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WorksheetsAP World history past tests
Total questions: 54
Worksheet time: 2hrs 50mins
“If it were asked, why do we accept the theory of contagion, when already the divine law has refuted the notion of contagion, we will answer: The existence of contagion has been proved by experience, deduction, the senses, observation, and by unanimous reports. And it is not a secret to whoever has looked into this matter or has come to be aware of it that those who come into contact with plague patients mostly die, while those who do not come into contact survive. And amidst the horrible afflictions that the plague has imposed upon the people, God has afflicted the people with some learned religious scholars who issue fatwas* against fleeing the plague, so that the quills with which the scholars wrote these fatwas were like swords upon which the Muslims died. In conclusion, to ignore the proofs of plague contagion is an indecency and an affront to God and holds cheap the lives of Muslims.”
The passage by al-Khatib best illustrates which of the following?
The growth of scientific thought and innovation in Muslim Spain.
The impact of Christian attempts to reconquer Spain from the Muslims.
The efforts of Islamic missionaries to spread their faith along trade routes.
The literary tradition of long-distance travelers in the Islamic world.
Which of the following best describes the primary purpose of the travel depicted in the illustration?
To convert peoples of other faiths to Islam.
To recruit soldiers for the Caliphate.
To create diasporic merchant communities.
To bind diverse communities to a common tradition.
Muslim maritime activities in the Indian Ocean would be disrupted by which of the following sixteenth-century developments?
The spread of epidemic diseases.
The arrival of Portuguese and other Europeans.
The voyages of Chinese treasure fleets led by Zheng He.
The growth of the African slave trade.
Based on the maps and your knowledge of world history, which of the following best describes the effect of the spread of Islam on Indian Ocean trade?
It led to the expansion and intensification of commerce along already existing trade routes.
It led to the first creation of trade links between previously isolated world regions.
It led to the disappearance of previously established trade networks.
It led to an expansion of land-based caravan trade but also to a decline of maritime trade.
Which of the following factors contributed the most to Omani traders’ ability to undertake the voyages depicted on the maps?
Navigational and maritime innovations, such as the astrolabe and lateen sail.
The spread of Arabic as the language of commerce in the Red Sea and western Indian Ocean basins.
The strong backing for the voyages by the Caliphate.
Innovations in agriculture, which allowed the Omani population to increase rapidly.
In what other area did the coming of Islam have the same political impact as it did in West Africa?
The Turkic speaking regions of Anatolia and Central Asia
The southern portion of the Indian subcontinent
The eastern coast of Africa along the Indian Ocean
The western provinces of the Tang and Song dynasties in East Asia
MARIA, COUNTESS OF BÉARN,* ACCOMPANIED BY SEVEN OF HER MALE COURTIERS, SWEARS HOMAGE TO HER OVERLORD, KING ALFONSO II OF ARAGON, ILLUSTRATION IN A MANUSCRIPT PRODUCED FOR THE ROYAL COURT OF ARAGON CIRCA 1175 C.E.
The act of the countess of Béarn in the image is most closely identified with which of the following social systems?
Feudalism
Monasticism
Divine Right of Kings
Serfdom
What was the impact of Sufism on Islamic civilization?
Islam became more like Hinduism with its emphasis on detachment and meditation
They increased the level of scholarly research and their libraries help spread Islamic knowledge and civilization
They increased the level of scholarly research and their libraries help spread Islamic knowledge and civilization
Islam spread and was accepted into many other cultures
Which of the following images represents an independent city-states whose language combined Bantu and Arabic traditions
image 1
image 3
image 4
image 2
Which trade center most benefited from the invention of the camel saddle
X'ian
Timbuktu
Venice
Malaka
The single biggest cause of the revival of land-based trade across Eurasia between 1200 and 1450 was . . .
the use of gold base currency to facilitate exchanges
The Chinese invention of silk-making technology
The introduction of astrolabe as new technology
The establishment of the Mongol Empire
Historians who argue that there was substantial global integration by the end of the thirteenth century would most likely cite which of the following as evidence to support their claims?
