Stonehenge is an ancient monument situated about ten miles north of Salisbury in England. It was built about 4500 years ago, but by whom and for what purpose remains a mystery. The builders must have known of geometry. They may have been influenced by the Mycenaeans, whose architecture was similar. Some of the stones must have been brought from West Wales, over 135 miles away. These stones weigh more than fifty tons. They may have been brought on rafts and rollers. Experts say that it must have taken 1500 men more than five years to transport them. Stonehenge was probably built in three stages. First, settlers from continental Europe built a temple for sun worship. Later the "Beaker" people added the stone circles. Finally, people of the Wessex Culture transformed Stonehenge into an observatory. They could calculate the exact time of Midsummer and Midwinter and of equinoxes

It is pointed out in the reading that the Stonehenge ----.

Stonehenge is an ancient monument situated about ten miles north of Salisbury in England. It was built about 4500 years ago, but by whom and for what purpose remains a mystery. The builders must have known of geometry. They may have been influenced by the Mycenaeans, whose architecture was similar. Some of the stones must have been brought from West Wales, over 135 miles away. These stones weigh more than fifty tons. They may have been brought on rafts and rollers. Experts say that it must have taken 1500 men more than five years to transport them. Stonehenge was probably built in three stages. First, settlers from continental Europe built a temple for sun worship. Later the "Beaker" people added the stone circles. Finally, people of the Wessex Culture transformed Stonehenge into an observatory. They could calculate the exact time of Midsummer and Midwinter and of equinoxes.

According to the passage, there is no certainty about ----.

Aristotle, who lived from 384 BC to 322 BC, taught that the heart contained the intelligence. Except for a few guesses like this, he observed carefully. He described the habits and the bodily structure (anatomy) of many animals, birds and fish. Another Greek, Galen, who lived in the second century AD, performed biological experiments. Both careful observation of living things and experiments are used today in the study of biology. Galen observed and described the internal anatomy of the human body.-He described many parts that he saw in the body. But he was not always careful. He sometimes described what he expected to see and did not look carefully to see what was really there. For centuries after Galen, people studied anatomy from his books instead of trusting their own observations.

It's obvious that Aristotle ----.

Aristotle, who lived from 384 BC to 322 BC, taught that the heart contained the intelligence. Except for a few guesses like this, he observed carefully. He described the habits and the bodily structure (anatomy) of many animals, birds and fish. Another Greek, Galen, who lived in the second century AD, performed biological experiments. Both careful observation of living things and experiments are used today in the study of biology. Galen observed and described the internal anatomy of the human body.-He described many parts that he saw in the body. But he was not always careful. He sometimes described what he expected to see and did not look carefully to see what was really there. For centuries after Galen, people studied anatomy from his books instead of trusting their own observations.

A Greek scientist, Galen ----.

Aristotle, who lived from 384 BC to 322 BC, taught that the heart contained the intelligence. Except for a few guesses like this, he observed carefully. He described the habits and the bodily structure (anatomy) of many animals, birds and fish. Another Greek, Galen, who lived in the second century AD, performed biological experiments. Both careful observation of living things and experiments are used today in the study of biology. Galen observed and described the internal anatomy of the human body.-He described many parts that he saw in the body. But he was not always careful. He sometimes described what he expected to see and did not look carefully to see what was really there. For centuries after Galen, people studied anatomy from his books instead of trusting their own observations.

It can be inferred from the passage that ----.

Homer was a Greek epic poet. Both the date and the place of his birth and death are not known precisely, but recent research suggests a date between 1050 and 800 BC. It has even been claimed that no such man as Homer existed and that The Iliad and The Odyssey are collections of traditional ballads and not the work of one man. In any event they were known all over the Greek-speaking world before the sixth century BC. The Iliad is an epic poem dealing with the siege of Troy by the Greeks. The Odyssey describes the wandering of Odysseus, a Greek seafarer, on his way back to Ithaca after the fall of Troy.

We can infer from the passage that ----.

Homer was a Greek epic poet. Both the date and the place of his birth and death are not known precisely, but recent research suggests a date between 1050 and 800 BC. It has even been claimed that no such man as Homer existed and that The Iliad and The Odyssey are collections of traditional ballads and not the work of one man. In any event they were known all over the Greek-speaking world before the sixth century BC. The Iliad is an epic poem dealing with the siege of Troy by the Greeks. The Odyssey describes the wandering of Odysseus, a Greek seafarer, on his way back to Ithaca after the fall of Troy.

The Odyssey ----.

Homer was a Greek epic poet. Both the date and the place of his birth and death are not known precisely, but recent research suggests a date between 1050 and 800 BC. It has even been claimed that no such man as Homer existed and that The Iliad and The Odyssey are collections of traditional ballads and not the work of one man. In any event they were known all over the Greek-speaking world before the sixth century BC. The Iliad is an epic poem dealing with the siege of Troy by the Greeks. The Odyssey describes the wandering of Odysseus, a Greek seafarer, on his way back to Ithaca after the fall of Troy.

The works of Homer ----.

