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EXTRA CREDIT REVIEW: HISTORY AND PERSPECTIVES IN PSYCHOLOGY

Total questions: 131

Worksheet time: 1hrs 15mins

Name
Class
Date
1.
This research method is a descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles
a)
Case Study
b)
Survey
c)
Observational
d)
Correlational
e)
Experiments
2.
This research method is a technique for ascertaining the self – reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group.
a)
Survey
b)
Observational
c)
Correlational
d)
Experiments
e)
Case Study
3.
This research method is a measure of the extent to which two variables change together, and thus of how well either variable predicts the other
a)
Correlational
b)
Experiments
c)
Case Study
d)
Survey
e)
Observational
4.
This is a method of research where an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable).
a)
Experiments
b)
Case Study
c)
Survey
d)
Observational
e)
Correlational
5.

What is a hypothesis?

a)

an educated guess

b)

an absolute solution

c)

a random guess

d)

an experiment

6.
This is a method of research where an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable).
a)
Experiments
b)
Case Study
c)
Survey
d)
Observational
e)
Correlational
7.

What are two methods of surveying?

a)

tests and interviews

b)

experiments and questionnaires

c)

interviews and questionnaires

d)

case studies and experiments

8.

What is a sample in research?

a)

the whole target population

b)

a piece of food you get to try

c)

an educated guess

d)

only part of the target population

9.

How can participant bias affect the outcome of a study?

a)

It can make others want to volunteer for the study

b)

It can invalidate it, if the volunteers hold bias that is counter to the opinions of those who are not part of the study, but are represented by it

c)

It can split the results in two

d)

It can prove it correct, because volunteer opinions accurately represent everyone in the population

10.

The Naturalistic-Observation Method takes place...

a)

with a mouse

b)

in a house

c)

in the field

d)

in a lab

11.

The __________ is the one manipulated by the researcher.

a)

DV

b)

Confounding Variable

c)

Controls

d)

IV

12.

The ___________is expected to change as the IV changes.

a)

IV

b)

DV

c)

Controls

d)

Samples

13.

How can you "operationalize" verbal aggression?

a)

Yelling at someone

b)

Kicking someone

c)

The number of insulting comments per hour.

d)

Giving someone the silent treatment.

14.

A ___________ is the group of individuals taking part in the research study.

a)

Population

b)

Sample

c)

Variable

d)

Control

15.

__________ refers to the extent to which the results of the study can be applied beyond the sample and the settings used in the study.

a)

Generalizability

b)

Population

c)

Sample

d)

Credibility

16.

_____________ ____________ are variables that can potentially distort the relationship between the IV and the DV.

a)

Target population

b)

Confounding variables

c)

Matching variables

d)

Target variables

17.

___________ __________ is the group of people to which the findings of the study are expected to be generalized.

a)

Sample

b)

Random sampling

c)

Target population

d)

Matching variables

18.

In __________ __________ every member of the target population has an equal chance of becoming part of the sample.

a)

Stratified sampling

b)

Random sampling

c)

Opportunity sampling

d)

Self-selected sampling

19.
A correlation coefficient of 0.8 is a _______________ and suggests that as one variable ____________, the other variable ______________.
a)
strong positive | increases | increases
b)
weak positive | increases | increases
c)
strong positive | increases | decreases
d)
weak positive | increases | decreases
20.
Which correlation coefficient represents the strongest relationship between variables?
a)
-0.78
b)
0.67
c)
0.85
d)
-0.87
21.
In a study of the effect of a driver training program on driving skill, a possible operationalisation of the dependent variable would be...
a)
driving quality
b)
number of accidents
c)
hours spent training
d)
amount of traffic
22.
Independent variable is to dependent variable as _________ is to ____________.
a)
hypothesis | conclusion
b)
effect | cause
c)
cause | effect.
d)
conclusion | hypothesis
23.
Which kind of study can establish a cause-effect relationship between variables, assuming that the research is appropriate and well conceived?
a)
survey
b)
case study
c)
correlational study
d)
experiment
24.
The population in a research study is...
a)
the whole group of research interest.
b)
the smaller group that has been chosen from the group of research interest.
c)
exactly the same as the sample.
d)
always smaller than the sample.
25.
An extraneous variable:
a)
is deliberately changed in an experiment
b)
is an uncontrolled variable that could affect the DV
c)
Is measured in an experiment
d)
Occurs only in field studies
26.
Good attendance in lessons is related to high grades is a:
a)
Positive correlation
b)
Zero correlation
c)
Negative correlation
d)
Accidental correlation
27.

