Skeletal system function(s)

Divide and develop into osteoblasts (stem cells that will divide into effector cell = osteoblasts to build bone)

Forms new bone, does not divide, it secretes collagen, calcifies, it matures into an osteocyte

Common bone cell, maintain the mineral concentration by secreting enzymes, do not divide (just maintain health of bones)

Responsible for breakdown and resorption of bone; multinucleated and originate from white blood cells; use Hydrogen and chloride to lower pH and dissolve bonds

A

B

C

D

Extracellular components:

33% collagen (protein) fibers to resist stretching and twisting, ground substance formed from proteoglycans and glycoproteins

Extracellular Components:

hard matrix of bone to resist compression, 85% is hydroxyapatite (crystalized calcium phosphate salt), and 15% is fluoride, sulfate, potassium and magnesium

Spongy and Compact:

Microscopic ring centered around a central canal

Spongy and Compact:

blood vessels, nerve, and lymph vessels follow and connect all canals of the bone

Spongy and Compact:

waste removal and nutrient transport, in shaft of long bones and covers spongy bone

Spongy and Compact:

makes up 80% of bones

Spongy and Compact:

makes up 20% of bones

Spongy and Compact:

shaped like a lattice work and not a canal system

Spongy and Compact:

some of the spaces contain the red marrow

Spongy and Compact:

in the epiphysis and bones of the skull

spider shaped cells found in lacunae at junctions of lamellae

structural unit of compact bone, elongated cylinder parallel with length of bone, has a central opening

through the center of the osteon, houses blood vessels and nerve fibers, lined with endosteum

perpendicular to central canal for blood vessels and nerve fibers

arrangement of matrix (concentric, interstitial, and circumferential)

spaces between osteon rings; houses osteocytes

hair-like canals; connect lacunae to each other and central canal; allows osteocytes to communicate through gap junctions

outer membrane lining of bone

delicate membranous lining of medullary cavity for bone growth, repair, and remodeling occurs.

supportive, on articular ends of bones, supports respiratory airways, embryonic skeleton, connects ribs to sternum, and makes up epiphyseal (growth plate)

absorbs shock and redistributes weight in pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, and meniscus of knee

flexible, found around external ear, epiglottis, and Eustachian (auditory) tube

forms tendons (muscle to bone), ligaments (bone to bone), and reinforces joints

forms periosteum which protects osteogenic cells

bone shaft, surrounds medullary cavity which holds the yellow marrow, compact bone

spongy bone as it starts to widen, red marrow is in spongy bone, has hyaline cartilage to allow growth

area where the diaphysis and epiphysis meet, contains epiphyseal plate

on the inside where bone growth, repair, and remodeling occur

on the outside where tendons and ligaments attach, contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels

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B

C

D

E

central cavity of bone holding yellow bone marrow

hyaline cartilage covering epiphysis at moveable joints

layer of hyaline cartilage where bones grow in length

where the plate used to be after it is fused by osseous tissue; found in adults after growth is finished

They secure the periosteum to the bone (Sharpey’s Fibers)

Ossification (osteogenesis) is when:

2 types of ossification:

bones are formed from a fibrous membrane, the final bones to ossify are facial bones at the end of adolescence. (occurs in skull and clavicles only)

2 types of ossification: bone replaces hyaline cartilage produced at the epiphyseal plate, slower process but similar result

Where do long bones grow?

Cartilage is produced on the ____ side of the plate and it is ossified on the ____ end which lengthens the bone.

Zones of bone growth:

anchors the epiphyseal plate to the osseous tissue

Zones of bone growth:

produces new chondrocytes

Zones of bone growth:

chondrocytes grow larger

Zones of bone growth:

osteoblasts secrete bone tissue on the calcified cartilage

Which hormones are active before puberty?

Which hormones are active during and after puberty?

This hormone results in chondrocyte proliferation (bone growth) and calcium retention (most is released during sleep); stimulates insulin-like growth factor.

THIS hormone regulates skeletal growth.

These hormones are responsible for growth spurts occurring during puberty.

These hormones promote bone growth and promote the conversion from epiphyseal plate to epiphyseal line, which occurs when the body is done growing.

Types of growth:

due to stress on bones, causes thicker bones

Types of bone growth:

happens at the epiphyseal plate, causes longer bones

In adults, ______ growth is also known as remodeling.

True or False:

women have a higher peak bone mass than males.

Males have a faster decline in bone mass than females.

Both men and women experience decreased bone mass with age, but women lose bone mass faster due to menopause.

Vitamin D is important for calcium absorption, which is important for bone strength

Vitamin __ supports bone mineralization.

__% of the body's magnesium is found in the skeleton.

Fluoride is good for teeth enamel and bone strength

Omega 3 fatty acids may _____ bone production.

Parathyroid hormone _______ osteoclast (bone breakdown) activity and ______ osteoblast (bone buildup) activity.

Calcitonin _______ osteoclast (bone breakdown) activity and _______ osteoblast (bone buildup) activity.

______ stops being produced with age, while _____ is produced more with age, which leads to osteoporosis and other bone diseases.

Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the human body.

Homeostasis:

low calcium; affects blood circulation (coagulation), muscles (contraction), nerves (function), and bones (brittles)

What are the effects of hypocalcemia (low calcium)?

