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Unit 3 & 4 AP Psychology Review

Total questions: 67

Worksheet time: 39mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

Maria is looking for stationary to use for thank-you notes. She looks at the designs, prices, and sheet counts in the table. Are the Hearts or the Horses a better deal?

a)

Hearts

b)

Horses

c)

Trick question...they have the same unit rate.

2.

Maria is looking for stationary to use for thank-you notes. She looks at the designs, prices, and sheet counts in the table. Are the Hearts or the Horses a better deal?

a)

Hearts

b)

Horses

c)

Trick question...they have the same unit rate.

3.

The local fire department sounds the 12 o'clock whistle. The process by which your ears transform the sound waves from the siren into neural impulses is an example of

a)

an absolute threshold

b)

a perceptual set

c)

transduction

d)

sensory adaptation

4.

The local fire department sounds the 12 o'clock whistle. The process by which your ears transform the sound waves from the siren into neural impulses is an example of

a)

an absolute threshold

b)

a perceptual set

c)

transduction

d)

sensory adaptation

5.

If you move your watchband up your wrist an inch or so, you will feel it for only a few moments. This best illustrates

a)

a perceptual set

b)

priming

c)

sensory adaptation

d)

Weber's law

6.

Receptor cells in the human eye that are the most sensitive to fine detail are called

a)

feature detectors

b)

supercell clusters

c)

rods

d)

cones

7.

According to Gestalt psychologists, the way in which you quickly group the individual letters in this test item into separate words best illustrates the principle of

a)

closure

b)

proximity

c)

interposition

d)

perceptual constancy

8.

The fact that we recognize objects as having a consistent form regardless of changing viewing angles illustrates

a)

interposition

b)

closure

c)

perceptual constancy

d)

linear perspective

9.

Interpreting your current situation within the framework of a past memory illustrates

a)

a just noticeable difference

b)

top-down processing

c)

Weber's law

d)

sensory adaptation

10.

The central focal point in the retina where cones are heavily concentrated is known as the

a)

lens

b)

optic nerve

c)

cornea

d)

fovea

11.

Rules for organizing stimuli into coherent groups were first identified by

a)

evolutionary psychologists

b)

behaviorists

c)

Gestalt psychologists

d)

John Locke

12.

Grass seen through sunglasses appears as green as it does without glasses. This best illustrates

a)

Weber's law

b)

interposition

c)

retinal disparity

d)

color constancy

13.

The cochlea is a

a)

fluid-filled tube in which sound waves trigger nerve impulses

b)

fluid-filled tube that provides a sense of upright body position

c)

fluid-filled tube that provides a sense of body movement

d)

set of three tiny bones that amplify the vibrations of the eardrum

14.

A drink's strawberry odor enhances our perception of its sweetness. This best illustrates

a)

synesthesia

b)

psychokinesis

c)

the McGurk effect

d)

sensory interaction

15.

The sensory receptors in the eye send the coded neural message first to the thalamus and then to which area of the brain for further processing?

a)

visual cortex

b)

olfactory bulb

c)

primary motor cortex

d)

pre-frontal cortex

16.

Which of the following statements is false regarding top-down processing?

a)

Can also be called knowledge driven

b)

Occurs when we draw on our experiences and expectations to arrive at meaningful perceptions

c)

Interpreting stimuli is shaped by relating it to existing knowledge

d)

Used when we have no prior knowledge about the object or situation

17.

All sensation is a result of the stimulation of sensory receptors by some sort of energy.

a)

True

b)

False

18.

Which law of perceptual organization states that gaps will be mentally filled in to create meaningful shapes?

a)

proximity

b)

closure

c)

continuity

d)

similarity

19.

Once light enters the eye, the physical energy is not converted into a neural message until it reaches the sensory receptors located on the

a)

retina

b)

lens

c)

cornea

d)

optic nerve

20.

Depth perception is achieved by combing the 2D images taken in from each eye.

a)

True

b)

False

21.

Which statement is false regarding sensation and perception.

a)

These terms refer to the same concept.

b)

Sensation refers to how we take in information form our environment.

c)

Perception refers to how sensory information is organized and interpreted.

d)

Sensation and perception processes work together for us to make sense of our world.

