Microsociology examines the large scale patterns and processes that characterize society as a whole.

Social solidarity is social cohesiveness and harmony.

Manifest functions purposes and activities that are intended and recognized: they're present and clearly evident.

Social interaction is a process in which people take each other into account in their own behavior.

There is one answer to what the nature of society really is about.

A paradigm is a model for how you think about things.

The perspective you take will dramatically change what kind of questions you ask.

The study of Sociology is concerned with both the macro and the micro.

Race-Conflict theory was first stated sociologically by W.E.B. DuBois.

Research method is an organized and systematic procedures to gain knowledge about a particular topic.

Control variable is a characteristic that is constant and unchanged during the research process.

Inductive reasoning begins with a theory, prediction, or general principle that is then tested through data collection.

Qualitative research examines and interprets nonnumerical material.

Ethics is not important in doing social research.

Sociological research helps us understand societies patterns.

All sociological research begins with a question.

Next we need to define our concepts.

What value a variable takes on is called its measurement.

A sample is a small group that is representative of the population.

Culture is defined as the learned and shared behaviors, beliefs, attitudes, values, and material objects that characterize a particular group or society.

Norms are specific rules of right and wrong behavior.

Mores are considered not very important in our behavior.

Sanctions are rewards for only good behavior.

Ethnocentrism is the belief that one's own culture, society, or group is inherently superior to others.

You can break culture into two main components: things and ideas.

Material culture is the culture of things.

Symbols are anything that carries a special meaning that's recognized by people who share a culture.

Norms are the rules and expectations that guide behavior within society.

When mores are broken you almost always get a negative sanction.

Socialization is the lifelong process through which people learn culture and become functioning members of society.

Significant others are those whose opinions we value and who influence our thinking, especially about ourselves.

A reference group includes people who shape an individual's self-image, behavior, values, and attitudes in different contexts.

Peer groups are people who are similar in age, social status, and interests.

Re-socialization in unlearning old ways of doing things and adopting new attitudes, values, norms, and behavior.

Nature is the part of human behavior that's biologically determined and instinctive.

Nurture behavior is based on the people and environment you're raised in.

Sociologists are particularly interested in the part nature plays and have developed many theories about it.

A lack of socialization contributes to a child's inability to develop language skills, social skills, and emotional stability.

George Herbert Mead developed a theory of self-developed based on various stages of aging.

Status is a social position that a person occupies in a society.

Role is behavior expected of a person who has a particular status.

Nonverbal communication are messages that are sent without using words.

Role conflict are difficulties in playing two or more contradictory roles.

Role strain are difficulties due to conflicting demands within the same role.

Handshaking is a form of non-verbal communications.

Most people make certain judgements based on body language.

A candidates facial expressions plays little part in voting selection.

We are not influenced by our own nonverbal communications.

This presenter argues that our "presence" is very important in a job interview.

A primary group is a small group of people who engage in intimate face-to-face interaction over an extended period of time.

A secondary group is a large, usually formal, impersonal, and temporary collection of people who pursue a specific goal or activity.

A triad is a group of two members.

Groupthink is where in-group members make faulty decisions because of group pressures, rather than critically testing, analyzing, and evaluating ideas and evidence.

Alienation is a feeling of isolation, meaninglessness, and powerlessness.

Max Weber was a German sociologist and political economist.

Weber believed that large scale organizations should use a rational approach.

Weber thought that authority should reside in the position or office not in the individuals personality.

The term division of labor refers to the dividing of work into small, separate steps.

Weber's concept of the Iron Cage is where people were trapped in a calculated system that pursued efficiency and control that threatened individual freedom.

Primary deviance is the initial act of breaking a rule.

Secondary deviance is rule-breaking behavior that people adopt in response to others' reactions.

Differential Association Theory asserts that people learn deviance through interactions, especially with significant others

Labeling Theory posits that society's reaction to behavior is a major factor in defining oneself or others as deviant.

Anomie is the condition in which people are unsure how to behave because of absent, conflicting or confusing social norms.

According to conflict theory, deviance helps define cultural values and norms.

Robert Merton proposed the Strain theory.

Primary deviance is the repeating of bad behavior.

Stigma is a powerful negative master status that affects a person's self-concept, social identity, and interactions with others.

Differential Association suggests that who you associate with will make deviance more or less likely.

The working poor are people who work a least 27 weeks a year but whose wages fall below the official poverty level.

The feminization of poverty is the disproportional number of the poor who are women.

Global stratification is the worldwide inequality patterns that result from differences in wealth, power, and prestige.

Meritocracy is a belief that social stratification is based on people's accomplishments.

Proletariat is workers who sell their labor for wages.

Income is money you earn from work or investments.

Wealth is the total value of the money and other assets you hold like real estate, stocks and bonds.

Men tend to have lower individual wealth levels than women.

Red-lining was outlawed in 1968.

On the Prestige Chart (based on occupations) the top jobs on the list required an advanced college degree.

The dominant group are the physically or culturally distinctive group that has the most economic and political power.

A minority are the people who may be treated differently and unequally because of their physical, cultural, or other characteristic.

Genocide is a system effort to kill all members of a particular ethnic, religious, political, racial, or national group.

Pluralism is where minority groups maintain many aspects of their original culture while living peacefully with the host culture.

Racism is a belief that one's own racial group is inherently superior to other groups.

W.E.B. DuBois was the first African-American to receive a Ph.D. from Harvard University.

Race is thought of as a socially constructed category of people, who share biological traits that society has deemed important.

DuBois wrote about conflicts between people of different races.

The Philadelphia Negro became the first published study about living conditions of African Americans.

Du Bois collected data from 9,675 African-Americans.

Education transmits attitudes, knowledge, beliefs, values, norms, and skills.

Schooling is formal training and instruction provided in a classroom setting.

Achievement gap is a persistent and significant disparity in academic performance between different groups of students.

The hidden curriculum is school practices that transmit nonacademic knowledge, values, attitudes, norms, and beliefs.

Credentialism is an emphasis on certificates or degrees to show people have certain skills, educational attainment levels, or job qualifications.

Historically, education was a privilege of the wealthy.

Those who live in lower-income countries are much more likely to never get past middle school.

Massachusetts was the first state to formalize state funded school systems.

By 1918, all states had passed mandatory education laws.

Private schools are not funded by taxpayer dollars.