Homeostasis:

high calcium; nervous system becomes underactive leading to sluggish reflexes, constipation, loss of appetite, confusion, and possible coma .

What are the effects of hypercalcemia (high calcium)?

Endocrine system, digestive system, and kidneys must work together for calcium balance for homeostasis (to prevent hypo- and hypercalcemia).

Bone classification:

cylindrical, longer than they are wide, function as levers

Bone classification:

cube-like in shape, carpals and tarsals

Bone classification:

thin and often curved, attachment points for muscles, often focus on protection (cranium, scapulae, and sternum)

bone classification:

not easily characterized (vertebrae and some facial bones)

bone classification:

small and round; form in tendons (patella; like a sesame seed)

Arteries enter the bone through the nutrient _____ - small holes in the diaphysis

_____ leave the bone through the nutrient foramen.

Nerves follow the blood supply into bone tissue

A

B

C

D

E

F

The head, neck, back, and chest (80 bones) are part of which division of the skeleton?

The brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs are part of which division of the skeleton?

This division of the skeleton consists of only 22 bones, most of which being flat.

This division of the skeleton consists of 24 irregular bones.

This division of the skeleton consists of 12 pairs of flat bones.

This division of the skeleton consists of bones of the limbs (126 bones).

The skull, or cranium, contains 14 facial bones and the 8 brain case bones.

The ______ is the only bone that is moveable, it is two bones at first and fuse together during the first year

This facial bone houses the paranasal sinuses and creates the nasal conchae.

(Hint: your sinuses are a complex maze behind your nose and eyes)

Dense fibrous connective tissue, interlocking pieces that connect two bones to each other and form joints.

Battle's Sign: Discoloration behind the ear over the _______; means possible skull fracture

This region of the skull is part of the ethmoid bone and swirls air to moisten to warm it before it enters the lungs. Mucus can trap dust, pollen, bacteria, and viruses in this region.

This region of the skull is behind the eyes and nose. Its primary purposes are to lighten the skull, add resonance to the voice, and fill with fluid causing pain during a sinus infection

This group of bones is around the eyeballs/nose. It includes the zygomatic, sphenoid, maxillary, lacrimal, ethmoid, palatine, and frontal bones.

This "facial" bone is independent of the skull, held in place by muscles

The vertebral column does NOT have alternating vertebrae and intervertebral discs orientation.

"superior column with secondary/convex curve; C1 is the Atlas and C2 is the Axis" describes which region of the vertebral column?

"Attach to ribs with a primary/concave curve" describes which region of the vertebral column?

"Largest vertebral bones with secondary/convex curve" describes which region of the vertebral column?

Which condition results from excessive thoracic curve?

Which condition results from excessive lumbar curve?

Which condition results from lateral curvature (twisting of spine)?

Which aspect of the vertebral column allows padding and movement?

Tough outer layer of vertebral discs; it anchors the disc.

Watery center of the vertebral disc to resist compression, gets thinner with age due to water decline

Herniated Disc:

(hint: annulus fibrosus surrounds the nucleus pulposus)

(unilateral means it affects 1 side, bilateral means both)

The thoracic cage consists of 12 pairs of ribs connecting the sternum to the thoracic vertebrae.

Ribs 1-7 attach to the sternum.

Ribs 8-12, 8-10 attach to the cartilage of the superior rib.

Ribs 11+12, have no bond to the sternum.

Pectoral Girdle includes limb bones and bones that attach upper limbs to the axial skeleton.

The pectoral girdle is also known as the shoulder girdle and only includes the clavicle and scapula (collarbone and shoulder blade)

This part of the shoulder girdle is the only horizontal long bone, it is the most commonly fractured bone.

This part of the shoulder girdle protects important blood vessels and nerves.

This part of the pectoral/shoulder girdle does not articulate with the ribs.

This shoulder injury involves a compromised glenohumeral joint.

This shoulder injury involves a sprain of the acromioclavicular joint.

Which is not one of the 3 sections of the arm

Carrying Angle: lateral elbow angle of 5-15 degrees (women's angle is greater due to wider hips)

Carpal Tunnel: canal in the wrist; 9 muscle tendons and 1 major nerve; overuse causes swelling (carpal tunnel syndrome)

Females have a smaller/heavier pelvic girdle.

The pelvic girdle is made for stability, so movement is limited.

Superior portion of os coxa

inferior posterior portion of os coxa

inferior anterior portion of os coxa

Connects the os coxa to the thigh and is further apart in a female.

2 os coxa meet at the pubis symphysis and posteriorly connect to the sacrum

Which of the following is not one of the 3 regions of the lower leg?

longest and strongest bone in the body

The _____ is the largest sesamoid bone and does not articulate with the tibia

The Q angle should be 10-15 degrees and larger for women than men. What is the Q angle?

The foot has 3 arches. Which of these are the three arches?

Which of the following is the only bone of the appendicular skeleton that does not go through endochondral ossification?

The ends of the appendicular skeleton flatten to form...

The very ends of the appendicular skeleton go through _____ to form fingers and toes (the skeleton breaks apart into phalanges).

Upper limbs start as limb buds and develop first at about 4 weeks old.

How many pairs of ribs are known as floating ribs (on test)?

What is found in the medullar cavity?

(on test)

What covers the outside of a bone? (on test)

Which hormone regulates growth AFTER puberty? (on test)

What is another name for the growth plate of a bone? (on test)