KINGS OR QUEENS THAT HELD ALL OF THE POWER WITHIN THEIR STATES’ BOUNDARIES.

THE IDEA THAT GOD CREATED THE MONARCHY AND THAT THE MONARCH ACTED AS GOD’S REPRESENTATIVE ON EARTH.

A DECLARATION OF RELIGIOUS TOLERATION

THE IDEA THAT NOTHING CAN EVER BE KNOWN FOR CERTAIN.

A STRONG MINISTER WHO MADE UP FOR LOUIS XIII WEAKNESSES.

HE WAS THE MOST POWERFUL RULER IN FRENCH HISTORY.

MINISTER OF FINANCE WHO BELIEVED IN THE THEORY OF MERCANTILISM.

GOVERNMENT AGENTS WHO COLLECTED TAXES AND ADMINISTERED JUSTICE.

A WAR THAT LASTED FROM 1701-1714 FOUGHT IN AN EFFORT TO KEEP THE FRENCH AND SPANISH THROWN FROM UNITING

LASTED FROM 1618 TO 1648 FOUGHT OVER RELIGION, TERRITORY, AND POWER AMONG EUROPEAN RULING FAMILIES

INHERITED THE AUSTRIAN THROWN

CARRIED ON HIS FATHER’S MILITARY FOCUS WHEN HE BECAME ABSOLUTE RULER OF PRUSSIA

CAME TO THE RUSSIAN THROWN IN 1533 AT THE AGE OF 3.

ONE OF RUSSIA’S GREATEST REFORMERS

CAME TO POWER IN ENGLAND IN 1625 WHEN HIS FATHER DIED.

A WAR FOUGHT IN EUROPE, INDIA, AND NORTH AMERICA THAT LASTS FROM 1756-1763

A WAR THAT LASTS FROM 1642 TO 1649 FOUGHT BY SUPPORTERS AND OPPONENTS OF KING CHARLES I

USING WESTERN EUROPE AS A MODEL FOR CHANGE

A TERM REFERRING TO THE PERIOD WHEN CHARLES II WAS RESTORED TO THE ENGLISH MONARCHY

LITERALLY MEANS “TO HAVE BODY” OR THE RIGHT TO HAVE THE “BODY” OF CHARGES AGAINST YOU KNOWN TO YOU.

A GROUP OF GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS WHO ACT IN THE RULER’S NAME BUT IN REALITY REPRESENT THE MAJORITY PARTY IN PARLIAMENT

A PURITAN GENERAL WHO LEAD THE WAR ON BEHALF OF THE ROUNDHEADS

THE BLOODLESS OVERTHROW OF KING JAMES II.

LAWS LIMIT THE RULER’S POWER

An earth-centered view of the universe that was supported by Christian doctrine from 1300 to 1600.

A new way of thinking about the natural world that was based on careful observation and a willingness to question accepted beliefs

A doctrine proposed by Copernicus that the stars and planets orbited around the sun.

A logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas. First a question arises from an observation, a hypothesis is formed, that hypothesis is then tested in experiments and data is collected. This data is then analyzed and conclusions made that either support or disprove the original hypothesis.

An Italian scientist who built on the new theories of astronomy but was forced by the Catholic Church to recant his discoveries

An English statesman and writer, that believed that a better understanding of the world would improve lives. He was a strong proponent of EMPIRICISM (or the experimental method)

Believed that scientists needed to reject old assumptions and teachings. Rather than using experimentation, he relied on logic and mathematics.

An English scientist that brought together the findings of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo under his theory of motion.

An intellectual movement that reached its height in the mid-1700s. It stressed reason, thought, and the power of individuals to solve problems.

A concept first proposed by Thomas Hobbes in his work titled, THE LEVIATHAN, that argues that people willingly surrender their natural rights to a strong monarch and in return they gain law and order.

Social critics (political) of France who believed that people could apply reason to all aspects of life. They had 5 concepts at the core of their beliefs, reason, nature, happiness, progress and liberty.

This is a social event hosted by some of the wealthy women of Paris. These events were largely responsible for the spread of these Enlightenment ideas because, at these “parties” some of the greatest philosophes of the time would meet to share ideas with the other great thinkers of the period.

Influenced by the English Civil War, he was convinced that men were naturally selfish and wicked. Because of this, they required a government to keep order, otherwise, it would be man against man. He argued that because of this, men gave up all of their rights to a strong government. He called this a “SOCIAL

CONTRACT”

Rejected the idea of an absolute monarchy and proposed a doctrine of self-government finding that the only natural purpose for government is to protect the natural rights of its citizens.

One of the most brilliant of the philosophes who fought for tolerance, reason, freedom of religious beliefs, and freedom of speech

Was devoted to political liberty and developed the concept of divided powers of government (legislative powers, executive powers, and judicial powers) being a means to keeping the government from becoming too powerful that it oppresses the natural rights of its citizens.

He wrote, “man was born free, and everywhere he is in chains.” This statement gets at the heart of his belief that the only good government was one that was formed by the people and guided by the general will of society. He agrees with Hobbes in that people give up their rights to join a just government.

