WorksheetsChapters 3, 4, and 5 Practice Test
Total questions: 36
Worksheet time: 1hrs 12mins
Foraging behavior in which acquired food is brought to a single location is called _______.
diet mixing
risk-sensitive foraging
central place foraging
optimal diet composition
Phenotypic plasticity is MOST likely to evolve when phenotypic trade-offs coincide with variation across different _____.
spatial scales
genotypes
populations
environments
These graphs illustrate plastic herbivore defense in Virginia pepperweed plants and the number of herbivores subsequently found on plants with these defenses. Initially, the control plants were protected from herbivores, while herbivores were allowed to eat parts of the induced plants. The two groups of plants were then placed in the same garden. What do these two graphs illustrate about these plants' responses to herbivory?
Trichomes are more effective as a defense against predators because the induced plants produce more trichomes than glucosinolate peaks.
There is a phenotypic trade-off that favors plants without as many predator defenses in some environments.
Selection should favor plants that always produce herbivore defenses because they reduce the number of herbivores on the plant.
The second graph shows that the plant's defenses are ineffective since the induced plants are still attacked by aphids.
Which statement represents an instance of a plastic predator-induced response in prey?
The mouth of predatory ciliate Lembadion grows larger in response to increased numbers of a larger form of its prey, Euplotes.
During an unseasonably colder rainy season, a species of waterfowl secretes viscous oil from glands in its skin.
A species of a small lake fish grows barbs along its back and sides in the presence of a species of larger fish that preys upon it.
A caterpillar that feeds on pepperweed develops specialized mouth parts that easily remove trichomes, or protective leaf hairs.
During a drought, what plastic response would you expect from plants living on sandy dunes?
increase the amount of photosynthetic tissue
increase root/shoot biomass ratio
allocate more energy to reproduction
shift reproductive strategy to self-fertilization
This graph shows the fitness of three genotypes in two different environments. If individuals are equally likely to encounter environment X or environment Y, which genotype would be favored by natural selection?
Genotype Z because plastic genotypes always have higher fitness than nonplastic genotypes.
Both genotypes X and Y would be selected for because they would develop adaptations to survive their non-preferred environment until they could return to their preferred environment.
Both genotypes X and Y would be selected for because they have a higher fitness than genotype Z does in either environment.
Genotype Z because it has the highest average fitness across both environments
Identify the example of an animal practicing a mixed diet strategy:
To conserve foraging energy, bees consume the pollen and nectar of one type of flower at a time as each variety blooms and is then depleted.
Butterfly larvae grow faster when eating mustard greens, clover, and milkweed than when eating any of these foods alone.
Individual penguins in a group have assigned roles for securing various types of foods, thus sharing the load and increasing overall fitness.
Humans grow a variety of crops in the same plot of land through the years so as to maintain the health of the soil by preventing stripping.
Which scenario describes a negative correlation between two variables?
The farther a bird has to travel to find food, the more time the bird should spend searching for food at that location.
The longer a drought lasts, the more time a snail should spend aestivating.
When air temperatures decrease, hummingbirds' consumption of oxygen increases.
Organisms that frequently face changing conditions are more likely to evolve phenotypic plasticity if there are reliable environmental cues.
Atoms or groups of atoms that carry an electrical charge are referred to as _____.
bases
acids
ions
solvents
Few eukaryotic organisms can survive temperatures higher than _____. Select the smallest correct answer.
20° C
37° C
45° C
54° C
What causes organism's functions to decline and lead to death so quickly after reaching their thermal optimum?
The molecular motion caused by heat causes important molecules, such as proteins, to become unstable and lose their molecular shape.
At high temperatures, chemical reactions happen too quickly to be controlled.
Higher than normal body temperatures cause organisms to be unable to find enough food to keep up with their rapid digestion and assimilation processes.
Above certain body temperatures, an organism's ability to lose heat to its surroundings declines rapidly.