The widening and deepening of exchange networks linking Afro-Eurasia after the Mongol conquests
The political unification of large territories under imperial rule in the Mediterranean and East Asia
The spread of global capitalism from Europe to Africa and Southeast Asia
The creation of a new Atlantic trade system based on plantation economies in the Caribbean and the Americas
The discovery above demonstrates which of the following characteristics continuity in political development from the first civilizations up to 1450?
Monumental architecture was used to demonstrate the power of the state
Leaders used belief systems to reinforce their authority
Elites were usually the first to convert to newly introduced religions
Religious symbolism lost much of its original meaning as it travelled into new cultures
“One of the things that struck me most in Peru was its great, splendid highways, and I wondered how many men it must have required to build them and what tools and instruments were used to level the mountains and cut through the rock to make them as broad and good as they are. It seems to me that if the king of Spain wanted to build a highway from Quito to Cuzco, I do not think that he could do it even with all of his power unless he followed the method that the Inca employed.
When an Inca king decided to build one of these highways, all he needed to do was give the command. Then, the inspectors would go through the provinces, laying out the highway’s route and assigning Indians to help build the road. In this way, the road was built in a short time from one boundary of the kingdom to the other. The Inca rulers built many of these roads and were so full of pride that when one ruler died, his heir would build his road larger and broader if he intended to set out on a conquest.”
Pedro Cieza de León, Spanish soldier and historian, Chronicles of Peru, 1553
Which of the following pieces of evidence does the author use to support his argument about the pride of Inca rulers in the second paragraph?
Inca rulers followed the method of dynastic succession for passing political authority from one ruler to another.
Inca rulers had officials assign men from the provinces to construct the highways.
Inca rulers performed religious ceremonies to bless the highways and those who traveled on them.
Inca rulers typically tried to construct bigger and broader highways than their predecessors if they wanted to undertake conquests.
Ibn Battuta traveled widely across the Middle East, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Africa in the fourteenth century. His travels serve as evidence for the . . .
political unity of Africa and Asia
excellent condition of roads in Africa and Asia
unifying influence of Islam
widespread use of paper money
In sub-Saharan Africa, most converts to Islam came from which groups of people?
women and the lower classes
literate people who could read Arabic
Kings and merchants
common people
Which of the following was a major cause for the growth of cities throughout Afro-Eurasia from 1200 C.E. to 1350 C.E.?
The decline in epidemic diseases
The decreasing need for agricultural workers
The spread of mercantilism
The rise of interregional commerce
Which of the following led most directly to the development of the trading network on the map?
Innovations in transportation and commercial technologies such as caravanserai
The overall decline in the trade of goods along the Silk Roads
The growth of trading cities on the Swahili Coast
The emergence of the trans-Atlantic slave trade in West Africa
The Mexica (Aztec) and Mayan states used the intimidation of human sacrifice and tribute payments of goods to maintain imperial order. This was due mostly to the fact that. . .
they were loosely organized, and conquered areas continued some aspects of self-rule.
there were no major trade routes or infrastructure in their empires.
if they drained regions of wealth they we be less able to revolt.
their elaborate bureaucracy allowed them to perform rituals and collect tribute from every province.
All of the following are causes of the dramatic increase of Silk Road trade in the period 1200 to 1450 EXCEPT . . .
innovations in previous transportation and commerical technologies
China's mass production of luxury items
the growth of powerful new trading cities
The collapse of the Mongol Khanates
“O King! The city of Madurai was famed for its sweet beauty, but has now become the city of wild animals since the Muslims conquered it [in 1335]. Its famed Hindu temple has been reduced to rubble. The mighty Kaveri River used to flow in its proper channels because our noble Hindu rulers of the past had curbed it with dams. But now, the river flows without discipline like her new Muslim lords because the dams have been damaged beyond repair.
