Dachs (short legs) and brown eye, as they affect different parts of the body and so crossovers between them are more likely.
Aristaless and speck body, as they are furthest apart and crossovers between them are more likely
In an experiment, viruses were marked with radioactive DNA labeled with phosphorus-32, as shown on the left, or radioactive protein, which was labeled with sulfur-35, shown on the right. After the viruses infected bacteria, radiation was found inside only the bacteria that had been infected by the virus that had radioactive DNA. What is the experiment called, and what is its significance?
The Hershey-Chase experiment showed that the radioactive DNA is found inside the infected bacteria, therefore DNA is the molecule that carries genetic information.
The Hershey-Chase experiment showed that viruses with either radioactive DNA or radioactive protein can infect bacteria, therefore both types of molecules can carry genetic information.
The Franklin X-ray experiment showed that radioactive DNA forms a helical structure inside the infected bacteria, therefore DNA is the molecule that carries genetic information.
The Franklin X-ray experiment showed that either radioactive DNA or radioactive protein can form a helical structure inside the infected bacteria, therefore both types of molecules can carry genetic information.
How does the structure of DNA explain Chargaff’s rule?
Each base is paired with another in DNA, A with T, and G with C, so there is always the same amount of adenine (A) as thymine (T), and the same amount of guanine (G) as cytosine (C).
DNA is double-stranded and anti-parallel, so the length of one DNA strand, which only has adenine (A) and thymine (T), is always equal to the length of the other strand, which only has guanine (G) and cytosine (C).
Each base is paired with another in DNA, A with G, and T with C, so there is always the same amount of adenine (A) as guanine (G), and the same amount of thymine (T) as cytosine (C).
Guanine and adenine can form three hydrogen bonds whereas thymine and cytosine can only form two, so there is always the same amount of adenine (A) as guanine (G), and the same amount of thymine (T) as cytosine (C).
Rosalind Franklin’s X-ray diffraction photographs of DNA were critical to understanding what aspects of DNA structure?
DNA is made up of two strands, and they are anti-parallel.
DNA is made up of nitrogenous bases, 5-carbon sugars, and phosphate.
DNA has a helical structure, and is anti-parallel.
DNA has a helical structure, and the nitrogenous bases are stacked near the center.
Which of the following is the major difference in the process of DNA replication in prokaryotes when compared to eukaryotes?
In prokaryotes, only one strand of DNA is replicated, and in eukaryotes, both strands are replicated.
In prokaryotes, replication proceeds in one direction from a starting point, and in eukaryotes it proceeds in both directions.
In prokaryotes, the telomeres are replicated with DNA polymerase, and in eukaryotes, a special enzyme called telomerase is used.
In prokaryotes, replication proceeds from a single starting point, and in eukaryotes, replication proceeds from multiple starting points.
DNA replication is said to be semi-conservative. What does semi-conservative mean in the context of DNA replication?
Only the important parts of the base sequence of the original DNA are conserved during replication.
Only one strand of the double-stranded DNA is replicated.
Both DNA molecules resulting from replication have one of the original strands and one newly synthesized strand.
DNA replication only occurs in half of the chromosomes in each cell cycle.
What is the role of DNA polymerase in DNA replication?
DNA polymerase replicates the telomeres.
DNA polymerase erases the errors in the DNA.
DNA polymerase “unzips” the DNA.
DNA polymerase joins nucleotides together.
Which of the following is the BEST description of this diagram and what it represents?
The bacterial genetic code, which uses U instead of T, representing how a sequence of three nucleotides in DNA codes for an amino acid.
The eukaryotic genetic code, which uses U instead of T, representing how a sequence of three to six nucleotides in DNA codes for an amino acid.
The universal genetic code, representing how a sequence of three to six nucleotides in DNA codes for an amino acid
The universal genetic code, representing how a sequence of three nucleotides in RNA codes for an amino acid.
DNA carries the information needed to make proteins. How is this information used to make proteins?
Ribosomes “read” the DNA and translate each group of three nucleotides into amino acids to build proteins, with the help of mRNA and tRNA.
DNA is transcribed into mRNA. Ribosomes “read” the mRNA and translate each group of three nucleotides into amino acids to build proteins, with the help of tRNA.
mRNA is transcribed into tRNA. Ribosomes “read” the tRNA and translate each group of three nucleotides into amino acids to build proteins.
