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WorksheetsEXTRA CREDIT REVIEW: HISTORY AND PERSPECTIVES IN PSYCHOLOGY
Total questions: 131
Worksheet time: 1hrs 15mins
What is a hypothesis?
an educated guess
an absolute solution
a random guess
an experiment
What are two methods of surveying?
tests and interviews
experiments and questionnaires
interviews and questionnaires
case studies and experiments
What is a sample in research?
the whole target population
a piece of food you get to try
an educated guess
only part of the target population
How can participant bias affect the outcome of a study?
It can make others want to volunteer for the study
It can invalidate it, if the volunteers hold bias that is counter to the opinions of those who are not part of the study, but are represented by it
It can split the results in two
It can prove it correct, because volunteer opinions accurately represent everyone in the population
The Naturalistic-Observation Method takes place...
with a mouse
in a house
in the field
in a lab
The __________ is the one manipulated by the researcher.
DV
Confounding Variable
Controls
IV
The ___________is expected to change as the IV changes.
IV
DV
Controls
Samples
How can you "operationalize" verbal aggression?
Yelling at someone
Kicking someone
The number of insulting comments per hour.
Giving someone the silent treatment.
A ___________ is the group of individuals taking part in the research study.
Population
Sample
Variable
Control
__________ refers to the extent to which the results of the study can be applied beyond the sample and the settings used in the study.
Generalizability
Population
Sample
Credibility
_____________ ____________ are variables that can potentially distort the relationship between the IV and the DV.
Target population
Confounding variables
Matching variables
Target variables
___________ __________ is the group of people to which the findings of the study are expected to be generalized.
Sample
Random sampling
Target population
Matching variables
In __________ __________ every member of the target population has an equal chance of becoming part of the sample.
Stratified sampling
Random sampling
Opportunity sampling
Self-selected sampling
Method of intense study of just one individual:
Naturalistic Observation
Experimental Study
Case Study
Survey
A type of observation conducted in the participants' normal environment without interference from the researchers.
Controlled observation
Naturalistic observation
Which type of research is involved in finding a cure for Covid-19?
Basic
Applied
Problem solving
Problem oriented
The people who take part in a research project are called the
participants
person
investigation
survey
_________ defines a variable in terms of specific measurement and testing criteria
Abstract
Construct
Concept
Operational definition
The process of selecting a number of participants for a study in such a way that they represent the larger group from which they were selected is known as
Research Design
Sampling
Data collection
Random assignment
Knowing enough about a study to decide whether you want to agree to participate
Right to withdraw
Confidentiality
Informed Consent
Privacy
Children who play violent video games become violent adults. What is the independent variable?
Children
Violence in adults
Age
Playing violent video games
Children who play violent video games become violent adults. What is the dependent variable?
Playing violent video games
Violence in adulthood
Age
Children
The group that does not receive the independent variable/receives a placebo is known as the...
Experiment Group
Dependent Group
Independent Group
Control Group
Taha had heard his relatives talking about the effects of chewing sugar-free gum on memory. He decided to conduct an experiment. What would the operationalized DEPENDENT variable be for his research?
Score on a Sequence-Recall memory test
Psychometric Testing to assess learning styles
Asking participants about their fondest childhood memories
Quantity of consumption of sugar-free gum pellets per day
In a controlled experiment there is a greater chance of a relationship of _____________ between the IV and DV; because the impact of extraneous variables is minimized.
Relatedness
causality
correlation
significance
What is operationalization?
Performing an operation on a given variable
Dividing one variable into many testable variables
Adding measurable ranges to extraneous variables
Describing variables in a measurable format
These are variables that can potentially distort the relationship between the IV and the DV.
confounding variables
confusing variables
constructing variables
extraneous variables
Involves studying different age groups at the same time to see changes that occur over the lifespan.
Cross-sectional method
Longitudinal method
Survey
Naturalistic observation
Who conducted the experiment with fake electric shocks to study obedience to authority?
Stanley Milgram
Sigmund Freud
Philip Zimbardo
Carl Rogers
In which of the following research methods does the researcher have the most control?