Which scenario could NOT lead to thermal pollution?
water flowing across fields in exposed irrigation channels before entering a stream
releasing water into a relatively shallow stream from the deepest parts of a reservoir
rainwater draining into streams from hot paved surfaces
cutting down trees that normally shade a small stream
A cell must use the greatest amount of active transport to remove salt from itself if the concentrations are _____ μS extracellularly (outside the cells) and _____ μS intracellularly (inside the cells).
14; 170
330; 10
800; 740
3; 30
Many species of hummingbirds maintain a constant body temperature during the day, but reduce their metabolism at night to conserve energy. This reduced metabolic activity also reduces heat production, which allows their body temperature to drop as nighttime temperature drop. These birds would be considered _____.
ectothermic
heterothermic
homeothermic
poikilothermic
Which of the following is NOT an approach that aquatic plants use to overcome the difficulties of using dissolved CO2 for photosynthesis?
direct use of bicarbonate as a carbon source for photosynthesis
secreting hydrogen ions to make bicarbonate turn into carbon dioxide
direct use of calcium carbonate as a carbon source for photosynthesis
secreting enzymes that convert bicarbonate into carbon dioxide
Pet betta fish often hang quietly in their tanks, but when they are being particularly active, as the males are when displaying for other males, they will often rise to the surface to take gulps of air. Which statement is the MOST likely explanation for this behavior?
Betta fish evolved a mutualistic relationship with algae to acquire enough oxygen. The air bubbles provide the algae with enough CO2 to photosynthesize.
Wild betta fish evolved in brackish water, where oxygen is limited and remove oxygen from the air they gulp.
Larger fish can expel the air in larger bubbles toward rival fish, which advertises their size and stronger.
CO2 produced from activity diffuses into the swallowed air and is released the next time the betta fish surfaces.
Which statement is NOT a contributing factor to the formation of limestone sediments?
Calcium carbonate becomes saturated in the water and precipitates out to form some of the sediments.
Evaporation of pure water increases the concentration of calcium in the oceans.
Calcium combines with dissolved CO2 to form calcium carbonate.
Dust from weathering or mining operations dissolves in atmospheric water, forming precipitation containing concentrated calcium.
Hibernating marmots allow their body temperatures to fall to temperatures that are barely above the temperatures in their burrows, but they maintain fairly constant warm body temperatures during summer months. Thus, marmots are an example of _____.
endothermic ectotherms
heterothermic ectotherms
poikilothermic endotherms
heterothermic endotherms
Which statement about the effects of increased body temperature is FALSE?
Within an optimal range, higher temperatures increase the rate of digestion.
Very high temperatures alter biological compounds and disrupt organismal functions.
In most organisms, the function of proteins such as enzymes improves linearly with increasingly high temperatures.
Increased temperature allows chemical reactions to take place at a higher rate.
You are an avid aquarist with both a freshwater fish tank and a saltwater fish tank. One day while you are cleaning your saltwater fish tank, you accidentally put a saltwater fish into the freshwater tank. If the saltwater fish could alter its physiology in response to this new environment, what physiological processes would the fish have to change to be able to survive?
Its gill cells would pump out solutes into the water.
Its kidneys would reduce the amount of water secreted in the urine.
Its kidneys would increase the ion concentration of the urine.
Its cells would use active transport to pump solutes in.
Why do calcium ions frequently precipitate out of ocean water, while sodium remains dissolved?
Calcium has a lower saturation concentration.
Sodium has a lower dissolving temperature.
Sodium is a smaller ion.
Calcium is nonpolar.