DNA is transcribed into tRNA. Ribosomes “read” the tRNA and translate each group of three nucleotides into amino acids to build proteins, with the help of mRNA.
There are 64 possible three-base codons in the genetic code. However, there are only 20 amino acids. How are the 64 codons used to code for 20 amino acids?
Each amino acid is specified by one-to-six different codons, and there are three stop codons.
Each amino acid is specified by three codons. The remaining four codons are start or stop codons.
Each amino acid is specified by one codon. The other 44 possible codons are never used.
Each amino is specified by two-to-four different codons, and there are three stop codons.
Where is the anticodon located and what is its role in protein synthesis?
The anticodon is part of tRNA that binds to mRNA to block translation.
The anticodon is part of tRNA that binds to DNA to block transcription.
The anticodon is part of tRNA that is complementary to a codon in DNA. It matches the codon to the amino acid carried by the tRNA.
The anticodon is part of tRNA that is complementary to a codon in mRNA. It matches the codon to the amino acid carried by the tRNA.
What chromosomes are present in a typical human karyotype that is made from a cell that is not a gamete?
two sets of 23 autosomal chromosomes for a total of 46
two sets of 23 autosomal chromosomes and two sex chromosomes for a total of 48
two sets of 22 autosomal chromosomes for a total of 44
two sets of 22 autosomal chromosomes and two sex chromosomes for a total of 46
The recessive allele for colorblindness can be expressed in both males and females, but the color blindness phenotype is most frequently observed in males. What is the explanation for this?
Because the genes responsible for colorblindness are on the X chromosome, males only need one copy to be color-blind. Females need two copies, which occurs rarely.
X-chromosome inactivation only occurs in males, and this often inactivates the normal allele.
X-chromosome inactivation only occurs in females, and this often inactivates the defective allele.
In males, the genes for color blindness appear on the Y chromosome and are always expressed.
Certain drugs can cause cells to become polyploid, with many times the normal number of chromosomes. What is the usual effect of polyploidy?
Polyploidy is usually fatal in both animals and plants.
Polyploidy causes non-fatal birth defects in animals and causes plants to be smaller.
Polyploidy is fatal to animals and causes plants to be smaller.
Polyploidy is fatal to animals and causes some plants to be larger and stronger.
DNA replication occurs during the (G / M / S) phase of the cell cycle.
G
M
S
Enzymes unwind a portion of the DNA by
breaking hydrogen bonds between base pairs.
cutting the phosphate backbone.
hydrolyzing the deoxyribose sugar.
Each DNA strand serves as a template for complementary nucleotides, which are joined together by
DNA ligase.
DNA polymerase.
restriction enzymes.
The ends of eukaryotic chromosomes are replicated by a special enzyme called ________.
ligase
polymerase
telomerase
Point mutations are changes to a single base pair in DNA. Some point mutations are silent mutations because they do not affect the _________.
amino acid sequence
nucleotide sequence
offspring
Point mutations are changes to a single base pair in DNA. Some point mutations are silent mutations because they do not affect the amino acid sequence. This is because most (amino acids / nucleotides / gametes) are specified by more than one (anticodon / chromosome / codon).
amino acids, anticodon
amino acids, codon
nucleotides, chromosome
gametes, chromosome
nucleotides codon
Some point mutations are missense mutations because they change the ____________.
amino acid sequence
reading frame
position of the stop codon
Insertions and deletions cause ________________ mutations.
frameshift
nonsense
translocation
In one family, the mother has type A blood and the father has type B blood, and they have two biological children. Their son has type AB blood, and their daughter has type O blood. Their daughter’s type O blood indicates that both parents are ________ for the ABO blood group alleles.
homozygous
heterozygous
recessive
In one family, the mother has type A blood and the father has type B blood, and they have two biological children. Their son has type AB blood, and their daughter has type O blood. The son can donate blood to
neither parent.
only his mother.
only his father.
both parents.
In one family, the mother has type A blood and the father has type B blood, and they have two biological children. Their son has type AB blood, and their daughter has type O blood. The daughter can donate blood to
neither parent.
only his mother.
only his father.
both parents.
