Percentage of base saturation decreases with soil pH

Nutrient replenishment is likely not feasible when nutrients are not held by soil organic matter or clay particles

Soil colloids are the primary nutrient reserves in soil

The order of strength of adsorption when the ions are present in equal quantities is Al > H > Mg > Ca > K > Na

CEC can also be defined as the total positive charges present on the surface of soil colloids

The magnitude of adsorption for anions ie generally higher than for cations

Competition between nutrients affects nutrient availability

Buffering capacity depends on soil particles like humus and clay

Ion exchange must always reach a concentration equilibrium between soil colloids' surface and soil solution

Soil productivity is a set of management consists of the followings, except

"If one of the essential plant nutrients is deficient, plant growth will be poor even when all other essential nutrients are abundant."

These are iron (Fe) oxides, except

A type of 1:1 clay minerals

Humus has these functional groups, except

Humus is the end product of organic matter decomposition

Malaysian soils are acidic, riched in kaolinite and Fe/Al oxides

Molecules or ions diffused from a region of their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration.

Bases are more soluble and mobile compared to phosphate ions and some micronutrients

Organic matter is the main source of N, P and S