Types of Research:

•Established concepts are further researched and applied

•Concept application

•Basic aim at solving specific problems

•E.g. How to cure bedwetting

Types of Research:

The process of collecting and analyzing information to develop or enhance a theory

It Comes from observation

Types of Research:

conducted for the purpose of applying or testing theory and evaluating its usefulness for solving problems

It Comes from prior theories and researches

•Is a tentative statement that is being checked

•It tells the relationship which researcher expects to find b/w IV and DV .

•Effect of IV on DV, r/s b/w IV and DV

•E.g. Music will increase the learning of students

•It is the statement of operations necessary to produce and measure a concepts

•It defines the concepts in terms of how it is measured

•Easy to define like time

•Difficult to define empirically; anxiety, intelligence, hostility etc.

“Any measurable attributes of those attributes, qualities and characteristics of objects, events, things or beings”

•The manipulated variable.

• The variable whose reaction is being observed in called Dependent Variable (DV).

•Experimental, controlled, or treatment variables

•It is the if part of the “If------- then --------” statement of the hypothesis

•The variable on the basis of which predictions are made.

•Any measured behavioral variable of interest to the experimenter in a psychological investigation is ________-

•Change in _________ depends upon the change in IV

•Underwood described it as response variable

•In “If---------then-------” statement it is the then part of the hypothesis

•Change in IV can cause change in ________ but not vice versa

Types of IVs:

•Experimenters systematically manipulates the variable (the amount of Reward)

Types of IVs:

•Selection of the subjects on the basis of certain characteristics of interest (I.Q, Age)

Types of IVs:

•Some characteristics that cannot be controlled or manipulated

•Selection of subjects on the basis of the presence or absence of those characteristics

•IQ, authoritarianism, gender, race, presence of male hormones, personality types, diagnostic classification, age, social status

•Example: Impact of authoritarianism on learning

Classification of IVs:

Some task or action given to the participants:

For Example: Drinking Coffee

Classification of IVs:

Any environmental factor selected as variable for experiment.

For Example: Noise in Factory

Classification of IVs:

Any Characteristics of participants selected as variable for experiment.

For Example: Obesity, Heart Problems

Grouping for Experiments:

Receives the experimental treatment- manipulation by the experimenter.

Grouping for Experiments:

Treated like the experimental group but did not receive the treatment.

Grouping for Experiments:

Treated like the experimental group and receives the fake treatment.

Ways to Conduct any Experiment:

Blind:

The term blindness reference to the hiding of the treatment process that has been introduced in the exp groups from the participants or Conductors:

If the the treatment process is hidden from Participants only:

Ways to Conduct any Experiment:

Blind:

The term blindness reference to the hiding of the treatment process that has been introduced in the exp groups from the participants or Conductors:

If the the treatment process is hidden from Participants and Conductors both:

•Which are more or less similar to IV or variables that have the capacity to influence the DV

After recognization, it can be controlled in any experiment.

•Variables other than the IV that is not equivalent in all conditions

•Mistakenly manipulated along with the IV

•Lead towards wrong conclusion

•Random assignment can reduce that

•A variable that MAY interfere with the independent variable in explaining the outcome of a study.

•A variable that DOES cause a problem because it is empirically related to both the independent and dependent variable.

Experimental Design:

•Experiment that is conducted in a “real world” situation.

•Participants are not usually aware that that they are participating in an experiment.

•The IV is still manipulated unlike in natural experiments.

•High in ecological validity and may avoid demand characteristics as the participants are unaware of the experiment.

•Harder to control confounding variables

•Time consuming and expensive to conduct.

•Not usually possible to gain informed consent from the participants and it is difficult to debrief the participants.

Experimental Design:

•A further difficulty with the experimental method is demand characteristics.

•Demand characteristics are all the cues which convey to the participant the purpose of the experiment.

•If a participant knows they are in an experiment they may seek cues about how they think they are expected to behave.

•Another problem with the experimental method concerns ethics.

•For example, experiments often involve deceiving participants to some extent.

•However, it is possible to obtain a level of informed consent from participants.

Types of Experimental Designs:

•Subjects plays the role of the control as well

•Goes through all conditions /levels of IVs

Types of Experimental Designs:

•Being used to measure several IVs

• Different groups are made on the basis of their characteristics or randomly assigned

Each subject or group goes under one condition only

Studying a few times spaced/distributed over a long time.

Repeatedly studying in a short span of time.