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WorksheetsHESI and Final Exam Review (RAD 235)
Total questions: 100
Worksheet time: 1hrs 15mins
Which of the following is primarily responsible for occupational exposure?
Primary x-ray beam
Compton interactions
Classical interactions
Photodisintegration
Which of the following are beam-limiting devices? (select the three that apply)
Aperture collimators
Cones
Grids
Cylinders
Compensating filters
The intensity of scatter 1 m from the patient is about what percentage of the useful beam?
10%
1%
0.1%
0.01%
What acronym serves as a reminder to the radiologic technologist to keep exposure to themselves and their patients to a judicious minimum?
BERT
LET
RBE
ALARA
When a lead apron is worn during a procedure, the personnel dosimeter should be placed
under the lead apron at collar level
outside of the exam room
outside of the apron at collar level
at waist level
The rotational scheduling of personnel uses which of the cardinal principles of radiation safety?
Time
Distance
Shielding
Inverse square law
During mobile radiography, the source-to skin (SSD) distance must NOT be less than
12 inches
15 inches
20 inches
24 inches
Which type of shielding should be used during an examination that requires a sterile field?
Shaped contact shield
Flat contact shield
Shadow shield
Fixed shield
The active ingredient in optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dosimeters is
tin
aluminum oxide
copper
lithium fluoride
For examinations using stationary fluoroscopes, patient entrance exposure can be limited by maintaining a minimal source-to-skin distance (SSD) of
30 cm (12 inches)
15 cm (6 inches)
38 cm (15 inches)
25 cm (10 inches)
When individuals are exposed to radiation on a regular basis through their work and are at risk of receiving 10% or more of the annual effective dose (EfD) limit, which of the following is most commonly used to monitor their radiation exposure over time?
ALARA
A proportional counter
A radiation survey instrument
Personnel dosimetry
The NCRP-recommended annual dose limit for the gonads of occupationally-exposed adults is
0.5 mSv
5.0 mSv
50 mSv
150 mSv
Which of the following is a type of secondary radiation?
Scattered radiation
Leakage radiation
Both
Neither
The Federally required minimum lead equivalent for lead aprons is
0.25 mm Pb equiv.
0.5 mm Pb equiv.
5.0 mm Pb equiv.
There is no minimum lead equivalent
How is the average energy of the x-ray beam affected with added filtration?
It is increased.
It is decreased.
It is unaffected.
HVL and kV are used to express
beam intensity.
beam quality.
focal spot size.
effective dose.
Changing from non-grid to grid procedure will require a/an
increase in SID.
decrease in SID.
decrease in patient dose.
increase in patient dose.
The feature(s) of digital fluoroscopy that function to reduce patient dose are
magnification mode
pulsed fluoroscopy
last image hold
The radiographer’s principal source of exposure to scattered radiation is
x-ray tube leakage.
failure to use the control booth.
the patient.
exposure to the useful beam.
Filters used in personal radiation monitors serve to
protect the user from scattered radiation.
protect the user from leakage radiation.
decrease the ionizing properties of the radiation.
identify the type and energy of ionizing radiation.
Ionizing radiation that is emitted from the x-ray tube housing in directions other than that of the useful beam is termed
scattered radiation.
leakage radiation.
extra-focal radiation.
recoil radiation.
What unit is used to describe ionization in air?
Sv
Gya
Gyt
REM
The amount of energy deposited, and resulting possible biologic damage, are related to which 3 of the following:
type of ionizing radiation
type of target/focus material
mass density of tissue
atomic number of tissue
Which portion of the following equation represents effective dose?
Gy × Wr × Wt = EfD
Gy
Wr
Wt
EfD
What is a 35-year-old radiation worker’s lifetime cumulative effective dose limit?
100 mSv
150 mSv
175 mSv
350 mSv
Where/how should a fetal personal radiation monitor be worn?
Outside the lead apron
In a radiation-free area
Under the lead apron, at waist level
At collar level, facing forward
To check for cracks and damage, lead aprons and other protective apparel are imaged
prior to each use
monthly
annually
Lead aprons and other protective apparel should not be imaged
The two basic types of protective barriers are
simple barriers and complex barriers.
primary barriers and secondary barriers.
primary barriers and tertiary barriers.
complete barriers and partial barriers
The fluoroscopy timer must provide signal after how much fluoroscopic time has elapsed?