Early man know about the natural fire of lightning and volcanoes long before he began to use fire himself. He didn't know what fire was, but he had seen the damage it could cause. Fire was powerful and dangerous, and so he was frightened. Greek legend tells how Prometheus stole fire from God Zeus, and brought it to Earth for man to use. Zeus was very angry. He ordered Prometheus to be chained to a rock. Every day an eagle pecked out his liver, and every night his liver grew again. So Prometheus suffered a terrible punishment for his deed. The name "Prometheus" means "the fore thinker". One Greek philosopher wrote that all arts, all skills, men owe to the fore-thinker. By this he meant that civilisation is founded on fire and using fire. When man eventually learned how to use fire, he guarded it carefully. Some ancient peoples worshipped fire as a goddess. Even when man learned to make fire whenever he liked, often kept sacred fires burning.

It's obvious from the passage that Prometheus ----.

Early man know about the natural fire of lightning and volcanoes long before he began to use fire himself. He didn't know what fire was, but he had seen the damage it could cause. Fire was powerful and dangerous, and so he was frightened. Greek legend tells how Prometheus stole fire from God Zeus, and brought it to Earth for man to use. Zeus was very angry. He ordered Prometheus to be chained to a rock. Every day an eagle pecked out his liver, and every night his liver grew again. So Prometheus suffered a terrible punishment for his deed. The name "Prometheus" means "the fore thinker". One Greek philosopher wrote that all arts, all skills, men owe to the fore-thinker. By this he meant that civilisation is founded on fire and using fire. When man eventually learned how to use fire, he guarded it carefully. Some ancient peoples worshipped fire as a goddess. Even when man learned to make fire whenever he liked, often kept sacred fires burning.

It is made clear in the passage that ----.

Early man know about the natural fire of lightning and volcanoes long before he began to use fire himself. He didn't know what fire was, but he had seen the damage it could cause. Fire was powerful and dangerous, and so he was frightened. Greek legend tells how Prometheus stole fire from God Zeus, and brought it to Earth for man to use. Zeus was very angry. He ordered Prometheus to be chained to a rock. Every day an eagle pecked out his liver, and every night his liver grew again. So Prometheus suffered a terrible punishment for his deed. The name "Prometheus" means "the fore thinker". One Greek philosopher wrote that all arts, all skills, men owe to the fore-thinker. By this he meant that civilisation is founded on fire and using fire. When man eventually learned how to use fire, he guarded it carefully. Some ancient peoples worshipped fire as a goddess. Even when man learned to make fire whenever he liked, often kept sacred fires burning.

A Greek philosopher thinks that ----.

Floods can cause tremendous damage. They can ruin houses, roads and buildings. Floods can take down trees and cause mudslides. It often leaves mud, sand and debris behind. It can take months to clean up after a flood.

What is the main idea?

Opera refers to a dramatic art form, originating in Europe, in which the emotional content is conveyed to the audience as much through music, both vocal and instrumental, as it is through the lyrics. By contrast, in musical theatre an actor's dramatic performance is primary, and the music plays a lesser role. The drama in opera is presented using the primary elements of theatre such as scenery, costumes, and acting. However, the words of the opera, or libretto, are sung rather than spoken. The singers are accompanied by a musical ensemble ranging from a small instrumental ensemble to a full symphonic orchestra.

1. It is pointed out in the reading that opera ----.

Opera refers to a dramatic art form, originating in Europe, in which the emotional content is conveyed to the audience as much through music, both vocal and instrumental, as it is through the lyrics. By contrast, in musical theatre an actor's dramatic performance is primary, and the music plays a lesser role. The drama in opera is presented using the primary elements of theatre such as scenery, costumes, and acting. However, the words of the opera, or libretto, are sung rather than spoken. The singers are accompanied by a musical ensemble ranging from a small instrumental ensemble to a full symphonic orchestra.

We can understand from the reading that ----

Stonehenge is an ancient monument situated about ten miles north of Salisbury in England. It was built about 4500 years ago, but by whom and for what purpose remains a mystery. The builders must have known of geometry. They may have been influenced by the Mycenaeans, whose architecture was similar. Some of the stones must have been brought from West Wales, over 135 miles away. These stones weigh more than fifty tons. They may have been brought on rafts and rollers. Experts say that it must have taken 1500 men more than five years to transport them. Stonehenge was probably built in three stages. First, settlers from continental Europe built a temple for sun worship. Later the "Beaker" people added the stone circles. Finally, people of the Wessex Culture transformed Stonehenge into an observatory. They could calculate the exact time of Midsummer and Midwinter and of equinoxes

We understand from the passage that the construction of the Stonehenge ----

Stonehenge is an ancient monument situated about ten miles north of Salisbury in England. It was built about 4500 years ago, but by whom and for what purpose remains a mystery. The builders must have known of geometry. They may have been influenced by the Mycenaeans, whose architecture was similar. Some of the stones must have been brought from West Wales, over 135 miles away. These stones weigh more than fifty tons. They may have been brought on rafts and rollers. Experts say that it must have taken 1500 men more than five years to transport them. Stonehenge was probably built in three stages. First, settlers from continental Europe built a temple for sun worship. Later the "Beaker" people added the stone circles. Finally, people of the Wessex Culture transformed Stonehenge into an observatory. They could calculate the exact time of Midsummer and Midwinter and of equinoxes

It is pointed out in the reading that the Stonehenge ----.