Method of intense study of just one individual:

a)

Naturalistic Observation

b)

Experimental Study

c)

Case Study

d)

Survey

28.

A type of observation conducted in the participants' normal environment without interference from the researchers.

a)

Controlled observation

b)

Naturalistic observation

29.

Which type of research is involved in finding a cure for Covid-19?

a)

Basic

b)

Applied

c)

Problem solving

d)

Problem oriented

30.

The people who take part in a research project are called the

a)

participants

b)

person

c)

investigation

d)

survey

31.

_________ defines a variable in terms of specific measurement and testing criteria

a)

Abstract

b)

Construct

c)

Concept

d)

Operational definition

32.

The process of selecting a number of participants for a study in such a way that they represent the larger group from which they were selected is known as

a)

Research Design

b)

Sampling

c)

Data collection

d)

Random assignment

33.

Knowing enough about a study to decide whether you want to agree to participate

a)

Right to withdraw

b)

Confidentiality

c)

Informed Consent

d)

Privacy

34.

Children who play violent video games become violent adults. What is the independent variable?

a)

Children

b)

Violence in adults

c)

Age

d)

Playing violent video games

35.

Children who play violent video games become violent adults. What is the dependent variable?

a)

Playing violent video games

b)

Violence in adulthood

c)

Age

d)

Children

36.

The group that does not receive the independent variable/receives a placebo is known as the...

a)

Experiment Group

b)

Dependent Group

c)

Independent Group

d)

Control Group

37.

Taha had heard his relatives talking about the effects of chewing sugar-free gum on memory. He decided to conduct an experiment. What would the operationalized DEPENDENT variable be for his research?

a)

Score on a Sequence-Recall memory test

b)

Psychometric Testing to assess learning styles

c)

Asking participants about their fondest childhood memories

d)

Quantity of consumption of sugar-free gum pellets per day

38.

In a controlled experiment there is a greater chance of a relationship of _____________ between the IV and DV; because the impact of extraneous variables is minimized.

a)

Relatedness

b)

causality

c)

correlation

d)

significance

39.

What is operationalization?

a)

Performing an operation on a given variable

b)

Dividing one variable into many testable variables

c)

Adding measurable ranges to extraneous variables

d)

Describing variables in a measurable format

40.

These are variables that can potentially distort the relationship between the IV and the DV.

a)

confounding variables

b)

confusing variables

c)

constructing variables

d)

extraneous variables

41.

Involves studying different age groups at the same time to see changes that occur over the lifespan.

a)

Cross-sectional method

b)

Longitudinal method

c)

Survey

d)

Naturalistic observation

42.

Who conducted the experiment with fake electric shocks to study obedience to authority?

a)

Stanley Milgram

b)

Sigmund Freud

c)

Philip Zimbardo

d)

Carl Rogers

43.

In which of the following research methods does the researcher have the most control?

a)

Correlational

b)

Experimental

c)

Observational

d)

Descriptive

44.

What type of correlation does this scatterplot illustrate?

a)

A positive correlation

b)

A negative correlation

c)

No correlation

d)

A neutral correlation

45.

Which best describes what 'correlations' are?

a)

a method where participants' behaviour are directly observed by resarchers

b)

a method which involves participants directly reporting answers to questions

c)

a method to show the relationship between co-variables

46.