Correlational
Experimental
Observational
Descriptive
What type of correlation does this scatterplot illustrate?
A positive correlation
A negative correlation
No correlation
A neutral correlation
Which best describes what 'correlations' are?
a method where participants' behaviour are directly observed by resarchers
a method which involves participants directly reporting answers to questions
a method to show the relationship between co-variables
Which type of correlation does A show?
Positive correlation
Negative correlation
No correlation
Which type of correlation: The longer you study for an exam, the higher your grade.
Positive
Negative
Zero
Curvilinear
_________________ correlation is when one set of data increases and the other set of data decreases.
Positive
Negative
No
Which example shows CAUSATION?
Taller people have larger shoe sizes and shorter people have smaller shoe sizes.
If you exercise, the calories burned per minute increases.
Does anxiety affect test performance and, if so, does it depend on test-taking experience?
The dependent variable of it is . . .
anxiety level
test performance
test-taking experience
Students of different ages were given the same jigsaw puzzle to put together. They were timed to see how long it took to finish the puzzle.
The dependent variable is . . .
same puzzle
ages of the students
the time it to put the puzzle together
Your friends invite you to a party and you decide to attend, but you're worried that staying out too long will affect how well you do on your geometry test tomorrow morning. Your exam score is the __________ variable.
independent
dependent
Which of the following statements is true for case studies :
researcher draws general conclusions from a single case study
case study eliminates the observer’s bias
lets the researcher know how to take care of client’s problems completely
case study uses only one method for collecting information
Dr. Gonzalez surveys how 8,000 students on her campus feel about a proposed tuition increase. She selects 600 students for the survey. These 600 students and 8000 students completely represent respectively :
experimental, control group
sample , population
experimental group, population
sample, control group
You study hundred children for a month, measuring how much TV they watch and how many aggressive acts they perform. You find that TV watching and aggression are highly and positively correlated. Base on this study, you
can conclude that watching TV causes children to behave more aggressively
can conclude that an aggressive personality causes children to watch more TV
can conclude that TV watching and aggression are causally related, although we cannot tell which causes which
cannot draw any causal conclusions about the relation between TV watching and aggression
Which method would be optimal for investigating the following question about behavioral processes? " Do troops of baboons display territoriality --- that is, do they mark off an area as their own and defend it from intrusion by other baboons ?"
Case study
Experimentation
Controlled observation
Naturalistic observation
A study finds that as the number of hours spent watching television increased, grades decreased. This is an example of:
A correlational study
A survey
A case study
Experimentation
True/False: Case studies are susceptible to researcher bias.
True
False
True/False: Case studies are useful to investigate phenomena that could not be studied otherwise.
True
False
Titchener believed that psychology should study the basic elements of conscious experience and belonged to which school of thought?
Behaviorism
Functionalism
Humanism
Structuralism
Which perspective would suggest changing your physical location to concentrate more on a task?
social-cultural
cognitive
humanistic
behavioral
Which perspective would create a reward system to track progress on a goal?
social-cultural
behavioral
humanistic
cognitive
Emphasizes the role thoughts play in determining behavior, how people remember, and how we use information.
Learning Perspective
Psychoanalysis Perspective
Cognitive Perspective
Humanistic Perspective
Quentin has been monitoring what his siblings do when his parents yell at them, and how their actions change. His approach is most in line with what school of psychological thought?
Behavioral
Cognitive
Psychoanalytical
Humanistic
Structuralist
Theoretically today many people pull from multiple fields in order to support their comprehensive view of how to treat a client. Which view would probably be used to do this?
Structuralist
Functionalist
Biopsychosocial
Psychoanalytical
Developmental
Julian believes that everything we do was determined with our personality that we were born with. Thanos believes that we are the sum product of our life experiences. The basic conflict that sums the difference between these two perspectives is:
nature vs. nurture
freedom vs. determinism
dualism vs. monism
structuralism vs. functionalism
simplicity vs. difficulty
Which scatterplot shows the strongest negative relationship between the variables?