An Italian philosophe believed that laws exist to preserve social order, not to avenge crimes. He regularly criticized common abuses of justice. He argued that a person accused of a crime deserved a speedy trial and that torture should never be used. He also argued that the degree of punishment should fit the crime.

She disagreed with many of the Philosophes when it came to women’s education. She believed that women, like men, need the education to become virtuous and useful.

She was the ruler most admired by the philosophes. She ruled Russia from 1762-1796 and was well educated and exchanged many letters with Voltaire. She ruled with absolute authority but tried to use that authority to reform Russia

The main author of the Declaration of Independence and 3rd president of the United States of America

This is a social event hosted by some of the wealthy women of Paris. These events were largely responsible for the spread of these Enlightenment ideas because, at these “parties” some of the greatest philosophes of the time would meet to share ideas with the other great thinkers of the period.

This is often thought of an artistic that used exaggerated motion and clear, easily interpreted detail to produce drama, tension, exuberance, and grandeur in sculpture, painting, architecture, literature, dance, and music. The style began around 1600 in , and spread to most of Europe.

Western in the and , , , , and that draw inspiration from the "classical" art and culture of or . The main Neoclassical movement coincided with the 18th century , and continued into the early 19th century, latterly competing with . In architecture, the style continued throughout the 19th and 20th centuries and into the 21st.

A form of or in which rulers were influenced by the . Enlightened monarchs embraced the principles of the Enlightenment, especially its emphasis upon , and applied them to their territories. They tended to allow religious toleration, freedom of speech and the press, and the right to hold private property. Most fostered the arts, sciences, and education.

The document that expresses the reasons the colonist were declaring their reasons for separating from England and establishing their own form of government. It is VERY representative of the Enlightenment ideas of the time. Concepts like equality, natural rights, liberty and just authority are all expressed in the body of this document.

Ratified in 1781, this was the first official government of the United States of America. It

CONFEDERATIONestablished a Confederation that allowed the 13 original states to maintain their sovereignty and also created a weak central government in the form of a unicameral legislature called the Congress.

By creating a government with three separate branches, the founders reflected the ideas of Montesquieu. Each of the branches of government protects their own authority by keeping the other branches of government from enhancing their authority. In this way, the government will be limited and can not infringe on the rights of the citizen

This is a political system that divides power between a national government and state governments.

This is the first ten amendments of the Constitution. These amendments protect such basic rights as freedom of speech, of the press, and assembly.

A political situation in which no one nation is powerful enough to pose a threat to others.

An 1805 naval battle in which Napoleon’s forces were defeated by a British fleet under the command of Horatio Nelson.

The use of troops or ships to prevent commercial traffic from entering or leaving a city or region.

A series of alliances among European nations in the 19th century, devised by Prince Klemens von Metternich to prevent the outbreak of revolutions.

A formal agreement—especially one between the pope and a government, dealing with the control of Church affairs.

A series of meetings in 1814-1815, during which the European leaders sought to establish long-lasting peace and security after the defeat of Napoleon.

Napoleon’s policy of preventing trade between Great Britain and continental Europe was intended to destroy Great Britain’s economy.

A sudden seizure of political power in a nation.

A person who leaves his native country for political reasons, like the nobles and others who fled France during the peasant uprisings of the French Revolution.

One of the three social classes in France before the French Revolution –the First estate consisting of the clergy; the Second Estate, of the nobility; and the Third Estate, of the rest of the population.

An assembly of representatives from all three of the estates, or social classes, in France.

A wave of senseless panic that spread through the French countryside after the storming of the Bastille in 1789.

A member of a loosely organized fighting force that makes surprise attacks on enemy troops occupying his or her country.

A machine for beheading people, used as a means of execution during the French Revolution.

A league of European nations formed by the leaders of Russia, Austria, and Prussia after the Congress of Vienna.

The brief period during 1815 when Napoleon made his last bid for power, deposing the French king and again becoming emperor of France.

A radical political organization during the French Revolution that is responsible for much of the violent rhetoric of the French Revolution

Austrian foreign minister who was by far the most influential representative at the Congress of Vienna. Credited with developing the concept of a balance of power for Europe that would attempt to restore order and bring peace to Europe after the Napoleonic Wars.

A French congress with the power to create laws and approve declarations of war, established by the Constitution of 1791.

The hereditary right of a monarch to rule.

King of France during the French Revolution.

A government-run public school in France.

Queen of France during the French Revolution.

A Jacobin leader who came to power during the French Revolution. He governed France as a dictator during the period that will come to be known as, The Reign of Terror.

One of the world’s greatest military geniuses. In only 4 years, from 1795-1799, Napoleon rose from a relatively obscure position as an officer in the French army to become master of France.

A comprehensive and uniform system of laws established for France by Napoleon.

A French congress established by representatives of the Third Estate on June 17, 1789, to enact laws and reforms in the name of the French people.

