the ideal that a child was born with a mind like a “blank slate” waiting to be filled with knowledge

______ and ____ viewed the political life as the result of a…

He argued that people’s natural state was to live in a bleak world in which life was “nasty, brutish, and short”. However, by agreeing to a social contract, they have up some rights to a strong central government in return for law and order.

He argued that the social contract implied the right, even the responsibility, of people to revolt against the government.

In the 18th century a new group of thinkers and writers who came to be called the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ explored social, political, and economic theories in new ways. In doing so, they popularized concepts that they felt followed rationally upon those of the scientific thinkers of the 17th century.

He was important to the writers of the new constitution in France and America during the 18th and 19th centuries. In his /Spirit of Laws/, he praised the British government’s use of power because it had a Parliament. He thus influenced the American system, which adopted his ideas by separating its executive branch (the president) from its legislative branch (Congress) and from it’s third branch (the federal judiciary).

Best known for his social satire, /Candide/ in 1762. He was famous during his lifetime for his wit and advocacy of civil liberties. He was exiled for three years due to a conflict with a member of the French aristocracy, where he lived in England long enough to develop an appreciation for its constitutional monarchy and a regard for civil rights. He brought these ideas back to France, where he campaigned for religious liberty and judicial reform.

His correspondence with the heads of state (e.x. Catherine the Great of Russia and Fredrick the Great of Prussia) and his extensive writing, (including Diderot’s /Encyclopedia/) are still quoted today. His idea of religious liberty influenced the U.S. Constitution.

A contemporary of Voltaire and a writer. He expanded on the idea of the social contract as it had passed down through the works of Hobbes and Locke. One of his early works was the Emile, or /On Education/ (1762), where he laid out his ideas on child-rearing and education. A later work, /the Social Contract/ (1762), presented the concept of General Will of a population and the obligation of a sovereign to carry out that General Will. He was an optimist that believed society could improve. He inspired many revolutionaries of the late 18th century.

As empires expanded and trade routes led to more interactions, intellectuals in the 17th and 18th centuries such as Descartes began to emphasize reason over tradition and individualism over community values. These shifts were called the _ _ _ _ _. The ideals of this movement, such as individualism, freedom, and self-determination, challenged the roles of monarchs and church leaders and planted the seeds of revolution in the United States, France, and around the world.

The Enlightenment’s emphasis on reason led to some thinkers to re-examine the relationship of humans to God. Some adopted _ _ _ _ _, the belief that divinity simply set natural laws in motion. _ _ _ -sts compared the divinity to a watchmaker who makes a watch but does not interfere in its day-to-day workings. They believed these laws could be best understood through scientific inquiry rather than study of the Bible. Despite their unorthodox ideas, many ___-sts viewed regular church attendance as an important social obligation and a way people received moral guidance.

1). willingness to respect or accept behaviour or opinions different from one's own; openness to new ideas.

2.) a political and social philosophy that promotes individual rights, civil liberties, democracy, and free enterprise.

1.) A belief in traditional institutions, favoring reliance on practical experience over ideological theories, such as that of human perfect ability.

2). commitment to traditional values and ideas with opposition to change or innovation.

3.) the holding of political views that favor free enterprise, private ownership, and socially traditional ideas

1.) The belief that knowledge comes from sensed experience, including through experiments.

2). the theory that all knowledge is derived from sense-experience. Stimulated by the rise of experimental science, it developed in the 17th and 18th centuries, expounded in particular by John Locke, George Berkeley, and David Hume.

1.) identification with one's own nation and support for its interests, especially to the exclusion or detriment of the interests of other nations.

2.) advocacy of or support for the political independence of a particular nation or people.

3.) an ideology that emphasizes loyalty, devotion, or allegiance to a nation or nation-state and holds that such obligations outweigh other individual or group interests.

A belief in natural rights, constitutional governments laissez-faire economics, and reduced spending on armies and established churches. Most ______ _____ were professionals, writers, or academics. In Britain they pursued changes in Parliament to reflect changing population patterns so that new industrial cities would have equal parliamentary representation. ______ _____ backed the Reform a bills of 1832m 1868, and 1884, all of which broadened male suffrage.

1). The emergence of the movement for women’s rights and equality based on Enlightenment ideas.

2). the advocacy of women's rights on the basis of the equality of the sexes.

3.) …about all genders having equal rights and opportunities. It's about respecting diverse women's experiences, identities, knowledge and strengths, and striving to empower all women to realise their full rights.

The movement to end the Atlantic slave trade and free all enslaved people.

The desire of Jews to reestablish an independent homeland where their ancestors had lived in the Middle East.

Hostility towards Jews and pogroms.

The Astro-Hungarian Jew who lead the movement of Zionism, which resulted because European Jews realized the hope of living in peace and security was not achievable.

In 1894, Alfred ______ , a military officer who was Jewish, was convicted of treason against the French government. However, the conviction had been based on forged documents by people promoting anti-semitisim. He was ultimately pardoned after time in prison, but the case illustrated hoed widespread anti-Semitism was in France, one of the countries where Jews seemed least oppressed.

One of the most influential thinkers of the Enlightenment. Im his book /The Wealth of Nations/ (1776), he responded to mercantilism by calling for freer trade. While he did support some government regulations and saw the benefits of taxes, he generally advocated for laissez-faire. He believed that if businesses and consumers were allowed to make choices in their own interests the “invisible hand” of the market would guide them to make choices beneficial for society. His ideas provided a foundation for capitalism.

A French phrase for “leave alone”. This approach meant that government should reduce their intervention in economic decisions.

Adam Smith responded to mercantilism in this book by calling for freer trade in 1776.

An economic system in which the means of production, such as factories and natural resources, are privately owned and are operated for profit.

1). The economic and political theory which refers to a system of public or direct worker ownership of the means of production such as the mills to make cloth or the machinery and land needed to mine coal. Various branches of this system developed in the 19th century, providing alternative visions of the social and economic future.

2). a political and economic theory of social organization which advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.

Those who felt that society could be channeled in positive directions by setting up ideal communities were often called _____ _______. A few examples were Henri de Saint-Simon, Charles Fourier, and Robert Owen.

Of France and believed that scientists and engineers, working together with businesses, could operate clean, efficient, beautiful places to work that produced things useful to society. He also advocated for public works that could provide employment. He proposed building the Suez Canal in Egypt, a project that the French government later undertook and which opened in 1869.

Identified some 810 passions that, when encouraged, would make work more enjoyable and workers less tired. Like other utopian socialists, he believed that a fundamental principle of utopia was harmonious living in communities rather than the class struggle that was basic to the thinking of Karl Marx.

Was born in Great Britain. He established intentional communities - small societies governed by the principles of utopian socialism - in New Alan ark, Scotland, and New Harmony, Indiana. He believed in education for children who worked, communal ownership of property, and community rules to govern work, education, and leisure time.

A socialist group among the many in the later 19th centuries. This group in particular were gradual socialists; they favored reforming society with parliamentary means. Writers H. G. wells, Virginia Woolf, and George Bernard Shaw were prominent in this group. By the mid-20th century, socialist principles would influence most of Western Europe.