Which type of correlation does A show?

a)

Positive correlation

b)

Negative correlation

c)

No correlation

47.
What type of correlation does this graph have?
a)
positive 
b)
negative
c)
none
d)
all of the above
48.
What type of correlation does this graph have?
a)
positive
b)
negative
c)
none
d)
all of the above
49.
What type of correlation does this scatter plot show?
a)
positive linear association
b)
negative linear association
c)
no association
d)
nonlinear association
50.
The scatter plot shows the relationship between the number of chapters and the total number of pages for several books.  Use the trend line to predict how many chapters would be in a book with 180 pages. 
a)
12 chapters
b)
15 chapters
c)
18 chapters
d)
21 chapters
51.
The scatter plot below shows the number of books read by students in Mrs. Hall’s English class and their final grades. Which statement represents the best description about the line of best fit?
a)
The more books students read, the lower their English grade.
b)
The more books students read, the higher their English grade.
c)
The fewer books students read, the higher their English grade. 
d)
No relationship exists between the number of books students read and their English grades. 
52.
What is a scatter plot?
a)
A graph that shows the relationship of two data sets.
b)
A graph drawn using rectangular bars to show how large each value is.
c)
A graph that shows information that is connected in some way.
d)
A graph that shows data changing over time.
53.

Which type of correlation: The longer you study for an exam, the higher your grade.

a)

Positive

b)

Negative

c)

Zero

d)

Curvilinear

54.

_________________ correlation is when one set of data increases and the other set of data decreases.

a)

Positive

b)

Negative

c)

No

55.

Which example shows CAUSATION?

a)

Taller people have larger shoe sizes and shorter people have smaller shoe sizes.

b)

If you exercise, the calories burned per minute increases.

56.
When experimenting with the growth of a plant, a scientist uses three (of the same type of) plants, two different fertilizers, equal light, and equal water. What type of variable is the fertilizer?
a)
Dependent
b)
Independent
c)
Control
d)
Compound
57.

Does anxiety affect test performance and, if so, does it depend on test-taking experience?

The dependent variable of it is . . .

a)

anxiety level

b)

test performance

c)

test-taking experience

58.

Students of different ages were given the same jigsaw puzzle to put together. They were timed to see how long it took to finish the puzzle.

The dependent variable is . . .

a)

same puzzle

b)

ages of the students

c)

the time it to put the puzzle together

59.

Your friends invite you to a party and you decide to attend, but you're worried that staying out too long will affect how well you do on your geometry test tomorrow morning. Your exam score is the __________ variable.

a)

independent

b)

dependent

60.

Which of the following statements is true for case studies :

a)

researcher draws general conclusions from a single case study

b)

case study eliminates the observer’s bias

c)

lets the researcher know how to take care of client’s problems completely

d)

case study uses only one method for collecting information

61.

Dr. Gonzalez surveys how 8,000 students on her campus feel about a proposed tuition increase. She selects 600 students for the survey. These 600 students and 8000 students completely represent respectively :

a)

experimental, control group

b)

sample , population

c)

experimental group, population

d)

sample, control group

62.

You study hundred children for a month, measuring how much TV they watch and how many aggressive acts they perform. You find that TV watching and aggression are highly and positively correlated. Base on this study, you

a)

can conclude that watching TV causes children to behave more aggressively

b)

can conclude that an aggressive personality causes children to watch more TV

c)

can conclude that TV watching and aggression are causally related, although we cannot tell which causes which

d)

cannot draw any causal conclusions about the relation between TV watching and aggression

63.

Which method would be optimal for investigating the following question about behavioral processes? " Do troops of baboons display territoriality --- that is, do they mark off an area as their own and defend it from intrusion by other baboons ?"

a)

Case study

b)

Experimentation

c)

Controlled observation

d)

Naturalistic observation

64.

A study finds that as the number of hours spent watching television increased, grades decreased. This is an example of:

a)

A correlational study

b)

A survey

c)

A case study

d)

Experimentation

65.

True/False: Case studies are susceptible to researcher bias.

a)

True

b)

False

66.

True/False: Case studies are useful to investigate phenomena that could not be studied otherwise.

a)

True

b)

False

67.
Of the following, who was a behaviorist?
a)
John B. Watson
b)
L. Festinger
c)
Wilhelm Wundt
d)
William James
68.
Of the following, who was a structuralist?
a)
B. F Skinner
b)
 John Watson
c)
Wilhelm Wundt
d)
William James
69.
Of the following, who was a structuralist?
a)
B. F Skinner
b)
 John Watson
c)
Wilhelm Wundt
d)
William James
70.