My Lord, it is hard to say whether we get more troubled by hearing the owls that now live in our abandoned gardens, or get more perturbed by the Persian language uttered by the pet-parrots from the houses of the Muslims. There is no agriculture left, as the angry Lord Indra* has stopped sending rains. My King! The Vedas have disappeared. With dharma gone, character and nobleness have disappeared.
My king, this sword that you hold is now placed into your lotus-hands by divine providence. Take it and without further delay uproot from my lands this Muslim kingdom. Go forth my dear Lord, win your victory, and establish One Hundred Victory Pillars!”
*the Hindu god of the heavens who brings thunder and rain
Speech of a female petitioner from the South Indian city of Madurai made at the court of the king of Vijayanagara, a Hindu empire in South India. The speech is recorded in a fourteenth-century poem written by a princess of Vijayanagara describing Vijayanagara’s conquest of the Muslim sultanate of Madurai in 1378.
A historian would most likely cite which of the following claims made in the second paragraph to demonstrate that Hindu teachings influenced the development of South Asian societies?
The Hindu citizens of Madurai protect the owls in their gardens because they are considered to be sacred birds.
The absence of dharma has caused nobleness and character to disappear.
There is no agriculture left because Indra now supports the Muslims.
The Hindu citizens of Madurai are perturbed by hearing parrots speaking Persian.
Which of the following was the main reason that Buddhist thought had important social implications for South Asia?
Its followers were incorporated into the Brahman caste.
It encouraged larger family size.
It challenged hierarchies based on caste.
It reinforced the idea of obedience to the emperor as a means to salvation.
Which of the following was a major cause for the growth of cities throughout Afro-Eurasia from 800 C.E. to 1350 C.E.?
The spread of mercantilism
The rise of interregional commerce
It challenged hierarchies based on caste.
The decline in epidemic diseases
“Wila Uma, the Inca general, addressed the Spanish [conquistadors] with the following words: ‘What are you doing to our ruler?* This is how you repay his good will? Did he not command all of his people to give you tribute? Did he not give you a house filled with gold and silver? Did he not give you his servants to serve you? What more can he give you now that you have imprisoned him? All the people of this land are so distressed by your actions, because they have lost all they possess, and their distress leaves them no choice but to hang themselves or risk everything by rebelling. Thus, I believe it would be best for you to release him from this prison to lessen the grief of these people.’ . . .
*Manco Inca, a previous Inca ruler and father of Titu Cusi, whom the Spanish had imprisoned after conquering the Inca capital of Cuzco in 1533
Titu Cusi, ruler of a regional Inca state established after the Spanish had conquered the Inca Empire,letter to the Spanish king detailing the abuses of the Spanish during the conquest, 1570
The sentiments expressed by Wila Uma in the passage most clearly illustrate which of the following aspects of the Inca state?
The extensive territorial extent of the empire
The importance of the Inca ruler to the empire
The persistence of cultural diversity within the empire
The influence of technological innovation in expanding the empire
"Al-Zawawi also said 'This sultan Musa told me that at a town he has a copper mine from which ingots are brought to another town. "There is nothing in my kingdom, Musa said, on which a duty is levied except this crude copper which is brought in. Duty is collected on this and on nothing else. We send it to the land of the pagan Sudan and sell it for two-thirds of its weight in gold, so that we sell 100 measures of this copper for 66 2/3 measures of gold.' He also stated that there are pagan nations in his kingdom from whom he does not collect the tribute (jizya) but whom he simply employs in extracting the gold from its deposits. The gold is extracted by digging pits about a man's height in depth and the gold is found embedded in the sides of the pits or sometimes collected at the bottom of them."
Which of the following inferences is most supported by the discussion of copper and gold in the passage?
Mali’s relatively advanced mining technologies accounted for its mineral wealth.
Mali was able to forge advanced bronze tools from its mineral resources.
The jizya could only be collected on unbelievers who had minerals to exploit.
International trade with Sub-Saharan Africa involved the exchange of mineral resources.
What was one significant effect of the Indian Ocean trade shown on the east side of the map?