30 seconds
1 minute
2 minutes
5 minutes
Which of the following cellular components has the greatest radiobiological significance?
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
DNA
RNA
The exposure switch on mobile x-ray equipment must allow the operator to be at least what distance from the x-ray tube during the exposure?
0.5 meters
1 meter
2 meters
5 meters
What is the maximum annual radiation exposure to the extremities for occupationally exposed individuals?
500 mSv
5 mSv
50 mSv
5 mrem
When a 1-mm Pb flat contact shield is used to shield male reproductive organs, their dose is reduced by about how much?
10%
50%
90 to 95%
100%
The varied and specific biologic effects of whole body radiation exposure depend on several factors including
Type of radiation
Total dose
Stage of cell division
Time interval over which dose is received
What term is used for the loss or change of nitrogenous bases in the DNA?
Mutation
Ionization
Deterministic Effects
Mitosis
Radiation-induced reddening of the skin at a dose of 2 Gy is termed
epidermis
epilation
desquamation
erythema
Which of the following technical exposure factors would help to minimize patient exposure? (select the two that apply)
High kVp
Low kVp
High mAs
Low mAs
Biologic damage resulting from ionization is much more likely to occur after exposure to which type of radiation?
Alpha particles
microwaves
x-rays
Beta particles
The second stage of ARS in which the patient begins to feel healthy, prior to experiencing more severe symptoms.
Latent period
Prodromal period
Manifest illness
Recovery stage
Which target interaction occurs when an incident electron slows as it moves around the nucleus of the target atom?
Bremsstrahlung
Characteristic
Compton
Thomson
Which dose may cause temporary sterility in patients of either sex?
5 Gy
50 Gy
2 Gy
1 Gy
What is the potential consequence of making an exposure without using a focusing cup?
Less leakage radiation
More primary radiation
More off-focus radiation
Increased image resolution
Which of the following radiation quantities is intended to be the best overall measure of the biologic effects of ionizing radiation?
Exposure
Effective dose
Absorbed dose
Roentgen
Which of the following is a method of explaining radiation to the public?
ALARA
BERT
ORP
NEXT
In a hospital setting, which of the following professionals is expressly charged by the hospital administration with being directly responsible for the execution, enforcement, and maintenance of the ALARA program?
Assistant administrator of the facility
Chief of staff
Radiation Safety Officer
Student radiologic technologist
If a patient asks a radiographer a question about how much radiation he or she will receive from a specific x-ray procedure, the radiographer can
respond by using an estimation based on the comparison of radiation received from the x-ray to natural background radiation received.
avoid the patient’s question by changing the subject.
tell the patient that it is unethical to discuss such concerns.
refuse to answer the question and recommend that he or she speak with the referring physician.
Coherent scattering is most likely to occur ____________.
at less than 10 keV
between 30 keV and 60 keV
between 60 keV and 90 keV
above 100 keV
Which of the following is not a type of interaction between x-radiation and biologic matter?
Compton scattering
Bremsstrahlung
Pair production
Photoelectric absorption
The probability of occurrence of photoelectric absorption _________ as the energy of the incident photon decreases and the atomic number of the irradiated atoms _________.
increases markedly; decreases
decreases markedly; increases
increases markedly; increases
stays the same; increases
Which of the following terms refers to the radiation that occurs when an electron spontaneously drops down from an outer shell of an ionized atom to fill a vacancy in an inner shell of that atom?
Bremsstrahlung
Characteristic photon
Photoelectric radiation
Primary radiation
The x-ray photon energy required to initiate pair production is
0.511 keV.
1.022 keV.
0.511 MeV.
1.022 MeV.
If two anatomic structures have the same density and atomic number but one is twice as thick as the other, the thicker structure will absorb
the same number of x-ray photons.
twice as many x-ray photons.
half as many x-ray photons
Of the two sources of ionizing radiation listed, ______ radiation remains fairly constant from year to year, while ______ radiation is increasing.
natural, manmade
background, cosmic
manmade, terrestrial
natural, terrestrial
The total kinetic energy released in a unit mass (kilogram) of air and expressed in metric units of joules per kilogram is
absorbed dose.
air kerma.
effective dose.
equivalent dose.