Titchener believed that psychology should study the basic elements of conscious experience and belonged to which school of thought?

a)

Behaviorism

b)

Functionalism

c)

Humanism

d)

Structuralism

71.
Which perspective believed psychology should emphasize the potential for growth of each human being and an individual’s freedom to make their own decisions?
a)
Biological
b)
Humanistic
c)
Psychodynamic
d)
Behavioral
72.
Which perspective studies learning and how rewards and punishments influence how humans and animals act (observable responses)?
a)
Cognitive
b)
Behaviorism
c)
Humanism
d)
Evolutionary
73.
Which psychological perspective focuses on how we think about information?
a)
Cognitive
b)
Behavioral
c)
Evolutionary
d)
Psychodynamic
74.
Which psychological perspective focuses on optimal human functioning and the factors that allow individuals and communities to thrive?
a)
Evolutionary
b)
Humanistic
c)
Positive Psychology
d)
Psychodynamic
75.

Which perspective would suggest changing your physical location to concentrate more on a task?

a)

social-cultural

b)

cognitive

c)

humanistic

d)

behavioral

76.

Which perspective would create a reward system to track progress on a goal?

a)

social-cultural

b)

behavioral

c)

humanistic

d)

cognitive

77.

Emphasizes the role thoughts play in determining behavior, how people remember, and how we use information.

a)

Learning Perspective

b)

Psychoanalysis Perspective

c)

Cognitive Perspective

d)

Humanistic Perspective

78.
Which professional specialty focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of people with psychological disorders?
a)
personality psychology
b)
biological psychology
c)
clinical psychology
d)
developmental psychology
79.
An imbalance of hormones can contribute to aggressive behavior.
a)
Biological perspective
b)
Psychodynamic perspective
c)
Humanistic perspective
d)
Cognitive perspective
80.
Perception, attention, thinking, language, memory
a)
Behavioral perspective
b)
Cognitive perspective
c)
Humanistic perspective
d)
Psychodynamic perspective
81.

Quentin has been monitoring what his siblings do when his parents yell at them, and how their actions change. His approach is most in line with what school of psychological thought?

a)

Behavioral

b)

Cognitive

c)

Psychoanalytical

d)

Humanistic

e)

Structuralist

82.

Theoretically today many people pull from multiple fields in order to support their comprehensive view of how to treat a client. Which view would probably be used to do this?

a)

Structuralist

b)

Functionalist

c)

Biopsychosocial

d)

Psychoanalytical

e)

Developmental

83.

Julian believes that everything we do was determined with our personality that we were born with. Thanos believes that we are the sum product of our life experiences. The basic conflict that sums the difference between these two perspectives is:

a)

nature vs. nurture

b)

freedom vs. determinism

c)

dualism vs. monism

d)

structuralism vs. functionalism

e)

simplicity vs. difficulty

84.

Which scatterplot shows the strongest negative relationship between the variables?

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
85.

Which of the following correctly describes how to randomly select a representative high school population?

a)

picking every fifth person with a high gpa from schools that are located in southern states

b)

selecting every other person from every student in multiple high schools around the country

c)

selecting 50 people from every school in the country with staff input

d)

selecting 5 students from every middle, elementary and high school through drawing straws

e)

selecting six students and staff from a lottery system at schools nationwide

86.

Is this statement true or false: 'the only thing that should cause a change in the DV is the IV'

a)

true

b)