The development of the Swahili language
The emigration of large numbers of Africans to southern Asia
The conversion of most of the coastal parts of eastern Africa to Christianity
The importation of gold from Arabia
“I, the reverend Buddhist teacher Dharmasekhara, dedicated this statue of the bodhisattva Amoghapasa* on the orders of His Majesty King Adityawarman, for the benefit and salvation and happiness of all creatures.
Hail to the King—experienced in the arts of war, well versed in the sciences, he is an ocean of all virtues practiced by the followers of the Buddha! He is free from all physical desire. Hail to the King—he who supports the entire world. He has collected jewels by the millions, taken them from the hands of his enemies among the other rulers of this world. He who is like God among kings, crowned, protected by heavenly beings, King of kings! He orders what should be known to all!”
Sanskrit inscription on a statue of a bodhisattva produced in the Malayapura kingdom, Sumatra, Indonesia, circa 1350 c.e.
*a major figure worshipped in Mahayana Buddhism
The claim in the second paragraph that the king has become “free from all physical desire” can best be understood to mean that
Buddhist monks and nuns in Southeast Asian societies were required to maintain an ascetic lifestyle.
in Vedic religions, rejecting worldly concerns in order to attain spiritual perfection was considered a virtue.
Hindus believed that members of each caste had different rights and responsibilities.
Southeast Asian states’ ruling elites were very wealthy.
“One of the most important aspects of the Maya economy was the exchange of exotic goods. Maya rulers and elites needed such goods to maintain and reinforce their social status and power. Many of these goods were used in the formal dress of kings, nobles, and priests. Without them, the elites could not carry out the rituals that were their principal duties in the eyes of the people. Jaguar pelts, fine textiles, feathers, and other such products were exchanged over long distances within the Maya lowlands. . . .
Such items were probably exchanged as dowry, gifts at royal marriages, coronations, funerals, or at religious pilgrimages. Exotic goods were also probably given as tribute to rulers by their vassals.
These high-status goods held together the Maya world and unified patterns of behavior in religion, science, and warfare. Their exchange surely went hand in hand with exchanges of information, including scientific knowledge, early writing, and, most importantly, models of political organization.”
Arthur Demarest, United States anthropologist, Ancient Maya: The Rise and Fall of a Rainforest Civilization, 2004
Which of the following does the author cite most directly to support his argument in the third paragraph about the importance of exotic goods in the Maya region?
The existence of sophisticated astronomical tables
The emergence of new systems of writing based on earlier Mesoamerican systems
The existence of unified patterns of behavior in warfare, science, and religion
The emergence of a unified Maya kingdom based on new political models
"In the name of God the Merciful and the Compassionate: This is the safe-conduct accorded by the servant of God Umar, the Commander of the Faithful, to the people of [Jerusalem). He accords them safe-conduct for their persons, their property, their churches, their crosses, their sound and their sick, and the rest of their worship.... No constraint shall be exercised against them in religion nor shall any harm be done to any among them The people of [Jerusalem] must pay the jizya (required tax on non-Muslims]in the same way as the people of other cities. They must expel the Romans [Byzantine soldiers and officials) and the brigands from the city. Those who leave shall have safe-conduct for their persons and property until they reach safety. Those of the people of [Jerusalem] who wish to remove their persons and effects and depart with the Romans [Byzantines) and abandon their churches and their crosses shall have safe-conduct for their persons, their churches, and their crosses until they reach safety."
Which development resulted from a change in Umar’s policy toward Jerusalem by the Seljuks?
A shift in trade patterns
The beginning of the Crusades by European Christians
An increase in the power of the Byzantine Empire
A decrease in taxes paid by Jerusalem residents
“Throughout its history, Central Asia has provided the ancient civilized empires on its borders with new Shahs, Sultans, or Sons of Heaven. These periodic invasions by the nomads of the steppe, whose khans ascended the thrones of Changan, Luoyang, Kaifeng, or Beijing*, of Isfahan or Tabriz**, Delhi or Constantinople, became one of the geographic laws of history. But there was another, opposing law which brought about the slow absorption of the invaders by the ancient civilized lands. The civilizations of China and Persia, though conquered, would in the long run vanquish their conquerors, intoxicating them with the pleasures of settled life, lulling them to sleep, and assimilating them culturally. Often, only fifty years after a conquest, the culturally Sinicized or Persianized former barbarian would be the first to stand guard over his adopted civilization and protect it against fresh nomadic onslaughts.”
