introduced the theory of imitation which proposes the

process by which people become criminals.

Founder of the Ecological or Cartographic

School of Criminology

the first to take advantage of the criminal statistic that was beginning to become available in the 1820’s.

Popularized by Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay

It focuses on the conditions within the urban environment that affects crime rates.

This theory holds that crime is a function of the conflict between the goals people have and the means they can use to legally obtain them.

according to this theory, because of strain and social isolation, a unique lower-class culture develops in disorganized neighborhoods.

formulated by Edwin Sutherland

The principle that criminal acts are related to a person’s exposure to an excess amount of antisocial attitudes and values.

more commonly called labeling theory

it states that people become criminals when significant members of society label them as such and they accept those labels as a personal identity.

Created by Edwin M. Lemert,

Involves norm violations or crimes that have very little influence on the actor and can be quickly forgotten.

occurs when a deviant event comes to the attention of significant others or social control agents who apply a negative label.

proposed by Walter Reckless

In this theory, pioneering control

theorist Walter Reckless claimed that a strong self image

insulates a youth from the pressures and pulls of criminogenic influences in the environment.

It claimed that all individuals are potential law violators; but they are kept under control because they fear that illegal behavior will damage their relationship with the members of society whom he has a strong bonds or ties.

Study of interrelationship of people and their environment. Maintains that crime is a function of social change that occurs along with environmental change. It also maintains that isolation, segregation, competition, conflict, social contract, interaction and social hierarchy of people are the major influences of criminal behavior and crimes.

They claimed that there is differential opportunity / access to success goals by both legitimate and illegitimate means depending on the specific location of individual within the social structure. Thus, lower class groups are provided with greater opportunities for the acquisition of deviant acts.