Stonehenge is an ancient monument situated about ten miles north of Salisbury in England. It was built about 4500 years ago, but by whom and for what purpose remains a mystery. The builders must have known of geometry. They may have been influenced by the Mycenaeans, whose architecture was similar. Some of the stones must have been brought from West Wales, over 135 miles away. These stones weigh more than fifty tons. They may have been brought on rafts and rollers. Experts say that it must have taken 1500 men more than five years to transport them. Stonehenge was probably built in three stages. First, settlers from continental Europe built a temple for sun worship. Later the "Beaker" people added the stone circles. Finally, people of the Wessex Culture transformed Stonehenge into an observatory. They could calculate the exact time of Midsummer and Midwinter and of equinoxes.

According to the passage, there is no certainty about ----.

Aristotle, who lived from 384 BC to 322 BC, taught that the heart contained the intelligence. Except for a few guesses like this, he observed carefully. He described the habits and the bodily structure (anatomy) of many animals, birds and fish. Another Greek, Galen, who lived in the second century AD, performed biological experiments. Both careful observation of living things and experiments are used today in the study of biology. Galen observed and described the internal anatomy of the human body.-He described many parts that he saw in the body. But he was not always careful. He sometimes described what he expected to see and did not look carefully to see what was really there. For centuries after Galen, people studied anatomy from his books instead of trusting their own observations.

It's obvious that Aristotle ----.

Aristotle, who lived from 384 BC to 322 BC, taught that the heart contained the intelligence. Except for a few guesses like this, he observed carefully. He described the habits and the bodily structure (anatomy) of many animals, birds and fish. Another Greek, Galen, who lived in the second century AD, performed biological experiments. Both careful observation of living things and experiments are used today in the study of biology. Galen observed and described the internal anatomy of the human body.-He described many parts that he saw in the body. But he was not always careful. He sometimes described what he expected to see and did not look carefully to see what was really there. For centuries after Galen, people studied anatomy from his books instead of trusting their own observations.

A Greek scientist, Galen ----.

Aristotle, who lived from 384 BC to 322 BC, taught that the heart contained the intelligence. Except for a few guesses like this, he observed carefully. He described the habits and the bodily structure (anatomy) of many animals, birds and fish. Another Greek, Galen, who lived in the second century AD, performed biological experiments. Both careful observation of living things and experiments are used today in the study of biology. Galen observed and described the internal anatomy of the human body.-He described many parts that he saw in the body. But he was not always careful. He sometimes described what he expected to see and did not look carefully to see what was really there. For centuries after Galen, people studied anatomy from his books instead of trusting their own observations.

It can be inferred from the passage that ----.

Homer was a Greek epic poet. Both the date and the place of his birth and death are not known precisely, but recent research suggests a date between 1050 and 800 BC. It has even been claimed that no such man as Homer existed and that The Iliad and The Odyssey are collections of traditional ballads and not the work of one man. In any event they were known all over the Greek-speaking world before the sixth century BC. The Iliad is an epic poem dealing with the siege of Troy by the Greeks. The Odyssey describes the wandering of Odysseus, a Greek seafarer, on his way back to Ithaca after the fall of Troy.

We can infer from the passage that ----.

Homer was a Greek epic poet. Both the date and the place of his birth and death are not known precisely, but recent research suggests a date between 1050 and 800 BC. It has even been claimed that no such man as Homer existed and that The Iliad and The Odyssey are collections of traditional ballads and not the work of one man. In any event they were known all over the Greek-speaking world before the sixth century BC. The Iliad is an epic poem dealing with the siege of Troy by the Greeks. The Odyssey describes the wandering of Odysseus, a Greek seafarer, on his way back to Ithaca after the fall of Troy.

The Odyssey ----.

Homer was a Greek epic poet. Both the date and the place of his birth and death are not known precisely, but recent research suggests a date between 1050 and 800 BC. It has even been claimed that no such man as Homer existed and that The Iliad and The Odyssey are collections of traditional ballads and not the work of one man. In any event they were known all over the Greek-speaking world before the sixth century BC. The Iliad is an epic poem dealing with the siege of Troy by the Greeks. The Odyssey describes the wandering of Odysseus, a Greek seafarer, on his way back to Ithaca after the fall of Troy.

The works of Homer ----.

Early man know about the natural fire of lightning and volcanoes long before he began to use fire himself. He didn't know what fire was, but he had seen the damage it could cause. Fire was powerful and dangerous, and so he was frightened. Greek legend tells how Prometheus stole fire from God Zeus, and brought it to Earth for man to use. Zeus was very angry. He ordered Prometheus to be chained to a rock. Every day an eagle pecked out his liver, and every night his liver grew again. So Prometheus suffered a terrible punishment for his deed. The name "Prometheus" means "the fore thinker". One Greek philosopher wrote that all arts, all skills, men owe to the fore-thinker. By this he meant that civilisation is founded on fire and using fire. When man eventually learned how to use fire, he guarded it carefully. Some ancient peoples worshipped fire as a goddess. Even when man learned to make fire whenever he liked, often kept sacred fires burning.

