What would skeletal and cardiac muscle cells use more of during exercise?

How is increased cardiac output (litres of blood pumped per minute) useful to working skeletal and cardiac muscle cells?

Which organelle in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells is involved with increased ATP production during exercise?

What is the process of ATP production called?

Which direction(s) do action potentials travel through the heart, to ensure contraction occurs in a coordinated way, to pump blood out of the heart effectively?

What type of muscle is the heart made of?

What do blood vessels in skeletal muscle do to ensure adequate blood supply during exercise?

Innervation from which nervous system, causes an increase in heart rate and contractility?

Innervation from which nervous system, causes a decrease in heart rate and contractility?

Nerves from which nervous system, innervate smooth muscle of blood vessel walls, to affect blood vessel diameter?

What does mmHg stand for?

Which of the following statements about the symbol ‘mmHg’ is CORRECT?

Measured blood pressure is always expressed as two numbers in a ratio. What do these numbers refer to?

What is the normal, healthy range for mean arterial blood pressure (MABP)?

If a person had a measured blood pressure of 120/90 mmHg, what would the pulse pressure be?

If a person had a measured blood pressure of 120/90 mmHg, what would the mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) be?

Choose the correct order of blood pressures, from highest to lowest:

During exercise, why is it important that ventilation increases at the same time that cardiac output increases?

i. More oxygen diffusion from alveoli to blood

ii. More oxygen diffusion from blood to alveoli

iii. More carbon dioxide diffusion from alveoli to blood

iv. More carbon dioxide diffusion from blood to alveoli

What occurs in working cells, such that they benefit from increased ventilation during exercise?

i. Increased oxygen consumption

ii. Decreased oxygen consumption

iii. Increased carbon dioxide production

iv. Decreased carbon dioxide production

What type of blood cell helps fight an infection, like COVID19?

Which inflammatory molecules, released by leukocytes, can cause heart damage during COVID19 infection?

An infection can cause an increase in heart rate. How do you think this may help the body fight an infection?

i. Increased circulation of red blood cells

ii. Increased circulation of white blood cells

iii. Increased circulation of chemokines (immune related chemicals)

iv. Increased circulation of haemoglobin

Adrenaline (also known as epinephrine) is a hormone released during exercise. Which of the following cardiovascular effects does adrenaline cause?

How does adrenaline travel through the body?

Estrogen is a sex hormone that plays an important role in female reproductive cycles, as well as has positive effects on the cardiovascular system. What side effects may occur if estrogen levels become very low?

Which of the following situations would cause estrogen levels to drop in a female?

Testosterone is a sex hormone that is responsible for development of male sex characteristics. Some body builders take synthetic forms of testosterone in the form of anabolic androgenic steroids, to unnaturally increase muscle mass. Which of the following side-effects of steroid use may occur?

What would happen to intestinal blood vessels during and after a meal?

What would happen to intestinal blood vessels during exercise?

Kidneys filter and clean the blood. What would happen to your blood if you had kidney disease?

What is an effect of vasoconstriction of blood vessels that supply the kidneys, such as occurs during exercise?

Which of the following blood pressure measurements is within the normal range?