The political and social system that existed in France before the French Revolution.

A conflict, lasting from 1808 to 1813, in which, Spanish rebels, with the aid of British forces, fought to drive Napoleon’s French troops out of Spain.

A direct vote in which a country’s people have the opportunity to approve or reject a proposal.

The period, from mid-1793 to mid-1794, when Maximillian Robespierre ruled France nearly as a dictator and thousands of political figures and ordinary citizens were executed.

In the French Revolution, a radical group made up of Parisian wage earners and small shopkeepers who wanted a greater voice in government, lower prices, and an end to food shortages.

In the French Revolution, a radical group made up of Parisian wage earners and small shopkeepers who wanted a greater voice in government, lower prices, and an end to food shortages.

The practice of burning crops and killing livestock during wartime so that the enemy cannot live off the land.

A pledge made by the members of France’s National Assembly in 1789, in which they vowed to continue meeting until they had drawn up a new constitution.

A village that marks the area near Napoleon’s last battle, ending the hundred-day period of time and was Napoleon’s last stand.

in Spanish colonial society, colonists who were born in Spain.

in Spanish colonial society, colonists who were born in Latin America to Spanish parents.

persons of mixed European and African ancestry.

Called Libertador (Liberator), a brilliant general, a visionary, a writer, and a fighter. He is called the “George Washington of SouthAmerica.” He planned to unite the Spanish colonies of South America into a single country called Gran Colombia. The area of upper Peru was renamed Bolivia in his honor. Discouraged by political disputes that tore the new Latin American nations apart, he is reported to have said, ”America is ungovernable. Those who have served the revolution have plowed the sea.”

Unlike the dashing Bolívar, San Martín was amodest man. Though born in Argentina, he spent much of his youth in Spain as a career military officer. He fought with Spanish forces against Napoleon. He returned to Latin America to be a part of its liberation from Spain. Fighting for 10 years, he became the liberator of Argentina, Chile, and Peru. Discouraged by political infighting, he sailed for Europe. He died, almost forgotten, on French soil in 1850.

a priest in the small village of Dolores took the first step toward independence. He was a poor but well-educated man. He firmly believed in Enlightenment ideals. On September 16, 1810, he rang the bells of his village church. When the peasants gathered in the church, he issued a call for rebellion against the Spanish. Today, that call is known as the Grito de Dolores (the cry of Dolores). The very next day, his Indian and mestizo followers began a march toward Mexico City. This unruly army soon numbered 80,000 men. The uprising of the lower classes alarmed the Spanish army and creoles, who feared the loss of their property, control of the land, and their lives. The army was defeated in 1811.

led the revolution for four years. However, in1815, a creole officer, Agustín de Iturbide(ah•goos•TEEN day ee•toor•BEE•day), defeated him.

in the first half of the 19th century, a European movement of people—mainly wealthy landowners and nobles—who wanted to preserve the traditional monarchies of Europe.

in the first half of the 19th century, those Europeans—mainly middle-class business leaders and merchants—who wanted to give more political power to elected parliaments.

in the first half of the 19th century, those Europeans who favored the drastic change to extend democracy to all people.

the belief that people should be loyal mainly to their nation—that is, to the people with whom they share a culture and history—rather than to a king or empire.

an independent geopolitical unit of people having a common culture and identity.

the region of southeastern Europe now occupied by Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, the European part of Turkey, and the former republics of Yugoslavia.

the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte won the presidential election. Four years later, he took the title of Emperor Napoleon III. A majority of French voters accepted this action without complaint. the french were wary of instability. They welcomed a strong ruler who would bring peace to France.

decided to move Russia toward modernization and social change.

the process of forcing Russian culture on all ethnic groups in the Russian Empire.

was a cunning statesman who worked tirelessly to expand Piedmont-Sardinia’s power. Using skillful diplomacy and well-chosen alliances he set about gaining control of northern Italy for Sardinia.

agreed to unite the southern areas he had conquered with the kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia. Cavour arranged for King Victor Emmanuel II to meet this man in Naples. “The Red One” willingly agreed to step aside and let the Sardinian king rule.

strongly conservative members of Prussia’s wealthy landowning class.

To some Germans, this man was the greatest and noblest of Germany’s statesmen. They say he almost single-handedly united the nation and raised it to greatness. To others, he was nothing but a devious politician who abused his powers and led Germany into a dictatorship. His speeches, letters, and memoirs show him to be both crafty and deeply religious. At one moment, he could declare, “It is the destiny of the weak to be devoured by the strong. ”At another moment he might claim, “We Germans shall never wage aggressive war, ambitious war, a war of conquest.”

“the politics of reality”—the practice of tough power politics without room for idealism.

a German emperor (from the Roman title Caesar).

an early-19th-century movement in art and thought, which focused on emotion and nature rather than reason and society.

a 19th-century artistic movement in which writers and painters sought to show life as it is rather than life as it should be.

a movement in 19th-century painting, in which artists reacted against realism by seeking to convey their impressions of subjects or moments in time.