It's obvious from the passage that Prometheus ----.

Early man know about the natural fire of lightning and volcanoes long before he began to use fire himself. He didn't know what fire was, but he had seen the damage it could cause. Fire was powerful and dangerous, and so he was frightened. Greek legend tells how Prometheus stole fire from God Zeus, and brought it to Earth for man to use. Zeus was very angry. He ordered Prometheus to be chained to a rock. Every day an eagle pecked out his liver, and every night his liver grew again. So Prometheus suffered a terrible punishment for his deed. The name "Prometheus" means "the fore thinker". One Greek philosopher wrote that all arts, all skills, men owe to the fore-thinker. By this he meant that civilisation is founded on fire and using fire. When man eventually learned how to use fire, he guarded it carefully. Some ancient peoples worshipped fire as a goddess. Even when man learned to make fire whenever he liked, often kept sacred fires burning.

It is made clear in the passage that ----.

Early man know about the natural fire of lightning and volcanoes long before he began to use fire himself. He didn't know what fire was, but he had seen the damage it could cause. Fire was powerful and dangerous, and so he was frightened. Greek legend tells how Prometheus stole fire from God Zeus, and brought it to Earth for man to use. Zeus was very angry. He ordered Prometheus to be chained to a rock. Every day an eagle pecked out his liver, and every night his liver grew again. So Prometheus suffered a terrible punishment for his deed. The name "Prometheus" means "the fore thinker". One Greek philosopher wrote that all arts, all skills, men owe to the fore-thinker. By this he meant that civilisation is founded on fire and using fire. When man eventually learned how to use fire, he guarded it carefully. Some ancient peoples worshipped fire as a goddess. Even when man learned to make fire whenever he liked, often kept sacred fires burning.

A Greek philosopher thinks that ----.

Sam woke up and saw the sun shining in the sky. He packed his swimming suit, a towel, a beach ball, and his sandals in his bag. Then, he went to the kitchen and made a sack lunch.

Sam is most likely going to ___________________.

“I don’t want a new baby brother!” whined Kim.

“Honey, you don’t have a choice. He will be here next

month,” mom said rubbing her big belly.

Kim couldn’t believe that she would have to be around a

loud, slobbery baby. Plus, the thought of sharing anything,

especially attention from her mom and dad, with a new baby

didn’t sound fun at all!

“You will be one of the most important people in his life!”

mom exclaimed. “He will need you to look out for him and to

teach him new things!”

“Hmm, I guess that’s true. I will be showing him a lot of

new things. Maybe it won’t be all that terrible having a little

rugrat running around here,” Kim replied with a sigh. “Just

don’t expect me to change his diapers!”

Georgia decided to take a sewing class, but felt

very frustrated when she couldn’t sew a straight

line on the first day.

“This looks so easy, but it’s not! Clearly I’m

just terrible at sewing!” she complained.

Even though she felt frustrated, she continued

to go to class week after week. Each week, her

sewing instructor helped her. By the last week of

class, Georgia finally completed a project all by

herself! She created a rectangular pillow for her

bed... with four mostly perfect straight lines.

One minute we were goofing around and having

fun and the next thing I knew, Hank’s body soared

over the top of the patio and suddenly his life was

in danger. With fingers grasped tightly on the

railing, he desperately cried for help. I watched his

grip slowly slip away and knew that a 40-foot

plunge to the ground could be disastrous. Without

stopping to consider my own safety, I jumped into

action.

My heart pounded through my chest and fear

pulsed through my veins as I clutched his hands and

pulled up as hard as I could.

Even though Greg had been looking forward to his

best friend’s party for over a month, he knew his

grandma would really love to see him.

“It’s your choice, Greg. Grandma is really sick, but I

know you’ve been very excited about this party,” said his

mom.

Most of his class was planning on going to the party

and he knew it would be so much fun! After some

thought, though, Greg knew exactly what he was going to

do.

“It’s not like this is the last party that I’ll ever be

invited to and grandma would be so sad if I didn’t come,”

said Greg. “Plus, I always like making her smile.”

Microphones

Today, people from many different professions must give presentations. For example, business people might present their new product to an audience of potential clients in order to convince the audience to buy Medical doctors might present the findings from their research to an audience of other medical professionals. Indeed, the career success of a business person or researcher may depend on his or her ability to communicate effectively during such a presentation. Often, these presentations are done in front of a large group of people in a large room. When this is the case, it is generally necessary to use a microphone. Unfortunately, using a microphone can make some presenters nervous. However, if one keeps in mind a few basic tips about using a microphone, the presentation will go much more smoothly for presenter and audience alike.

The first tip every presenter should remember is to arrive early to the conference room. It is necessary to test the system before actually standing in front of the audience. To do so, the presenter should stand about six inches from the mike and say, " testing - testing. " If the speaker is too close to the microphone, it will pick up his or her breathing and high tones in the speaker's voice may cause an annoying, high - pitched noise. The person controlling the volume of the sound system can make adjustments. If it is too loud, the volume can be turned down, and vice - versa.

