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WorksheetsWGU C224 Review
Total questions: 106
Worksheet time: 9hrs 50mins
A team of educational researchers plan to conduct a local study in the community in order to resolve critical problem at hand.
What variety of research does this represent?
Basic
Predictive
Experimental
Action
What is the primary objective of education research that studies a phenomenon about which little is known?
To describe
To predict
To integrate
To understand
What does quantitative research attempt to test through the collection of numerical data?
Values
Theories
Assumptions
Hypotheses
Which two views are consistent with the assumptions of quantitative research?
Personal viewpoints are meaningful
Human behavior is regular
Contextual factors outweigh individual experiences
Predictable behavior allows for hypothesis development
Situational variables affect perceptions and experiences
What is a main strength of quantitative research?
Contributes to a complex understanding about events or phenomenon
Approximates casual relationships through experimental research studies
Produces integrated knowledge that informs theory and practice
Describes the complexities of local situations
A researcher wants to test a specific hypothesis and applies random assignment for the study.
Which quantitative research method should be used for this study?
Experimental
Correlational
Causal- comparative
Grounded theory
Which major research approach seeks to understand people's subjective and shared experiences through systematic observation?
Action
Mixed Methods
Qualitiative
Quantitative
Which three views of human thought and behavior are characteristic of qualitative research?
It is fluid
It is predictable
It is personal
It occurs in regular patterns
It is highly situational
Which of the following are theoretical frameworks of qualitative research?
Case Study
Experimental
Grounded Theory
Non-experimental
Ethnography
What is a main strength of qualitative research?
Generates results that are relatively independent of the researcher
Leads to a complex understanding about events or phenomenon
Produces integrated knowledge that informs theory and practice
Empowers practitioners to contribute to knowledge base
What is the purpose of a mixed methods study that is conducted to extend the breadth and range of inquiry by using different methods for different inquiry components?
Complementarity
Triangulation
Expansion
Initiation
When designing a mixed methods study, which two factors must a researcher consider when combining qualitative and quantitative approaches?
Compatibility
Research-approach emphasis
Sample relationship
Time order
Quantizing
What are three strengths of mixed methods research?
Uses strengths of one method to overcome the limitations in another method
Provides stronger evidence for corroboration of findings through triangulation
Provides stronger evidence for a conclusion through convergence
Effective for testing and validating theories that have already been constructed
Empowers local practitioners to contribute to knowledge
What are two purposes of action research?
Focus on solving specific problems
Engage local practitioners in inquiry
Employ experimental designs in a controlled setting
Address the need for generalizable findings
Which research approach vies research with the attitude of being both a practitioner and a researcher?
Quantitative
Qualitative
Mixed Methods
Action
What are two limitations of action research?
Does not lend itself to making strong statements of cause and effect
Produces small-scale results that are difficult to generalize to different and larger contexts
Difficult for a single researcher to carry out
More expensive than other types of research
Which of these questions is most likely asked during the "reflect" phase of action research?
Are we collecting data?
Will this intervention address the target issue?
Which aspects of the intervention worked and which didn't work?
Who is doing what part of the intervention?
An investor decided that a quantitative research study would be appropriate.
Which of these factors would have led to this decision?
Wanting to observe behaviors as they occur in natural settings
Wanting to determine the cause-and-effect relationships under controlled conditions
Wanting to determine the benefits of a new strategy
Wanting to provide a complex explanation incorporating multiple perspectives
Match the type of research report with the corresponding type of qualitative research.
Extensive description of physical & social settings aimed at holistic understanding
Ethnography
Narrative Inquiry
Phenomenology
Case Study
Grounded Theory
Match the type of research report with the corresponding type of qualitative research.
Account that includes patterns, connections, and insights uncovered
Ethnography
Narrative Inquiry
Phenomenology
Case Study
Grounded Theory
Match the type of research report with the corresponding type of qualitative research.
Rich narrative that lets readers experience phenomenon through eyes of participants
Ethnography
Narrative Inquiry
Phenomenology
Case Study
Grounded Theory
Match the type of research report with the corresponding type of qualitative research.
Holistic narrative that triangulates data and places study into a meaningful context
Ethnography
Narrative Inquiry
Phenomenology
Case Study
Grounded Theory
Match the type of research report with the corresponding type of qualitative research.