Which of the following formulas is used to calculate effective dose?
EfD = D × WR × WT
EfD = D × WR
EfD = D ÷ WR × WT
EfD = (D × WR)1 + (D × WR)2
Beta particles are actually
gamma rays.
high-speed electrons.
protons.
x-rays.
Which of the following is a principle of the ALARA concept?
All diagnostic X-ray exposure is low energy and of little concern.
The radiographer should hold a standard number of patients per year as long as it is below the allowable limits.
X-ray doses can increase progressively to allowable limits on older patients.
The radiographer’s occupational exposure should be kept as low as reasonably achievable and the concept of “permissible dose” is no longer recognized.
The SI radiologic unit that addresses the different biological effects of different types of ionizing radiation is the
rad.
roentgen.
sievert.
gray.
Alpha particles have a radiation weighting factor (WR) that is numerically equal to
1.
5.
10.
20.
Which of the following types of ionizing radiation produce virtually the same biologic effect in body tissue for equal absorbed doses?
X-rays, beta particles, and gamma rays
Alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays
X-rays, neutrons, and gamma rays
X-rays, alpha particles, and fast neutrons
Cataract formation, fibrosis, and sterility are classified as
Deterministic effects
Late somatic effects
Stochastic effects
Early somatic effects
What takes into account the fact that some types of radiation are more efficient at causing biologic damage than other types of radiation for a given dose?
radiation weighting factors
DAP
tissue weighting factors
ALARA
Three different filters are incorporated into the detector packet of the optically stimulated luminescence dosimeter. Of what are these filters made?
Aluminum, tin, and copper
Aluminum, tin, and lead
Zinc, copper, and barium
Zinc, copper, and lead
What is the maximum period of time that a thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) may be worn as a personnel device?
1 year
1 week
1 month
3 months
Which of the following terms involves a random effect of ionizing radiation?
Early tissue reactions
Change in white blood cell count
Reddening of the skin
Stochastic effect
Epidemiologic studies of atomic bomb survivors exposed in utero have provided conclusive evidence of a dose-dependent increase in the incidence of severe intellectual disability for fetal doses greater than approximately
0.1 Sv.
0.2 Sv.
0.3 Sv.
0.4 Sv.
The current limiting system used in the field of radiology is the:
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulation
Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) regulation
maximum permissible dose (MPD) system
effective dose (EfD) limiting system
If a certain dose of radiation produces a skin burn, a higher dose of radiation will cause the skin burn to be more severe; however, a dose below the threshold level for skin burn will
demonstrate this effect to a much greater degree.
demonstrate this effect to moderate degree.
demonstrate this effect to a lesser degree.
likely not demonstrate the effect.
The cumulative effective dose (CumEfD) limit includes all of the following except:
radiation exposure from natural background radiation.
radiation exposure received while radiographers perform imaging procedures on patients.
radiation exposure received while radiographer is performing mobile fluoroscopy
radiation exposure received while radiographers receive in the nuclear medicine hot lab
The unit for measuring biologic effects may be determined and expressed in
Sv
Gy
C/Kg
DAP
Calculate the equivalent dose for a person who received an exposure of 0.3 Gy from Alpha particles, 2.0 Gy from X-ray, and 0.7 Gy of fast neutrons.
(a)
Calculate the effective dose if a person received an exposure of 0.1 Gy from Alpha particles to the thyroid and 0.5 Gy of x-ray to the gonads.
(a)
Solitary atoms or most often a combination of atoms that behave as extremely reactive single entities as a result of unpaired electrons describes
free radicals
apoptosis
molecular damage
germ cells
What does LD 50/30 mean?