Also, a presenter should not lean over the microphone. Mikes are sensitive enough to pick up one's voice from a short distance. Bending over the mike will not help the presenter sound better. Instead, it will probably make the presenter look awkward. In fact, by bending over the mike, the presenter makes himself or herself appear smaller and less confident. It is important to project a confident appearance to conduct a successful presentation.

Finally, presenters should remember not to touch the microphone with their mouths or fingers. Accidentally bumping the mike can make an unpleasant sound. Again, by standing six inches away, the presenter will avoid this problem. By following these tips, any presenter will feel comfortable on the day of his or her next presentation.

Q. According to the passage, when is it necessary to use a microphone?

Directions. An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.

First sentence: Though using a microphone in front of a large audience can be nerve-wracking, it is sometimes necessary.

Computer Systems

Although many people these days use and rely on computers, many do not understand how the computer and its equipment work. The equipment inside your computer that helps it operate is called software. There are two general types of software: systems and applications. Systems software has instructions the computer needs to run useful programs, such as keeping financial records, playing games, etc. Applications software includes the programs themselves.

There are three main parts of systems software: the disk - operating system (DOS), utilities, and languages​​. The DOs directs information, transferrin it from one part of the computer to another and storing it in memory and on disk. The DOS consists of a core and some utility programs. To put it simply, the disc operating system contains the information that a computer needs to function. The DOS is like a translator between the program and the CPU. Utilities, in contrast, tell the operating system how to work; for example, utilities copy files from one disk drive to another or detail exactly how something should be printed. Finally, languages ​​act like an interpreter. They let users " talk " to the computers by using the keyboard, even though they may not know anything about how the computer works inside.

Applications software refers to the specific programs that a computer uses to do different types of tasks. When users play their favorite games, type a paper for school, translate something into English, or keep records for their businesses, they are using applications. Besides games, users are most likely to use applications software in the subjects of education, business, health, and word processing.

In simple terms, systems software is like the blueprint for a house Applications software is like the furniture and decorations people put inside the house. Users do not need to understand systems software to use applications. Similarly, they do not need to understand applications to use systems. Typical computer users, in fact, will likely never need to understand or use systems software unless they want to design or change a software program.

Q. Which of the following best states the topic of the passage?

Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.

First sentence: Systems and applications software work together to operate computers.

Computers and Education

Education researchers have found that different people often have very different ways of learning and remembering information. For example, some students learn best by reading, some by listening, some by seeing, and some by actively engaging the subject. Accommodating this range of learning styles within the classroom presents a challenge to teachers, who already need to plan their classes so as to use their time most effectively. One tool that helps teachers meet the learning needs of their students is the computer.

To begin with, computers are fun to use, so they can maintain the attention of students. Computer programs can play music and sounds for students who learn by listening. In addition, they can display text for students who learn by reading. They can show multi - colored graphics, such as pictures and drawings, for students who learn by seeing. For instance, American children often have to learn the 50 states in their country. Clicking on a colorful map of the United States with a computer mouse can really help a student learn and remember where the different states are located.

Computers can also be helpful because they give instant feedback. Take again the example of learning the 50 states of the US. Most American children must also learn the capitals of each state. A computer program might ask a student, " What is the capital of New Mexico? " If the student responds Albuquerque, " the computer can instantly indicate that the answer is incorrect. Next, the student responds " Santa Fe. " This time, it flashes beautiful colors on the screen and says the words, " Good job! You are correct! " The student can then happily go on to the next question.

The ways in which a computer can be helpful for education are numerous , a device that can appeal to each student's learning style can significantly increase the effectiveness of instruction time , as well as allow each student to learn in the manner best suited for him or her As computer use becomes more and more common in classrooms , teachers will become more familiar with its benefits In addition, teachers and students are sure to discover many other wonderful aspects of computer - based learning.

Q. What does the word " they " in paragraph 2 refer to?

Computer Development

Throughout history, people have needed tools to help them keep track of numbers. Whether it was to keep track of money, animals, or the days and years, people have always sought better, more efficient ways to deal with mathematics. The Greeks, Romans, and Egyptians used an abacus with beads to help them. The Incas of Peru used knots in strings to assist their calculations. Today, of course, we have calculators and computers to perform mathematical operations. The development of these modern mathematical tools began in the 19th century.

Charles Babbage, a British mathematician, is the father of the modern computer. A) Babbage is given credit for developing the principles upon which the modern computer is based. B) His first invention was the Difference Engine, invented in 1822. C) It computed algebraic expressions with many terms, but could not solve other mathematical problems. Babbage wanted a machine that could solve all mathematical problems - one that could do any kind of mathematical calculation.

D) To achieve this goal, Babbage designed the Analytical Engine, which was a general purpose computing machine. It had input storage, control, and output mechanisms. The Analytical Engine was digital, and it was controlled by punch cards. Punch cards are pieces of hard paper with holes punched into them. The pattern of holes on the card made up a kind of code that the Analytic Engine could read and use as data. To understand this, think of a machine that counts on its fingers, which are often referred to as digits. Babbage wanted a machine that could store thousands of figures. Unfortunately for him, he never fully reached his goal. This would happen fifty years later, across the Atlantic Ocean.