Which of the following correctly describes how to randomly select a representative high school population?
picking every fifth person with a high gpa from schools that are located in southern states
selecting every other person from every student in multiple high schools around the country
selecting 50 people from every school in the country with staff input
selecting 5 students from every middle, elementary and high school through drawing straws
selecting six students and staff from a lottery system at schools nationwide
Is this statement true or false: 'the only thing that should cause a change in the DV is the IV'
true
false
It is important for researchers to use precise operational definitions when...
They want to ensure that conditions are assigned randomly
They want to be able to replicate the experiment
They want to organize the hypothesis appropriately
They are conducting experimental research but not correlational research
They are conducting an experiment with no independent and dependent variables
Which of the following means the sample is more representative of the target population?
It has more women than the target population
It is a very small sample
It is conducted at a specific place or time
It is a large and randomly selected sample
This ethical issue is to be avoided, but is sometimes permitted if necessary for the study to work.
deception
informed consent
psychological harm
right to withdraw
When scores are "bunched up"in the center of a distribution, the
mean will be relatively low
standard deviation will be relatively low
correlation coefficiaent will be a negative number
standard deviation will be relatively high
The results of a quasi-experiment can be easily misinterpreted because_______
The subjects are not chosen randomly.
The subjects are not randomly assigned to treatment groups.
Both options are correct.
Because the independent variable is _________ before the dependent variable is ___________, quasi-experimental research eliminates the directionality problem.
measured, manipulated
manipulated, measured
measured, tested
"Which brand of bubblegum will have the biggest bubble?"
The size of the bubble is the __________ variable.
independent
dependent
What would the INDEPENDENT variable be in an experiment testing which type of paper airplane goes farthest?
the type of paper
the distance of each plane's flight
how hard the plane is thrown
the person who made the paper plane
The table above shows a cumulative frequency distribution of runners' ages. According to the table, how many runners are in their forties?
25
7
6
10
Within what frequency range did most students pay for their textbooks?
80-99
100-109
110-119
120-129
Use the frequency histogram to determine the number of classes.
5
6
7
8
What is the percentage of data that falls within three standard deviations of the mean?
99.7%
98.7%
95%
100%
On a standardized test, Cathy had a score of 74, which was exactly 1 standard deviation below the mean. If the standard deviation for the test is 6, what is the mean score for the test?
68
71
77
80
On a standardized test, Phillip scored 84, exactly 1 standard deviation above the mean. If the standard deviation for the test is 6, what is the mean score for the tes?
72
78
84
90
2000 freshman at NC State University took a biology test. The scores were distributed normally with a mean of 70 and a standard deviation of 5. What percentage of scores are between 65 and 75?
15%
34%
99.7%
68%
In the image, the shaded area represents approximately 95% of the scores on a test. If these scores ranged from 78 to 92, what is the mean?
70
90
85
80
A test was given to 120 students, and the scores approximated a normal distribution. If the mean score was 72 with a standard deviation of 7, approximately how many students had scores higher than 65?
10
57
75
101
"Drinking 30mg of caffeine will increase reaction times (in seconds) compared to drinking water."
What is the operationalised independent variable in the hypothesis above?
Time (in seconds)
Caffeine (in mg)
Reaction times
The drink
A type of research method that investigates the effect of an IV on a DV.
Correlational study
Experimental method
Case study
Brain imaging
__________ refers to the extent to which the results of the study can be applied beyond the sample and the settings used in the study.
Generalizability
Population
Sample
Credibility
Which of the following is a research method?
Correlation
Matched-pairs
Randomization
Brain Imaging
Lee will conduct a survey at his school. He will select a random sample of students at the school to take the survey. Which sample is the best random sample for Lee to use?
every other student in the drama club
every fifth student who enters the school
every student who rides the same bus as Lee
every fourth student in Lee’s homeroom class
The null and alternative hypothesis can be the same.
Yes
No
Maybe
All the above
To minimize participants variables in independent design, researchers can ...
counterbalance tasks given
perform double blind technique
deceive participants
randomly allocate participants
Which of the following big-time, super famous psychologist rock stars are most closely associated with the Humanist Approach?
Carl Rogers
Sigmund Freud
Alfred Bandura
Carl Jung