Methodological description followed by proposed theory built during the study
Ethnography
Narrative Inquiry
Phenomenology
Case Study
Grounded Theory
Once a mixed approach has been selected, what must researches consider in constructing their research design?
Whether mixed research is appropriate for the research questions
Whether or not data analysis will be conducted
Whether one paradigm will be given priority over the other
Whether they can introduce sufficient controls into their experiment
What are two purposes of a literature review?
Determine whether a problem has already been researched
Point out methodological problems associated with a research question
Discuss the results of a data analysis
Develop a plan for sampling from a population
Address the effects of research bias in a study
Which three documents would include an APA-style literature review?
"How-to" newsletter article
Research Report
Newspaper Article
Peer-reviewed journal article
Research proposal
How does a statement of purpose differ from a research question in a quantitative study?
Purpose statement predicts the relationship between variables to be studied while the research question asks what type of relationship exists between variables.
Purpose statement described a specific relationship between variables while the research question asks what type of relationship exists between variables
Purpose statement describes the type of relationship between variables while the research question asks if a specific relationship exists between variables
Purpose statement names variables to be studied while the research question asks what type of relationship exists between variables
Why are research questions essential to a study?
Help to pinpoint exactly what is being investigated
Provide a vague idea of the research problem under investigation
Provide the "best guess" about the relationship between variables studied
State the method by which data will be collected and analyzed
Why is it necessary to obtain informed consent from research participants?
To provide them with information about the investigator's past research studies
To forewarn them about any depiction that will be used in the study
To describe the aspects of the study that may influence willingness to participate
To share information about other participants in the study
What is the purpose of evidence in research?
Determine truths
Support theories
Prove practices
Improve thinking
What is the name of the process where one determines the truth of a conclusion by determining the truth of the underlying premises?
Deductive Reasoning
Inductive Reasoning
Empiricism
Rationalism
What type of statistics allows quantitative researchers to draw conclusions about populations?
Inferential
Predictive
Descriptive
Quantitative
What is a variable in educational research?
Characteristic that does not vary across participants
Quantitative Value
Person or thing on whom we collect data
Measurable characteristic
Assuming the effects of extraneous variables have been accounted for, a cause-and-effect relationship between variables is present when what occurs?
Changes in the dependent variable cause no change in the independent variable
Changes in the dependent variable change in the independent variable
Changes in the independent variable cause no change in the dependent variable
Changes in the independent variable causes changes in the dependent variable
The results of a study showed that as daily cholesterol consumptions increase, life expectancy tends to decrease.
What type of correlation can be seen in this result?
Negative
Positive
Perfect
Zero
Which two characteristics of data collection and analysis are common to the theoretical frameworks of qualitative research?
Statistical
Context sensitive
Triangulated
Time-limited
Rigid
Which type of qualitative data analysis places a high priority on being true to, respecting, and capturing the details of individual situations?
Unique case orientation
Inductive analysis
Holistic perspective
Context sensitivity
Voice, perspective, and reflectivity
What must a researcher determine before conducting a mixed analysis?
Type of analysis
Type of variables
Type of validity
Type of data
To obtain results that are defensible and trustworthy, what should action researchers do?
Informally describe any observations made during the investigation
Gather and keep track of evidence of successful and effective interventions
Verbally communicate observations to others in regular meetings
Keep repeating the action cycle until noticeable change occurs and then document it
Which research activity is occurring when a researcher assigns numerical scores to achievement tests by adding up the total number of correct answers?
Statistical analysis
Triangulation of qualitative research data
Questionnaire construction
Measurement
Which scale of measurement has a true zero point?
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio
Which example addresses evidence of validity?
Researcher compares scores on two administrations of a test administered a week apart.
Researcher examines how consistently two raters score a behavioral observation
Researcher examines how closely scores correlate on two forms of the same test
Researcher examines how well a measure of self-control predicts how long children will wait for a prize
What is theoretical validity?
Accuracy of the portrayal of the perspectives and meanings of the participants
Factual accuracy of an account as reported by the researchers
Generalizability of the results to other cases and contexts
Degree to which the researchers' explanations fit the data
What terms refers to the extent to which a study's results can be generalized across populations of persons, settings, times, outcomes, and treatment variations?
