unorganized and only loosely attached to the cell wall.

complex, semi-rigid structure responsible for the shape of the cell

this structure lying inside the cell wall and enclosing the cytoplasm of the cell

and serves as selective barrier through which material enter and exit the cell

refers to the substance of the cell inside the plasma membrane (80% water and contains primarily protein (enzymes), carbohydrates, lipids, inorganic ions and many low-molecular-weight compounds.

cell must use energy (ATP) to move substances from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration (against) the concentration gradient

substances cross the membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration (move with the concentration gradient or difference), without any expenditure of energy (ATP) by the cell

the net (overall) movement of molecules or ions from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

the substances (Ex. Glucose) to be transported combines with a plasma membrane protein called a transporter (also called permease)

site of protein synthesis

storage of several kinds of reserve deposits within the cytoplasm of prokaryotes.

the process of endospore formation within a vegetative (parent) cell

the process when endospore returns to its vegetative state after a period of dormancy for thousands of years.

the main structural component of the exoskeleton of crustaceans and insects

one of the ways viruses can enter animal cells

the process in which pseudopods are used to engulf particles & bring them into the cell.

the plasma membrane folds inward, bringing extracellular fluid into the cell, along with whatever substances are dissolved in the fluid

The cell walls of ____ bacteria have a thick layer of peptidoglycan, making it difficult to remove the crystal violet–iodine complex.

________ organisms have a thin layer of peptidoglycan, making it easier to remove the crystal violet;

the cells are subsequently stained with safranin.

Require oxygen in concentrations lower than that found in room air

Disease transmitted by arthropods; have “leaky membranes.”

are “energy parasites,” meaning they prefer to use ATP molecules produced by their host cell

smallest of the cellular microbes; lack a cell wall and therefore assume many shapes (i.e., pleomorphic

Photosynthetic, eukaryotic organisms ; consist of cytoplasm, a cell wall (usually), a cell membrane, a nucleus, plastids, ribosomes, mitochondria, and Golgi bodies.

nonphotosynthetic, eukaryotic organisms, unicellular, free-living, and found in soil and water.

 A diverse group of eukaryotic organisms that include yeasts, moulds, and fleshy fungi (e.g., mushrooms).

 The “garbage disposers” of nature.

 Not plants or photosynthetic

Lack cell walls; some protozoa possess a thickened cell membrane called a “______” which serves the same purpose – protection

Fungi's Cell walls contain

Eukaryotic, unicellular organisms that lack mycelia.

 Usually reproduce by budding, but occasionally by a type of spore formation.

 Often seen in water and soil and growing on food.

 Molds produce cytoplasmic filaments called hyphae.

include mushrooms, toadstools, puffballs, and bracket fungi; They consist of a network of filaments or strands (the mycelium) that grows in soil or on rotting logs.

are composed of an alga and a fungus living in a mutualistic relationship.

found in soil and on rotting logs; have both fungal and protozoal characteristics.

contains a single long, continuous, circularly arranged thread of double-stranded DNA called bacterial chromosome