The United States Census Bureau was having trouble tabulating the 1880 census, and another census was due soon. A census agent, Herman Hollerith, was asked to invent an automated tabulating machine to count the 1890 census. Similar to Babbage's Analytical Engine, Hollerith's invention used punch cards. It was a success, and Hollerith left the census bureau to form his own company, the Tabulating Machine Company This company became quite a large success, and in 1924, it changed its name to IBM, a computer company known around the world today.

Q. Based on the information in paragraph 4, what can be inferred about Herman Hollerith?

Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.

First sentence: Charles Babbage developed the principles upon which modern computing is based and is considered the father of the modern computer.

Microphones

Today, people from many different professions must give presentations. For example, business people might present their new product to an audience of potential clients in order to convince the audience to buy Medical doctors might present the findings from their research to an audience of other medical professionals. Indeed, the career success of a business person or researcher may depend on his or her ability to communicate effectively during such a presentation. Often, these presentations are done in front of a large group of people in a large room. When this is the case, it is generally necessary to use a microphone. Unfortunately, using a microphone can make some presenters nervous. However, if one keeps in mind a few basic tips about using a microphone, the presentation will go much more smoothly for presenter and audience alike.

The first tip every presenter should remember is to arrive early to the conference room. It is necessary to test the system before actually standing in front of the audience. To do so, the presenter should stand about six inches from the mike and say, " testing - testing. " If the speaker is too close to the microphone, it will pick up his or her breathing and high tones in the speaker's voice may cause an annoying, high - pitched noise. The person controlling the volume of the sound system can make adjustments. If it is too loud, the volume can be turned down, and vice - versa.

Also, a presenter should not lean over the microphone. Mikes are sensitive enough to pick up one's voice from a short distance. Bending over the mike will not help the presenter sound better. Instead, it will probably make the presenter look awkward. In fact, by bending over the mike, the presenter makes himself or herself appear smaller and less confident. It is important to project a confident appearance to conduct a successful presentation.

Finally, presenters should remember not to touch the microphone with their mouths or fingers. Accidentally bumping the mike can make an unpleasant sound. Again, by standing six inches away, the presenter will avoid this problem. By following these tips, any presenter will feel comfortable on the day of his or her next presentation.

Q. Which is true of preparing to use a microphone?

Microphones

Today, people from many different professions must give presentations. For example, business people might present their new product to an audience of potential clients in order to convince the audience to buy Medical doctors might present the findings from their research to an audience of other medical professionals. Indeed, the career success of a business person or researcher may depend on his or her ability to communicate effectively during such a presentation. Often, these presentations are done in front of a large group of people in a large room. When this is the case, it is generally necessary to use a microphone. Unfortunately, using a microphone can make some presenters nervous. However, if one keeps in mind a few basic tips about using a microphone, the presentation will go much more smoothly for presenter and audience alike.

The first tip every presenter should remember is to arrive early to the conference room. It is necessary to test the system before actually standing in front of the audience. To do so, the presenter should stand about six inches from the mike and say, " testing - testing. " If the speaker is too close to the microphone, it will pick up his or her breathing and high tones in the speaker's voice may cause an annoying, high - pitched noise. The person controlling the volume of the sound system can make adjustments. If it is too loud, the volume can be turned down, and vice - versa.

Also, a presenter should not lean over the microphone. Mikes are sensitive enough to pick up one's voice from a short distance. Bending over the mike will not help the presenter sound better. Instead, it will probably make the presenter look awkward. In fact, by bending over the mike, the presenter makes himself or herself appear smaller and less confident. It is important to project a confident appearance to conduct a successful presentation.

Finally, presenters should remember not to touch the microphone with their mouths or fingers. Accidentally bumping the mike can make an unpleasant sound. Again, by standing six inches away, the presenter will avoid this problem. By following these tips, any presenter will feel comfortable on the day of his or her next presentation.

Q. The word “potential” could best be replaced by which of the following?

Microphones

Today, people from many different professions must give presentations. For example, business people might present their new product to an audience of potential clients in order to convince the audience to buy Medical doctors might present the findings from their research to an audience of other medical professionals. Indeed, the career success of a business person or researcher may depend on his or her ability to communicate effectively during such a presentation. Often, these presentations are done in front of a large group of people in a large room. When this is the case, it is generally necessary to use a microphone. Unfortunately, using a microphone can make some presenters nervous. However, if one keeps in mind a few basic tips about using a microphone, the presentation will go much more smoothly for presenter and audience alike.

The first tip every presenter should remember is to arrive early to the conference room. It is necessary to test the system before actually standing in front of the audience. To do so, the presenter should stand about six inches from the mike and say, " testing - testing. " If the speaker is too close to the microphone, it will pick up his or her breathing and high tones in the speaker's voice may cause an annoying, high - pitched noise. The person controlling the volume of the sound system can make adjustments. If it is too loud, the volume can be turned down, and vice - versa.

Also, a presenter should not lean over the microphone. Mikes are sensitive enough to pick up one's voice from a short distance. Bending over the mike will not help the presenter sound better. Instead, it will probably make the presenter look awkward. In fact, by bending over the mike, the presenter makes himself or herself appear smaller and less confident. It is important to project a confident appearance to conduct a successful presentation.