Statistical conclusion validity
Internal Validity
External Validity
Casual Validity
What does weakness minimization validity in mixed research refer to?
Degree to which a researcher addresses the interests, values, and viewpoints of multiple stakeholders
Degree to which a researcher makes appropriate conclusions, generalizations, and meta-inferences from mixed samples
Degree to which the mixed researcher clearly explains his or her philosophical beliefs about research
Degree to which mixed researchers combine qualitative and quantitative approached that have non-overlapping limitations
An action researcher designs a study that as weak internal validity.
What might the researcher do the help strengthen the research?
Use mixed methods to align both the strengths and limitations of each approach
Address issues in the research that might directly limit generalization
Use qualitative methods and focus on descriptive validity
Adjust for these limitations by enhancing statistical conclusion validity
Which two types of calculations are descriptive statistics designed to interpret?
Averages
Interval estimations
Measure of spread
Effect size
Point estimates
Given the following set of test scores: 60, 83, 74, 64, 52, 83, 81, 94, 79, 90
What is the mode?
74
80
83
94
What type of statistics do researchers use to draw conclusions about characteristics of a population based upon a sample?
Interval estimations
Point estimates
Inferential statistics
Descriptive statistics
What are two steps of hypothesis testing?
State the null and alternate hypotheses
Obtain probability value
Estimate the characteristic of populations on data
Identify the independent variable
What is meant by a method of data collection?
Computer program that runs statistical calculations on data
Steps that are involved in selecting participants for a study
Procedures that are followed to obtain data
Overall design and strategy for a research study
Data gathered by a researcher talking to individuals/participants
Focus group
Questionnare
Test
Interview
Data obtained by having participants fill out an instrument or perform a behavior designed to measure their ability of degree of skill
Focus group
Questionnare
Test
Interview
Data obtained by having participants fill out self-report instrument
Focus group
Questionnare
Test
Interview
Data gathered by discussing issues with multiple research participants at the same time in a small-group setting
Focus group
Questionnare
Test
Interview
Which two statements about samples and populations are correct?
Sample is a set of elements taken from a population
Population is a set of elements taken from a sample
Sample contains one half the number of elements in a population
Population results are generalized to a sample
Sample results are generalized to a population
Which of the following are examples of random assignment for a research experiment?
Randomly choosing 50 seniors from the senior class for a study
Randomly placing 20 administrators into one of four groups to be studied
Randomly selecting 15 professors from the psychology department for a study
Randomly putting 150 college athletes into three different exercise groups for a study
Randomly selecting four vocational programs for evaluation
____ is the convergence of results in order to validate or support a study.
Narrative
Idiographic Causation
triangulation
Case study originated from...?
sociology
multiple disciplines
anthropology
philosophy
human storytelling and education
______describes the cultural characteristics of a group of people.
Ethnography
Narrative Inquiry
Phenomenlogy
Case Study
Grounded theory
____ describes people's life stories to add to our understanding.
Ethnography
Narrative Inquiry
Phenomenlogy
Case Study
Grounded theory
Grounded Theory originated from...?
sociology
multiple disciplines
anthropology
philosophy
human storytelling and education
Qualitative Research is ____.
Deductive
Inductive
Fixed
Ethnography originated from...?
sociology
multiple disciplines
anthropology
philosophy
human storytelling and education
Narrative originated from...?
sociology
multiple disciplines
anthropology
philosophy
human storytelling and education
Three strengths of Qualitative Research are...
Data is in the words and categories of the participant
It is responsive to situations that require changes during study.
Can study dynamic processes.
Researcher biases
Takes more time to collect data.
Phenomenology originated from...?
sociology
multiple disciplines
anthropology
philosophy
human storytelling and education
What are the three primary purposes of Qualitative Research?
exploration
generalization
discovery
understanding
The holistic perspective means...
there are "holes" in the account that can make it invalid.
the researcher is guided by analytical principles.
the entire phenomena is understood to be complex and more than a sum of its parts.
Pick the three statements that apply to Qualitative Research...
the variables are manipulated.
the phenomena is studied in its natural setting.
there are multiple realities.
the findings are generalizable.
there may be researcher bias.
Some of the limitations of Qualitative Research are...
Data analysis can be time consuming
Quantitative predictions are difficult.
Knowledge is not generalizable.
Can describe complex phenomena
responsive to situations that change during the study.