30 people out of 50 will die within 30 days
30 people out of 50 will die within 30 minutes
50 rem will kill half of the group within 30 days
50% of the group will die within 30 days
Which of the following are examples of stochastic effects?
cancer
epilation
genetic defects
fatigue
Cells in the human body (except germ cells) that divide and undergo Mitosis are known as
genetic cells
somatic cells
reproductive cells
sex cells
Which of the following is most sensitive to radiation?
lymphocytes
epithelial tissue
connective tissue
muscle
How will oxygen retention effect the radiosensitivity of a cell
radiosensitivity will not be effected
radiosensitivity will be eliminated
radiosensitivity will decrease
radiosensitivity will increase
Which statement is true concerning the effects of radiation exposure?
mutations only occur at high exposure
the body can repair most damage
damage is not passed on to offspring
no effects occur at low dose levels
LET is an important factor for
assessing potential tissue and organ damage from exposure to ionizing radiation
assessing the characteristics of ionizing radiation
determining the oxygen enhancement ratio
removing electrons from tissue exposed to ionizing radiation
Following whole-body reception of large doses of ionizing radiation delivered over a short period of time, which of the following medical problems occurs in humans
acute radiation syndrome
hypertension
multiple sclerosis
tuberculosis
Which of the dose-response curve(s) shown illustrate(s) a linear non-threshold response to radiation exposure
A
B
D
According to the principle of radiosensitivity, the most pronounced radiation effects occur in cells that have:
the greatest reproductive activity
longest mitotic phases
least maturity and differentiation
the greatest differentiation
the least meiotic activity
Which of the dose-response curve(s) shown illustrate(s) a non-linear threshold response to radiation exposure
A
B
C
The effects produced by free radicals created by the interaction of radiation with water molecules
direct action
indirect action
radiolysis
Target theory
Which of the following is not an x-ray beam limitation device?
Aperture diaphragm
Collimator
Filter
Extension cylinder
What is the purpose of radiographic beam filtration?
To decrease beam hardness thereby reducing patient skin dose and the dose to superficial tissues
To increase beam hardness, thereby reducing patient skin dose and the dose to superficial tissues
To eliminate short wavelength radiation to reduce the radiation received by the patient’s skin and superficial tissues
To increase beam hardness, thereby increasing patient skin dose with only a slight increase to superficial tissues
Federal government specifications recommend a minimum total filtration of _________ for stationary fluoroscopic x-ray units operating above 70 kVp.
1.0 mm aluminum equivalent
1.5 mm aluminum equivalent
2.0 mm aluminum equivalent
2.5 mm aluminum equivalent
The genetically significant dose for the population of the United States is about:
1.00 mSv
0.80 mSv
0.40 mSv
0.20 mSv
The annual EfD limit for individual members of the general population not occupationally exposed is _________ for continuous or frequent exposures from artificial sources other than medical irradiation and natural background and ________ for infrequent annual exposure.
1 mSv, 5 mSv
3 mSv, 7 mSv
5 mSv, 9 mSv
50 mSv, 25 mSv
If the exposure rate is 10 R/minute at 40 inches, what will be the rate at 20 inches?
20 R/minute
40 R/minute
60 R/minute
80 R/minute
Which of the following filters would produce an x-ray beam with the highest average photon energy?
1 mm Al
2 mm Al
3 mm Al
4 mm Al
Which of the following will not reduce the amount of exposure to the patient?
higher grid ratio
proper collimation
beam filtration
use of intensifying screens
Which type of gonadal shielding could be used during an exam requiring a sterile field?
flat contact shield
lead apron
shadow shield
shaped contact shield
The source to skin distance for stationary (fixed) fluoroscopy must not be less than which of the following?
15 inches
38 inches
30 inches
12 inches
What is the recommended equivalency be for a lead apron?
.25 mm Pb
.50 mm Pb
2.5 mm Pb
5.0 mm Pb
Primary radiation barriers in walls must be how high
5 ft
7 ft
9 ft
11 ft
The Bucky slot cover is in place to protect the
Patient
Fluoroscopist
Technologist
Passerby
This is the name for the type of radiation that naturally occurs in the environment and is generally safe.
background radiation
environmental radiation
ionizing radiation
acceptable radiation
Which is an example of man made radiation?
Cosmic
Radioactive decay
Radon
Nuclear power plant