false

87.
"Monday Morning Quarterback" rarely act surprised about the outcome of the weekend football games.  This tendency to believe they knew how the game would turn out is best explained by which psychological principle?
a)
Overconfidence
b)
Hindsight Bias
c)
Intuition
d)
Illusory Correlation
88.
Which of the following demonstrates the need for psychological science?
a)
Psychology's methods are unlike those of any other science
b)
Psychological experiments are less valuable without psychological science
c)
Out intuitions about human thinking and behavior are not always accurate
d)
Intuitions does not provide correct answers unless it is applied through the scientific method
89.
Mary watches several different species of birds to discover how they feed their young in their habitat, without being intrusive. This would be an example of what type of study?
a)
Case study
b)
Naturalistic observation
c)
Survey
d)
Experiment
90.
The disadvantage of this method of descriptive research is that the data is limited to only answering the question(s) asked. These limitations lead to biases, ambiguous conclusions, and low participation rates among research populations.
a)
Survey
b)
Observational
c)
Correlational
d)
Experiments
e)
Case Study
91.
The advantage of this descriptive method of research is that it creates an immense amount of data to be gathered quickly and inexpensively.
a)
Survey
b)
Observational
c)
Correlational
d)
Experiments
e)
Case Study
92.
The primary advantage of this method of research is that it allows for more control than naturalistic observation
a)
Laboratory Observations
b)
Correlational
c)
Experiments
d)
Case Study
e)
Survey
93.

It is important for researchers to use precise operational definitions when...

a)

They want to ensure that conditions are assigned randomly

b)

They want to be able to replicate the experiment

c)

They want to organize the hypothesis appropriately

d)

They are conducting experimental research but not correlational research

e)

They are conducting an experiment with no independent and dependent variables

94.

Which of the following means the sample is more representative of the target population?

a)

It has more women than the target population

b)

It is a very small sample

c)

It is conducted at a specific place or time

d)

It is a large and randomly selected sample

95.

This ethical issue is to be avoided, but is sometimes permitted if necessary for the study to work.

a)

deception

b)

informed consent

c)

psychological harm

d)

right to withdraw

96.

When scores are "bunched up"in the center of a distribution, the

a)

mean will be relatively low

b)

standard deviation will be relatively low

c)

correlation coefficiaent will be a negative number

d)

standard deviation will be relatively high

97.

The results of a quasi-experiment can be easily misinterpreted because_______

a)

The subjects are not chosen randomly.

b)

The subjects are not randomly assigned to treatment groups.

c)

Both options are correct.

98.

Because the independent variable is _________ before the dependent variable is ___________, quasi-experimental research eliminates the directionality problem.

a)

measured, manipulated

b)

manipulated, measured

c)

measured, tested

99.
A student is planning an experiment to find out how the height from which he drops a ball affects how high the ball bounces. The dependent variable is the _____.
a)
Diameter of the ball
b)
Force acting on the ball
c)
Height that the ball bounces
d)
Height from which the ball is dropped
100.

"Which brand of bubblegum will have the biggest bubble?"


The size of the bubble is the __________ variable.

a)

independent

b)

dependent

101.

What would the INDEPENDENT variable be in an experiment testing which type of paper airplane goes farthest?

a)

the type of paper

b)

the distance of each plane's flight

c)

how hard the plane is thrown

d)

the person who made the paper plane

102.
Dr. Kleiman gives an exam where most of the students receive failing grades and only a few students receive high scores.  When the exam scores are plotted, the distribution will be
a)
positively skewed
b)
negatively skewed
c)
symmetrical
d)
impossible to predict without more information
103.
Julia has an IQ of 130.  If the mean for IQ is 100 with a standard deviation of 15, what percentage of the population has an IQ greater that Julia's (assume a normal distribution)?
a)
0 percent
b)
2.5 percent
c)
32 percent
d)
50 percent
104.
If a child is behaving poorly, it is likely because this behavior has been rewarded somehow.
a)
Social-cultural perspective
b)
Behavioral perspective
c)
Biological perspective
d)
Psychodynamic perspective
105.
Anxiety is the result of repressed traumatic childhood experiences.
a)
Psychodymanic perspective
b)
Cognitive perspective
c)
Behavioral perspective
d)
Biological perspective
106.
An imbalance of hormones can contribute to aggressive behavior.
a)
Biological perspective
b)
Psychodynamic perspective
c)
Humanistic perspective
d)
Cognitive perspective
107.
"Change your thoughts, change your life."
a)
Behavioral perspective
b)
Cognitive perspective
c)
Biological perspective
d)
Psychodynamic perspective
108.
Eating disorders are more prevalent in the West because we are constantly bombarded with images of thin, perfect bodies.
a)
Social-cultural perspective
b)
Behavioral perspective
c)
Biological perspective
d)
Psychodynamic perspective
109.
Dr. Y is a cognitive psychologist.  She is probably most interested in 
a)
cultural variations in behavior.
b)
how people process information.
c)
change & consistency in behavior.
d)
the causes of psychological disorders.
110.
What is one advantage of a case study?
a)
Sometimes relies only on self-report data, which can be misleading
b)
Doesn’t allow conclusions about cause-and-effect relationships
c)
Provides a good way to generate hypotheses
d)
Can be subjective and thus may yield biased results
111.
Stresses the human capacity for self-fulfillment and the importance of consciousness, self-awareness, and the capacity to make choices. 
a)
Biological Perspective
b)
Evolutionary Perspective
c)
Cognitive Perspective 
d)
Humanistic Perspective 
112.
Which statistical measure of central tendency is most affected by extreme scores?
a)
Mode 
b)
Mean
c)
Range
d)
Median
113.
The more years of schooling you have a higher income.
a)
Positive Correlation
b)
Negative Correlation
114.