Which of the following developments in the period circa 1250–1450 represents a situation that is the opposite of nomadic conquerors assimilating into the cultures of the conquered societies?
Merchants establishing diasporic communities and introducing their own traditions into the indigenous cultures, as illustrated by South Asian Muslim merchants spreading Islam to the islands of Southeast Asia
Conquering states fragmenting into several units because of political and social friction, as illustrated by the breakup of the Mongol Empire into individual khanates
Settled societies successfully resisting nomadic encroachments, as illustrated by the Mamluks of Egypt defeating the Mongols or Muscovy expelling the Golden Horde from Russia
Conquered peoples being drawn into their conquerors’ economic and cultural orbits, as illustrated by Turkic peoples converting to Islam and integrating into Muslim societies
A comparison between the data for the three manors shown in the table best illustrates which of the following about the bubonic plague?
It had virtually no effect on the populations of some regions of England.
In some but not all areas, the population was beginning to recover by 1400.
In most areas, the population reverted to pre-1320 levels by 1400.
It was equally devastating across all areas of western Europe.
The Ottoman Empire often recruited Christian children from which of the following areas?
Middle East
The Balkans
Nile River Valley
Kievan Rus
“They gave him an insight into the optics by making him a present of a semi-cylinder of a light kind of wood. In the middle of its axis was placed a convex glass, which, being turned toward any object, painted the image within the tube to a great nicety. The emperor was greatly pleased with so unusual a sight, and desired to have a machine made in his garden in Peking….They prepared for this purpose an object-glass of much greater diameter, and made in the thickest garden wall a great window in the shape of a pyramid, the basis of which was towards the garden, and the point toward the street. At the point they fixed the glass eye over against the place where there was the greatest concourse of people; at the basis was made a lard closet, shut up close on all sides and very dark. It was there the emperor came with his queens to observe the lively images of everything that passed in the street; and this sight pleased him extremely….”
Father Jean-Baptiste du Halde, a Jesuit showing Qing Emperor Kangxi how to use a telescope, c. 1680.
What is not an accomplishment of Emperor Kangxi?
He ruled the Qing Dynasty for 61 years
He extended control over Tibet, Mongolia, Taiwan, and Central Asia
He presided over a period of stability and expansion in China
He defeated the Mongol and started the Qing Dynasty
..As early as the 1660s the harassment of the Huguenots [Protestants] began. It worsened until by the 1680s members of the 'pretendedly reformed religion', as they were contemptuously [scornfully] called, were threatened with the loss of their children, forced to quarter [house] disorderly troops in their homes, and excluded from the professions and all public offices. The persecutions seemed to produce the desired result. On October 17, 1685, Louis revoked the Edict of Nantes, with the explanation that toleration was no longer needed since Protestantism had ceased to exist.
The aftermath of the revocation was disastrous for France. Many of those who abjured [gave up] their Protestant religion repented of their weakness. They were unable to either return to their old faith or become genuine Catholics. Several hundred thousand Huguenots chose to escape to Holland, England, and Prussia."
Martha Glaser, “Louis XIV and the Heir Presumptuous, Mankind the Magazine of Popular History, 1967
Henry IV issued the Edict of Nantes in 1598 in an effort to end...
Persecution of Protestants in France
Persecution of Catholics in France
Persecution of Jews in France
Persecution of Muslims in France
..As early as the 1660s the harassment of the Huguenots [Protestants] began. It worsened until by the 1680s members of the 'pretendedly reformed religion', as they were contemptuously [scornfully] called, were threatened with the loss of their children, forced to quarter [house] disorderly troops in their homes, and excluded from the professions and all public offices. The persecutions seemed to produce the desired result. On October 17, 1685, Louis revoked the Edict of Nantes, with the explanation that toleration was no longer needed since Protestantism had ceased to exist.