Finally, presenters should remember not to touch the microphone with their mouths or fingers. Accidentally bumping the mike can make an unpleasant sound. Again, by standing six inches away, the presenter will avoid this problem. By following these tips, any presenter will feel comfortable on the day of his or her next presentation.

Q. As used in paragraph 2, what is the meaning of the word “adjustments”?

Computer Systems

Although many people these days use and rely on computers, many do not understand how the computer and its equipment work. The equipment inside your computer that helps it operate is called software. There are two general types of software: systems and applications. Systems software has instructions the computer needs to run useful programs, such as keeping financial records, playing games, etc. Applications software includes the programs themselves.

There are three main parts of systems software: the disk - operating system (DOS), utilities, and languages​​. The DOs directs information, transferrin it from one part of the computer to another and storing it in memory and on disk. The DOS consists of a core and some utility programs. To put it simply, the disc operating system contains the information that a computer needs to function. The DOS is like a translator between the program and the CPU. Utilities, in contrast, tell the operating system how to work; for example, utilities copy files from one disk drive to another or detail exactly how something should be printed. Finally, languages ​​act like an interpreter. They let users " talk " to the computers by using the keyboard, even though they may not know anything about how the computer works inside.

Applications software refers to the specific programs that a computer uses to do different types of tasks. When users play their favorite games, type a paper for school, translate something into English, or keep records for their businesses, they are using applications. Besides games, users are most likely to use applications software in the subjects of education, business, health, and word processing.

In simple terms, systems software is like the blueprint for a house Applications software is like the furniture and decorations people put inside the house. Users do not need to understand systems software to use applications. Similarly, they do not need to understand applications to use systems. Typical computer users, in fact, will likely never need to understand or use systems software unless they want to design or change a software program.

Q. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information

Computer Systems

Although many people these days use and rely on computers, many do not understand how the computer and its equipment work. The equipment inside your computer that helps it operate is called software. There are two general types of software: systems and applications. Systems software has instructions the computer needs to run useful programs, such as keeping financial records, playing games, etc. Applications software includes the programs themselves.

There are three main parts of systems software: the disk - operating system (DOS), utilities, and languages​​. The DOs directs information, transferrin it from one part of the computer to another and storing it in memory and on disk. The DOS consists of a core and some utility programs. To put it simply, the disc operating system contains the information that a computer needs to function. The DOS is like a translator between the program and the CPU. Utilities, in contrast, tell the operating system how to work; for example, utilities copy files from one disk drive to another or detail exactly how something should be printed. Finally, languages ​​act like an interpreter. They let users " talk " to the computers by using the keyboard, even though they may not know anything about how the computer works inside.

Applications software refers to the specific programs that a computer uses to do different types of tasks. When users play their favorite games, type a paper for school, translate something into English, or keep records for their businesses, they are using applications. Besides games, users are most likely to use applications software in the subjects of education, business, health, and word processing.

In simple terms, systems software is like the blueprint for a house Applications software is like the furniture and decorations people put inside the house. Users do not need to understand systems software to use applications. Similarly, they do not need to understand applications to use systems. Typical computer users, in fact, will likely never need to understand or use systems software unless they want to design or change a software program.

Q. The word storing in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ?

Computer Systems

Although many people these days use and rely on computers, many do not understand how the computer and its equipment work. The equipment inside your computer that helps it operate is called software. There are two general types of software: systems and applications. Systems software has instructions the computer needs to run useful programs, such as keeping financial records, playing games, etc. Applications software includes the programs themselves.

There are three main parts of systems software: the disk - operating system (DOS), utilities, and languages​​. The DOs directs information, transferrin it from one part of the computer to another and storing it in memory and on disk. The DOS consists of a core and some utility programs. To put it simply, the disc operating system contains the information that a computer needs to function. The DOS is like a translator between the program and the CPU. Utilities, in contrast, tell the operating system how to work; for example, utilities copy files from one disk drive to another or detail exactly how something should be printed. Finally, languages ​​act like an interpreter. They let users " talk " to the computers by using the keyboard, even though they may not know anything about how the computer works inside.

Applications software refers to the specific programs that a computer uses to do different types of tasks. When users play their favorite games, type a paper for school, translate something into English, or keep records for their businesses, they are using applications. Besides games, users are most likely to use applications software in the subjects of education, business, health, and word processing.

In simple terms, systems software is like the blueprint for a house Applications software is like the furniture and decorations people put inside the house. Users do not need to understand systems software to use applications. Similarly, they do not need to understand applications to use systems. Typical computer users, in fact, will likely never need to understand or use systems software unless they want to design or change a software program.

Q. The word "tasks" in paragraph 3, could best be replaced by which of the following ?

Computers and Education

Education researchers have found that different people often have very different ways of learning and remembering information. For example, some students learn best by reading, some by listening, some by seeing, and some by actively engaging the subject. Accommodating this range of learning styles within the classroom presents a challenge to teachers, who already need to plan their classes so as to use their time most effectively. One tool that helps teachers meet the learning needs of their students is the computer.

To begin with, computers are fun to use, so they can maintain the attention of students. Computer programs can play music and sounds for students who learn by listening. In addition, they can display text for students who learn by reading. They can show multi - colored graphics, such as pictures and drawings, for students who learn by seeing. For instance, American children often have to learn the 50 states in their country. Clicking on a colorful map of the United States with a computer mouse can really help a student learn and remember where the different states are located.