22.

There are areas on the tongue that only contain sensory receptors for specific tastes.

a)

True

b)

False

23.

Which two senses are the chemical senses?

a)

vision

b)

hearing

c)

taste

d)

smell

24.

Bottom-up processing is used when presented with a novel situation.

a)

True

b)

False

25.

What is Sensation?

a)

Sensation refers to the process of sensing our environment through touch, taste, sight, sound, and smell.

b)

refers to how the mind process information

c)

refers to how we store information

26.

Perception ca be defined as-

a)

how we perceive different things

b)

how we interpret the information from the external world

c)

how we sense things from the external world

27.

Absolute threshold refers to

a)

The maximum stimulation required to say anything

b)

minimum usage of sense organs

c)

The minimum stimulation necessary to detect a particular stimulus

28.

What is Signal Detection theory?

a)

Ability to detect various sounds and colors

b)

Ability to focus on one stimulus and ignore others

c)

Ability to see traffic signals

29.
The smallest difference between two stimuli that can be detected 50% of the time is called
a)
absolute threshold
b)
difference threshold
c)
sensory adaptation
d)
subliminal perception
30.
A researcher presents two lights of varying brightness to a subject who is asked to respond "same" or "different" by comparing their intensities. The researcher is seeking the
a)
just noticeable difference.
b)
absolute threshold.
c)
subliminal threshold.
d)
minimal threshold.
31.
We rely on binocular vision to
a)
perceive depth
b)
see colors
c)
understand optical illusions
d)
see motion
32.
____ controls the size of the pupil
a)
iris
b)
cornea
c)
lens
d)
fovea
33.

When we perceive more detail things are usually

a)

bigger

b)

closer to us

c)

further from us

d)

more expensive

34.

A lion in a circus learns to stand up on a chair and jump through a hoop to receive a food treat.

a)

classical conditioning

b)

operant conditioning

c)

observational learning

35.

Every time someone flushes a toilet in the apartment building, the shower becomes very hot and causes the person to jump back. Over time, the person begins to jump back automatically after hearing the flush, before the water temperature changes.

a)

Classical conditioning

b)

Operant conditioning

c)

Observational learning

36.
Ivan Pavlov has been credited with the initial discovery of
a)
operant conditioning.
b)
reinforcement
c)
classical conditioning.
d)
vicarious conditioning.
37.
In a classic experiment, "Little Albert," a very young boy, was conditioned to be afraid of a rat. He also became fearful of white furry rabbits and bearded men. This is an example of
a)
classical conditioning.
b)
higher order conditioning.
c)
reinforcement.
d)
operant conditioning.
38.
Which form of learning would most likely be studied in an operant chamber (Skinner box)?
a)
classical conditioning
b)
vicarious conditioning
c)
operant conditioning
d)
conditioned emotional responses
39.
In John Watson's "Little Albert" experiment, what was the UCS?
a)
The white rat
b)
Anything white and furry
c)
The loud noise
d)
Fear
40.
John Watson and his colleague, Rosalie Rayner, offered a live white rat to Little Albert and then made a loud noise behind his head by striking a steel bar with a hammer. The white rat served as the _____________ in their study.
a)
discriminative stimulus
b)
conditioned stimulus
c)
unconditioned stimulus
d)
extinguished stimulus
41.

In Pavlov's experiment, the salivating to the sound of a bell is a(n)

a)

Unconditioned Stimulus

b)

Unconditioned Response

c)

Conditioned Stimulus

d)