The aftermath of the revocation was disastrous for France. Many of those who abjured [gave up] their Protestant religion repented of their weakness. They were unable to either return to their old faith or become genuine Catholics. Several hundred thousand Huguenots chose to escape to Holland, England, and Prussia."
Martha Glaser, “Louis XIV and the Heir Presumptuous, Mankind the Magazine of Popular History, 1967
Which of the following was an effect of the revocation of the Edict of Nantes?
Weakening of the Catholic Church
Emigration of French Protestants
Signing of the Peace of Augsburg
End of the Thirty Years' War
Martin Luther: Table Talk, Early 16th Century
“No greater mischief can happen to a Christian people, than to have God’s Word taken from them or falsified, so that they no longer have it pure and clear. The ungodly papists prefer the authority of the church far above God’s Word; a blasphemy abominable and not to be endured; wherewith, void of all shame and piety, they spit in God’s face.
Pope, cardinals, bishops, not a soul of them has read the Bible; ‘tis a book unknown to them. They are a pack of guzzling, stuffing wretches, rich, wallowing in wealth and laziness, resting secure in their power, and never, for a moment, thinking of accomplishing God’s will.”
Luther is best understood in the context of which of the following developments?
Eurasian rulers began to rely on technology rather than the Church to increase their power.
Most Eurasians wanted a return to traditional belief systems and rejected reform efforts
The Catholic Church reformed significantly, greatly decreasing the power of the Church hierarchy
Across Eurasia, similar protests were breaking out, as various groups challenged traditional customs and beliefs
The Winter Palace served as an example of Peter the Great's efforts to...
Westernize Russia
Continue the traditions of the Byzantine Empire
Honor the Eastern Orthodox Church
Show respect for previous czars
"Though they are now largely silent, the voices from the seventeenth century still speak to us from the innumerable texts and images we are fortunate to possess. They offer a warning of the dangers of entrusting power to those who feel summoned by God to war, or feel that their sense of justice and order is the only one valid.”
What is the main warning expressed by the author?
The problems with feudalism
The dangers of absolute monarchs
The dangers of limited governments
The issues associated with secularism
"Though they are now largely silent, the voices from the seventeenth century still speak to us from the innumerable texts and images we are fortunate to possess. They offer a warning of the dangers of entrusting power to those who feel summoned by God to war, or feel that their sense of justice and order is the only one valid.”
Which of the following best illustrates the Thirty Years War as a political war, in addition to being a religious war?
The Protestant Swedes assisted the Protestants in the Holy Roman Empire.
The Pope favored the Catholics
The Catholic French attacked the Catholic Hapsburgs
Cardinal Richelieu assisted the Holy Roman Empire
"Though they are now largely silent, the voices from the seventeenth century still speak to us from the innumerable texts and images we are fortunate to possess. They offer a warning of the dangers of entrusting power to those who feel summoned by God to war, or feel that their sense of justice and order is the only one valid.”
What was the significance of the Peace of Westphalia?
It allowed areas in the Holy Roman Empire to select their religious affiliation
It made the Holy Roman Emperor an absolute monarch
It brought unity to the Holy Roman Empire by adopting Catholicism as the official religion
It brought France and the Holy Roman Empire under the rule of Louis XIV
“He [the pastor] will also inform the unlettered...of the use of images, that they are intended to instruct in the history of the old and new testaments, and to revive from time to time their memory; that thus, moved by the contemplation of heavenly things, we may be the more ardently inflamed to adore and love God himself. He should, also, point out that the images of the saints are placed in churches, not only to be honored, but also that they may admonish us by their examples to imitate their lives and virtues.”