The degree to which a researcher accurately portrays meanings to participants' viewpoints, thoughts is interpretive validity.
True
False
Unique case orientation means...
that reality is socially constructed.
the researcher assumes each case is special and unique.
that results converge on the same conclusion.
What is a main strength of Qualitative Research?
Generates results that are relatively independent of the researcher
Leads to a complex understanding about events or phenomena.
Produces integrated knowledge that informs theory and practice.
Empowers practitioners to contribute to knowledge base.
What three views of human thought and behavior are characteristic of qualitative research?
It's predictable.
It occurs in regular patterns
It's fluid.
It's highly situational.
It's personal.
_____ is when a researcher picks a sample that can be used to meet the purpose of the research study. (2)
purposive sampling
random sampling
random assignment
criterion-based sampling
The main sources of knowledge are experience (sensory perception).
Reasoning
Rationalism
Exploratory Scientific Method
Empiricism
Drawing a conclusion that is true if its premises are true.
Inductive Reasoning
Deductive Reasoning
Empiricism
Rationalism
Observing a specific phenomenon and drawing conclusions or statements of probability is...
Inductive Reasoning
Deductive Reasoning
Empiricism
Rationalism
Exploratory Scientific Method (Inductive) follows the following order...
theory, hypothesis, data, description
observations, description, theory, prediction or hypothesis
Confirmatory Scientific Method (Deductive) follows the following order...
theory, hypothesis, data, description
observations, description, theory, prediction or hypothesis
Descriptive Research...
describes the characteristics of a phenomena.
shows how and why a phenomena operates as it does.
forecasts a phenomena while making a association between two points.
consolidates insights from multiple sources.
Predictive Research...
describes the characteristics of a phenomena.
shows how and why a phenomena operates as it does.
forecasts a phenomena while making a association between two points.
consolidates insights from multiple sources.
Integration...
describes the characteristics of a phenomena.
shows how and why a phenomena operates as it does.
forecasts a phenomena while making a association between two points.
consolidates insights from multiple sources.
The____ perspective shows the insider's point of view and may include language or slang.
Etic
Emic
Basic
Orientational
The____ perspective shows the insider's point of view and may include language or slang.
Etic
Emic
Basic
Orientational
The____ perspective wants to generalize theories and focuses on an external point of view.
Etic
Emic
Basic
Orientational
Applied
____ Research helps to decide the worth of an intervention program.
Evaluation
Action
Orientational
Basic
Applied
____ Research strives to reduce inequalities.
Evaluation
Action
Orientational
Basic
Applied
____ Research helps to solve local problems.
Evaluation
Action
Orientational
Basic
Applied
____ Research works on real-world applications.
Evaluation
Action
Orientational
Basic
Applied
Epistemology is...
Knowledge comes from experience.
Agreed upon knowledge of reality
How to acquire knowledge.
The primary source of knowledge is____ (analysis and logic).
Reasoning
Problem of induction
Exploratory Scientific Method
Empiricism
The problem of ___ is that the future may not resemble the past.
deduction
induction
Interactions within a group are a ____ factor related to education.
social psychological
psychological
physiological
Replication of studies in different contexts to make evidence stronger is...
the Rule of Parsimony.
Principle of Evidence
____ is the consistency or stability of scores.
Validity
Reliability
Measurement
Statistics
Does the study measure what it's supposed to measure?
Validity
Reliability
Measurement
Statistics
____ is also referred to as trustworthiness or legitimation.
Research Validity
Research Reliability
Research Measurement
The factual accuracy of reported accounts is...
external validity
internal validity
theoretical validity
interpretive validity
descriptive validity
The accurate portrayal of meanings attached by participants (thoughts, feelings, point of view...)
external validity
internal validity
theoretical validity
interpretive validity
descriptive validity
Can the findings be used to generalize?
external validity
internal validity
theoretical validity
interpretive validity
descriptive validity
___ is the study of how to acquire knowledge.
Ontology
Epistemology
___ are the concepts or truths that are relied upon.
Ontology
Epistemology
The broad subject matter to be investigated is the_____.
Research Topic
Research Problem
Research Purpose
Research Question
Hypothesis
_____ is the full and thorough exploration of literature on a specific research topic.
Literature Review
Research Purpose
Research Process
Hypothesis