Conditioned Response

42.
When learning first takes place, we would say that __ has occurred.
a)
Acquisition
b)
Extinction
c)
Spontaneous Recovery
d)
Discrimination
43.
Learning that occurs due to reward and punishment
a)
Classical Conditioning
b)
Operant Conditioning
c)
Learning
d)
Taste Aversion
44.
Learning that occurs due to reward and punishment
a)
Classical Conditioning
b)
Operant Conditioning
c)
Learning
d)
Taste Aversion
45.
The reinforcer, such as food, that gets the organism to continue a behavior is called __.
a)
Positive Reinforcement
b)
Primary Reinforcer
c)
Secondary Reinforcer
d)
Classical Conditioning
46.
A little girl gets to eat dessert because she finished all the food on her plate. This is an example of:  
a)
Positive punishment
b)
Negative punishment
c)
Positive Reinforcement
d)
Negative Reinforcement
47.
When shaping a behavior, you would couple a treat with, "good dog" to get your pet to sit.  The "good dog" is considered __.
a)
Negative Reinforcement
b)
Primary Reinforcer
c)
Secondary Reinforcer
48.
Anything that seeks to continue a desired behavior by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of undesired stimulus is called __.
a)
Negative Reinforcement
b)
Punishment
c)
Positive Reinforcement
d)
Partial Reinforcement
49.
Small successive step taken in which to get an organism to learn a behavior is called __.
a)
Shaping
b)
Continuous Reinforcement
c)
Positive Reinforcement
d)
Partial Reinforcement
50.
The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes was called 
a)
psychoanalysis. 
b)
behaviorism. 
c)
cognitive neuroscience.
51.
Mirror neurons are believed by some scientists to provide a biological basis for
a)
the law of effect.
b)
spontaneous recovery. 
c)
observational learning.
d)
extrinsic motivation. 
52.
Carly used to feel nausea when going to McDonalds because she associated the food with illness.  After a few good meals there, she no longer feels the nausea. Which prinicple?
a)
spontaneous recovery
b)
extinction
c)
second-order conditioning
d)
generalization
53.
Mariah developed a fear of the water when she fell off a river raft last summer. This year she took swimming lessons and thought she had finally overcome her fear of water. She was eagerly looking forward to an upcoming rafting trip, however, as soon as she stepped onto the raft she was instantly terrified again. 
a)
extinction
b)
generalization
c)
spontaneous recovery
d)
observational learning
54.
Parents say, “I’m taking away your phone because you failed Chemistry.”  Parents are using           
a)
positive punishment
b)
negative punishment
c)
positive reinforcement
d)
classical conditioning
55.
Marie works in a dress factory where she earns $10 for each three dresses she hems. Marie is paid on a
a)
variable ratio
b)
fixed interval
c)
fixed ratio
d)
variable interval
56.
Charlie gets paid on the 15th of every month.  He is reinforced on a ___ schedule
a)
fixed ratio
b)
fixed interval
c)
variable interval
d)
variable ratio
57.
Slot machines work on a _____ reinforcement schedule
a)
fixed ratio
b)
variable ratio
c)
variable interval
d)
fixed interval
58.
You could receive a text message at any random time.  You are reinforced on a ______schedule of reinforcement
a)
fixed ratio
b)
variable ratio
c)
variable interval
d)
fixed interval
59.
He is known for his Law of Effect that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
a)
Skinner
b)
Thorndike
c)
John Watson
d)
Pavlov
60.
Chris has failed English class repeatedly and has now stopped trying because he believes the situation is uncontrollable. This is an example of: 
a)
learned helplessness. 
b)
observational learning. 
c)
learned laziness. 
d)
behavior modification. 
61.
When you are asked to provide directions to your home, you are most likely using: 
a)
operant conditioning 
b)
observational learning
c)
a cognitive map 
d)
learned helplessness 
62.
Classical conditioning is when a person or organism links two or more stimuli and
a)
forgets about them
b)
lays them out in sequence
c)
shuts down
d)
anticipates an event
63.
What do we call the type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer?
a)
Operant conditioning
b)
Classical conditioning
c)
Shaping
d)
Punishment
64.
When Lindsay was nine years old, the neighbor’s Chihuahua bit her ankle. Today, Lindsay is still terrified of Chihuahuas, but she likes all other types of dogs. Lindsay’s fear illustrates the process of:
a)
Instinctive drift
b)
Stimulus discrimination
c)
Stimulus generalization
d)
Negative avoidance
65.

Watching & seeing shooting stars on a dark night.

a)

Fixed ratio

b)

Variable ratio

c)

Fixed interval

d)

Variable interval

66.
Jimmy believes that his life is controlled by bad luck and fate. Jimmy has an ______________ locus of control.
a)
External
b)
Internal
67.
Jenny thinks that getting a good job depends mainly on being in the right place at the right time.
a)
Internal Locus of Control
b)
External Locus of Control

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