The table above shows a cumulative frequency distribution of runners' ages. According to the table, how many runners are in their forties?

a)

25

b)

7

c)

6

d)

10

115.

Within what frequency range did most students pay for their textbooks?

a)

80-99

b)

100-109

c)

110-119

d)

120-129

116.

Use the frequency histogram to determine the number of classes.

a)

5

b)

6

c)

7

d)

8

117.

What is the percentage of data that falls within three standard deviations of the mean?

a)

99.7%

b)

98.7%

c)

95%

d)

100%

118.

On a standardized test, Cathy had a score of 74, which was exactly 1 standard deviation below the mean. If the standard deviation for the test is 6, what is the mean score for the test?

a)

68

b)

71

c)

77

d)

80

119.

On a standardized test, Phillip scored 84, exactly 1 standard deviation above the mean. If the standard deviation for the test is 6, what is the mean score for the tes?

a)

72

b)

78

c)

84

d)

90

120.

2000 freshman at NC State University took a biology test. The scores were distributed normally with a mean of 70 and a standard deviation of 5. What percentage of scores are between 65 and 75?

a)

15%

b)

34%

c)

99.7%

d)

68%

121.

In the image, the shaded area represents approximately 95% of the scores on a test. If these scores ranged from 78 to 92, what is the mean?

a)

70

b)

90

c)

85

d)

80

122.

A test was given to 120 students, and the scores approximated a normal distribution. If the mean score was 72 with a standard deviation of 7, approximately how many students had scores higher than 65?

a)

10

b)

57

c)

75

d)

101

123.
Describe the data distribution shape of the graph.
a)
Skewed right
b)
Skewed left
c)
Uniform
d)
Symmetrical
124.

"Drinking 30mg of caffeine will increase reaction times (in seconds) compared to drinking water."


What is the operationalised independent variable in the hypothesis above?

a)

Time (in seconds)

b)

Caffeine (in mg)

c)

Reaction times

d)

The drink

125.

A type of research method that investigates the effect of an IV on a DV.

a)

Correlational study

b)

Experimental method

c)

Case study

d)

Brain imaging

126.

__________ refers to the extent to which the results of the study can be applied beyond the sample and the settings used in the study.

a)

Generalizability

b)

Population

c)

Sample

d)

Credibility

127.

Which of the following is a research method?

a)

Correlation

b)

Matched-pairs

c)

Randomization

d)

Brain Imaging

128.

Lee will conduct a survey at his school. He will select a random sample of students at the school to take the survey. Which sample is the best random sample for Lee to use?

a)

every other student in the drama club

b)

every fifth student who enters the school

c)

every student who rides the same bus as Lee

d)

every fourth student in Lee’s homeroom class

129.

The null and alternative hypothesis can be the same.

a)

Yes

b)

No

c)

Maybe

d)

All the above

130.

To minimize participants variables in independent design, researchers can ...

a)

counterbalance tasks given

b)

perform double blind technique

c)

deceive participants

d)

randomly allocate participants

131.

Which of the following big-time, super famous psychologist rock stars are most closely associated with the Humanist Approach?

a)

Carl Rogers

b)

Sigmund Freud

c)

Alfred Bandura

d)

Carl Jung