Which of the following is NOT one of the strategies utilized by the Counter Reformation?
the use of Inquisition
Society of Jesus
Council of Trent
dissemination of the 95 Theses
Which statement below demonstrates why Chinese exploration receded after this time period?
China’s leaders stopped voyages to focus on the threat of Northern invaders
The Chinese lacked the internal investment to continue to fund such voyages.
The Europeans were easily able to conquer the Eastern Asian empires
Chinese ships started wars with other empires leading to a drain on imperial resources
What was one of the most significant impacts of the trade represented in the map above?
Disease traveled from region to region causing massive population decreases
A diffusion of culture occurred between port cities in India, China and Eastern Africa
Imperial wars increased in the fight over territory and resources
The religion of Islam became the predominant belief system in the region
And later that day the emperor came to Fatehpur. There he used to spend much time in the Hall of Worship in the company of learned men and shaikhs and especially on Friday nights, when he would sit up there the whole night continually occupied in discussing questions of religion . . .
Learned monks also from Europe, who are called Padre . . . brought the Gospel, and advanced proofs for the Trinity. His Majesty firmly believed in the truth of the Christian religion, and wishing to spread the doctrines of Jesus, ordered Prince Murad to take a few lessons in Christianity . . .
His Majesty also called some of the yogis (Hindu holy men), and gave them at night private interviews, inquiring into abstract truths .
Memoirs of Abdul Qadir Bada’uni, courtier of Mughal emperor Akbar the Great. Reilly, Kevin. Worlds of History: A Comparative Reader, volume two: since 1400, pp. 103-105. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2007
What remarkable quality of Mughal Emperor Akbar the Great does the passage show?
His advanced scholarship in matters of faith
His hostility to foreign ideas
His deep curiosity and open attitude about religion
His preference for Christianity over other faiths
And later that day the emperor came to Fatehpur. There he used to spend much time in the Hall of Worship in the company of learned men and shaikhs and especially on Friday nights, when he would sit up there the whole night continually occupied in discussing questions of religion . . .
Learned monks also from Europe, who are called Padre . . . brought the Gospel, and advanced proofs for the Trinity. His Majesty firmly believed in the truth of the Christian religion, and wishing to spread the doctrines of Jesus, ordered Prince Murad to take a few lessons in Christianity . . .
His Majesty also called some of the yogis (Hindu holy men), and gave them at night private interviews, inquiring into abstract truths
Memoirs of Abdul Qadir Bada’uni, courtier of Mughal emperor Akbar the Great. Reilly, Kevin. Worlds of History: A Comparative Reader, volume two: since 1400, pp. 103-105. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2007
Which of the following likely facilitated discussions like the one in the passage?
India’s distance from Europe’s wars of religion
Akbar’s break from his own Muslim faith
Akbar’s rejection of native Indian traditions in favor of foreign beliefs
India’s location near the center of major land and sea trade routes
Whenever the treasure-ships of the Central Country (Ming China) arrived there, they at ounce erected a line of stockading, like a city-wall. . . The ships which had gone to various countries returned to this place and assembled; they marshaled the foreign goods and loaded them in ships; then waited till the south wind was perfectly favorable. . . Moreover, the king of the country made a selection of local products, conducted his wife and son, brought his chiefs, boarded a ship and followed the treasure-ships; and he attended at court and presented tribute.
-Ma Huan, The Overall Survey of the Ocean’s Shores 1451
Based on the passage and your knowledge of world history, what was the primary motivation for the treasure fleet voyages?
Diplomacy and intimidation to demonstrate Ming Superiority
Expand Trade with East Africa
Provide the Dynasty with a standing navy
Colonization of Southeast Asia
. . . Peter’s military reform would have remained an isolated incident in Russian military history had it not left a distinct and deep impression on the social and intellectual composition of all Russian society, and even influenced future political development ... The new recruiting methods, by spreading military obligations to classes hitherto exempt, and thus affecting all social classes, gave the new army a more varied composition, and completely altered existing social relationships. From the time that noblemens’ serfs and servants joined the new army as ordinary recruits instead of only as menials or valets, the position of the nobility, which had been preponderant in the old army, was completely changed. . . .