The _____ is the maximum amount of water held by soil particles against the force of gravity.
field capacity
cohesion capacity
matric potential
water potential
Blood shunting is an adaptation of the circulatory system to _____.
decrease heat loss via evaporation
maintain a constant core temperature
increase the temperature of extremities
maximize heat loss via conduction
The ultimate products of photosynthesis are glucose and _____.
carbon dioxide
water
oxygen
heat
Considering the habitat of the following animals, place them in order of most concentrated urine to most dilute urine produced and excreted.
field mouse, iguana, dolphin
iguana, dolphin, field mouse
field mouse, dolphin, iguana
iguana, field mouse, dolphin
What causes water to enter into plant roots from the soil?
channels in the membrane of root cells that actively transport ions out of the cells
the osmotic potential of root cells, which have lower solute concentration than soils
the osmotic potential of root cells, which have higher solute concentrations than soils
channels in the membrane of root cells that actively transport water into the cells
This figure illustrates _____.
thermal inertia
countercurrent blood circulation
blood shunting
spatially variable set points
Which statement describes countercurrent blood circulation?
The positioning of blood vessels such that heat is transferred from arteries carrying warm blood to veins carrying chilled blood from the extremities.
Reversing the flow of some capillaries to help conserve core body heat.
The increased blood flow to the skin that allows animals to cool off when they start to overheat.
An adaptation that allows specific blood vessels to shut off so less of an animal's warm blood flows to the cold extremities.
The wilting point of soils increases steadily as you move from sandy soils to clay soils. However, the field capacity increases sharply as the amount of sand in the soil decreases. Why is this the case?
The matric potential of sand is not strong enough to counteract the force of gravity on water filling the large spaces between sand particles.
Sandy soils are often found above bedrock, which prevents water from draining out of the soil.
The smaller clay particles have a large amount of potential energy attracting the particles to one another, which reduces the space between particles and prevents water from draining out of the soil.
The surfaces of sand particles have larger electrical charges, some of which repel the charges on water molecules.
You have been growing several species of houseplants in your home. Although all the plants are in the same type and amount of soil and have similar biomass, you notice that when you forget to water them, the leaves of your Peace Lily (Spathiphyllum wallisii), begin to droop dramatically long before the neighboring Philodendron species shows any signs of water stress. What can you conclude from these observations?
The Philodendron species has a lower wilting point than the Peace Lily.
The Peace Lily has a lower wilting point than the Philodendron species.
The Philodendron species has a weaker water potential than the Peace Lily.
The Peace Lily has a weaker water potential than the Philodendron species.
How does the small stature of a tundra plant protect it from cold temperatures?
The entire plant can benefit from heat radiated from the soil surface.
Smaller plants have a reduced surface area to volume ratio.
Conduction allows small plants to gain heat from any dark rocks that are in the area.
Shorter plants have a smaller boundary layer, which reduces heat loss due to convection.
Which soil horizon contains the materials necessary to support good plant growth?
O
A
E
B
What happens at the wilting point?
a plant's water potential is weaker than the soil's matric potential
a plant's water potential is stronger than the soil's matric potential
a plant's water potential is weaker than the field capacity
the soil's matric potential is weaker than gravity
You are studying temperature dynamics in a desert ecosystem in southeastern Arizona using a new technology that you have invented to track the movement of heat originating from a single source. You begin your study by measuring the electromagnetic energy being emitted from a lizard's skin, which you find is rapidly transported away by a breeze that replaces the warm air around the lizard with cooler air. The heat energy is transported by the wind up the face of a small mountain, where the air is cooler. On the mountain, the heat energy comes into contact with a mouse's skin, and the energy is transferred to the mouse. As more and more energy is transferred to the mouse, it begins to pant and sweat to cool itself down. Describe in order the modes of heat gain and loss that you have observed in your study.
convection, conduction, radiation, evaporation
evaporation, convection, conduction, radiation
radiation, convection, conduction, evaporation
conduction, radiation, evaporation, convection
Where would you expect the physical weathering of rock to occur the fastest?
areas where the temperature rarely goes above freezing
hot, dry climates
dry climates with distinct cold seasons
wet climates with distinct cold seasons
Identify the relationship that is NOT an organism-enemy relationship.
human - streptococcus
milkweed - monarch larvae
gazelle - lion
lion - hyena
