A mill for rolling ingots into blooms

A narrow, generally square, bar of steel, forged or hot-rolled from an ingot or bloom

A mass of metal cast into a convenient shape for storage or transportation before further processing

A piece of metal ready to be drawn, pressed, or machined into a finished object

A bar of steel reduced from an ingot to dimensions suitable for further rolling

A steel block or plate having small conical holes through which metal or plastic is extruded or drawn for shaping

An oxide occurring in a scaly form on the surface of metal when brought to a high temperature

Microscopic stress in a metal resulting from non-uniform thermal changes, plastic deformation, or other causes aside from external forces or applications of heat

The controlled heating and cooling of a metal to develop certain desirable physical or mechanical properties

A loose coating of iron oxide that forms on iron or steel during hot-rolling

Increases the bond between steel and concrete in reinforced concrete or in structural steelwork encased in concrete for fire protection

To remove internal stress from metal or glass by heating to a temperature below that of recrystallization and then gradually cooling in a liquid or air, esp. to make the material more ductile

To rapidly cool a heated metal by immersion in water, esp. to increase its hardness

To strengthen or toughen a metal by reheating at a lower temperature and slowly cooling the material

To acquire a new granular structure with new crystals because of plastic deformation, as when worked after being heated

The tempering of a metal at a temperature high enough to relieve residual stresses, followed by slow, uniform cooling

To make the outside surface of an iron-based alloy hard by carburization and heat treatment, leaving the interior tough and ductile

The working of a metal at a temperature high enough to permit recrystallization

The working of a metal below the temperature at which recrystallization occurs, as in drawing, pressing, or stamping

To roll metal at a heat high enough to permit recrystallization

To roll metal at a temperature below that at which recrystallization occurs, so as to increase its tensile strength or improve its surface finish

To draw metal through a set of dies to reduce its cross-sectional area without preheating, as in the fabrication of wire or tubing

The dark, oxidized, relatively rough finish obtained by rolling metal while hot

The striated finish that cold rolling or extrusion imparts to a metal surface

The process or product of forming a metal or plastic with a desired cross section by forcing it through a die with a pressure ram

A smooth, bright finish produced by drawing metal through a die

The process or product of forcing molten metal into a metallic mold under hydraulic pressure to give it a particular shape or form

The process or product of forming a material into a particular shape by pouring it into a mold in a fluid state and letting it harden

A hollow form or matrix for giving a particular shape to something in a molten or plastic state

To form metal by heating and hammering

A metal containing iron as a principal element

A malleable, ductile, magnetic, silver-white metallic element from which pig iron and steel are made

To melt or fuse ore in order to separate the metal constituents

The principal metal of an alloy or a piece underlying a coating of another metal

A large vertical furnace for smelting iron from ore, in which combustion is intensified by a continuous blast of air through the fuel

The solid residue of coal left after destructive distillation, used as a fuel

Slag left as a residue by the smelting of iron ore in a blast furnace

The vitrified matter left as a residue from the smelting of a metallic ore

An oblong mass of metal that has been poured while still molten into a mold of sand, esp. such a mass of iron from a blast furnace

Cast iron that has been annealed by transforming the carbon content into graphite or removing it completely

Capable of being shaped or formed by hammering or by pressure from rollers

A substance composed of two or more metals, or of a metal and a non-metal, intimately mixed, as by fusing or electrodeposition

Crude iron that is drawn from a blast furnace and cast into pigs in preparation for conversion into cast iron, wrought iron, or steel

A hard, brittle, non-malleable iron-based alloy containing 2.0% to 4.5% carbon and 0.5% and 3.0% silicon, cast in a sand mold and machined to make many building products

A tough, malleable, relatively soft iron that is readily forged and welded, having a fibrous structure containing approximately 0.2% carbon and a small amount of uniformly distributed slag

Any of various iron-based alloys having a carbon content less than that of cast iron and more than that of wrought iron, and having qualities of strength, hardness, and elasticity varying according to composition and heat treatment

Ordinary, unalloyed steel in which the residual elements, such as carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, and silicon are controlled

A non-metallic element occurring in a pure state as diamond and graphite, or as a constituent of coal and petroleum

To unite iron or steel with carbon

Carbon steel to which various elements, such as chromium, cobalt, copper, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, tungsten, or vanadium, have been added in a sufficient amount to obtain particular physical or chemical properties

An alloy steel containing a minimum of 12% chromium, sometimes with nickel, manganese, or molybdenum as additional alloying elements, so as to be highly resistant to corrosion

Any of a group of low-carbon steels containing less than 2% alloys in a chemical composition specifically developed for increased strength, ductility, and resistance to corrosion

A high-strength, low-alloy steel that forms an oxide coating when exposed to rain or moisture in the atmosphere, which adheres firmly to the base metal and protects it from further corrosion

Structures using ____________ should be detailed to prevent the small amounts of oxide carried off by rainwater from staining adjoining materials.