Source: Vasili Klyuchevsky, translated by Liliana Archibald, Peter the Great, St. Martin’s Press
Which of the following is true about Peter the Great of Russia?
Peter the Great used Westernizing reforms to increase his control over Russia
Peter the Great was forced to westernize Russia by a threatened coup of Russian nobles
Peter the Great’s westernization of Russia resulted in the emancipation of the serfs
Peter the Great built Moscow into a show city known as the “Window to the West”
“The Sultan’s hall was crowded with people, among whom were several officers of high rank. Besides these there were all the troopers of the Imperial guard, and a large force of Janissaries, but there was not in all that great assembly a single man who owed his position to save his valor and his merit. No distinction is attached to birth among the Turks; the respect to be paid to a man is measured by the position he holds in the public service. There is no fighting for precedence; a man’s place is marked out by the duties he discharges…It is by merit that men rise in the service, a system which ensures that posts should be assigned to the competent…Those who receive the highest offices from the Sultan are for the most part the sons of shepherds or herdsmen, and so far as being ashamed of their parentage, they actually glory in it, and [boast] that they owe nothing to the accident of birth.”
Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq (1522-1590), Flemish diplomat at the court
of Suleiman, Turkish Letters, 1555
The passage most directly describes the Ottoman desire to
allow religious tolerance
maintain a coherent, stable governmental system
train skilled military leaders
maintain and aristocratic system
“When I entered the kiosk in which she lives, I was received by many eunuchs in splendid costume blazing with jewels, and carrying scimitars in their hands. They led me to an inner vestibule, where I was divested of my cloak and shoes and regaled with refreshments. Presently an elderly woman, very richly dressed, accompanied by a number of young girls, approached me, and after the usual salutation, informed me that the Sultana Asseki was ready to see me. All the walls of the kiosk in which she lives are covered with the most beautiful Persian tiles and the floors are of cedar and sandalwood, which give out the most delicious odor. I advanced through an endless row of bending female slaves, who stood on either side of my path. At the entrance to the apartment in which the Sultana consented to receive me, the elderly lady who had accompanied me all the time made me a profound reverence, and beckoned to two girls to give me their aid; so that I passed into the presence of the Sultana leaning upon their shoulders. The Sultana, who is a stout but beautiful young woman, sat upon silk cushions striped with silver, near a latticed window overlooking the sea. Numerous slave women, blazing with jewels, attended upon her, holding fans, pipes for smoking, and many objects of value.”
Which of the following would be a valid comparison between the economy of the Ottoman Empire following the letter’s description and the economy of Latin America during the period of 1450-1750?
In comparison to Latin America, the Ottoman Empire’s economy was more agriculturally based.
In comparison to Latin America, the Ottoman Empire relied more on taxation of its’ inhabitants.
In comparison to Latin America, the Ottoman Empire’s economy was more dependent upon transoceanic trade.
In comparison to Latin America, the Ottoman Empire’s leaders were less involved in economic matters.
Events like those shown above resulted in
Devastation of Spanish forces by disease
The rapid conquest of vast territories by the conquistadors
Vulnerability of Spain’s colonies to attacks by other European powers
Spain’s defeat of other European powers in the Americas
The author’s view of the economic consequences of Louis XIV’s actions in the second paragraph MOST directly reflects the influence of which of the following?
Growing belief in free trade
Respect for human rights
Rejection of monarchical government
The rise of mercantile policies
Which two nations opposed the growth of absolutism and of Louis XIV’s power?
England and Prussia
England and the Netherlands
Spain and Portugal
Austria and the Netherlands
Which of the following is a direct consequence of the decreased Native American population?
The Europeans brought African slaves to the New World.
There were less goods produced for trade.
The Spaniards were able to grow grapes so successfully.
The Spaniards were able to grow grapes so successfully.
Which Revolution most directly addressed the unequal distribution of economic opportunity and resources
Haitan
French
American
French again