Computers can also be helpful because they give instant feedback. Take again the example of learning the 50 states of the US. Most American children must also learn the capitals of each state. A computer program might ask a student, " What is the capital of New Mexico? " If the student responds Albuquerque, " the computer can instantly indicate that the answer is incorrect. Next, the student responds " Santa Fe. " This time, it flashes beautiful colors on the screen and says the words, " Good job! You are correct! " The student can then happily go on to the next question.

The ways in which a computer can be helpful for education are numerous , a device that can appeal to each student's learning style can significantly increase the effectiveness of instruction time , as well as allow each student to learn in the manner best suited for him or her As computer use becomes more and more common in classrooms , teachers will become more familiar with its benefits In addition, teachers and students are sure to discover many other wonderful aspects of computer - based learning.

Q. What does the word "it " in paragraph 3 refer to?

Computers and Education

Education researchers have found that different people often have very different ways of learning and remembering information. For example, some students learn best by reading, some by listening, some by seeing, and some by actively engaging the subject. Accommodating this range of learning styles within the classroom presents a challenge to teachers, who already need to plan their classes so as to use their time most effectively. One tool that helps teachers meet the learning needs of their students is the computer.

To begin with, computers are fun to use, so they can maintain the attention of students. Computer programs can play music and sounds for students who learn by listening. In addition, they can display text for students who learn by reading. They can show multi - colored graphics, such as pictures and drawings, for students who learn by seeing. For instance, American children often have to learn the 50 states in their country. Clicking on a colorful map of the United States with a computer mouse can really help a student learn and remember where the different states are located.

Computers can also be helpful because they give instant feedback. Take again the example of learning the 50 states of the US. Most American children must also learn the capitals of each state. A computer program might ask a student, " What is the capital of New Mexico? " If the student responds Albuquerque, " the computer can instantly indicate that the answer is incorrect. Next, the student responds " Santa Fe. " This time, it flashes beautiful colors on the screen and says the words, " Good job! You are correct! " The student can then happily go on to the next question.

The ways in which a computer can be helpful for education are numerous , a device that can appeal to each student's learning style can significantly increase the effectiveness of instruction time , as well as allow each student to learn in the manner best suited for him or her As computer use becomes more and more common in classrooms , teachers will become more familiar with its benefits In addition, teachers and students are sure to discover many other wonderful aspects of computer - based learning.

Q. Which word could best replace "responds" in paragraph 3?

Computers and Education

Education researchers have found that different people often have very different ways of learning and remembering information. For example, some students learn best by reading, some by listening, some by seeing, and some by actively engaging the subject. Accommodating this range of learning styles within the classroom presents a challenge to teachers, who already need to plan their classes so as to use their time most effectively. One tool that helps teachers meet the learning needs of their students is the computer.

To begin with, computers are fun to use, so they can maintain the attention of students. Computer programs can play music and sounds for students who learn by listening. In addition, they can display text for students who learn by reading. They can show multi - colored graphics, such as pictures and drawings, for students who learn by seeing. For instance, American children often have to learn the 50 states in their country. Clicking on a colorful map of the United States with a computer mouse can really help a student learn and remember where the different states are located.

Computers can also be helpful because they give instant feedback. Take again the example of learning the 50 states of the US. Most American children must also learn the capitals of each state. A computer program might ask a student, " What is the capital of New Mexico? " If the student responds Albuquerque, " the computer can instantly indicate that the answer is incorrect. Next, the student responds " Santa Fe. " This time, it flashes beautiful colors on the screen and says the words, " Good job! You are correct! " The student can then happily go on to the next question.

The ways in which a computer can be helpful for education are numerous , a device that can appeal to each student's learning style can significantly increase the effectiveness of instruction time , as well as allow each student to learn in the manner best suited for him or her As computer use becomes more and more common in classrooms , teachers will become more familiar with its benefits In addition, teachers and students are sure to discover many other wonderful aspects of computer - based learning.

Q. The word " benefits " is closest in meaning to?

Q. Look at the four letters that indicates where the following sentence could be added in paragraph 2:

He then began to work on this problem Where would the sentence best fit? Choose the letter where the sentence should be added to the passage.

Computer Development

Throughout history, people have needed tools to help them keep track of numbers. Whether it was to keep track of money, animals, or the days and years, people have always sought better, more efficient ways to deal with mathematics. The Greeks, Romans, and Egyptians used an abacus with beads to help them. The Incas of Peru used knots in strings to assist their calculations. Today, of course, we have calculators and computers to perform mathematical operations. The development of these modern mathematical tools began in the 19th century.

Charles Babbage, a British mathematician, is the father of the modern computer. A) Babbage is given credit for developing the principles upon which the modern computer is based. B) His first invention was the Difference Engine, invented in 1822. C) It computed algebraic expressions with many terms, but could not solve other mathematical problems. Babbage wanted a machine that could solve all mathematical problems - one that could do any kind of mathematical calculation.

D) To achieve this goal, Babbage designed the Analytical Engine, which was a general purpose computing machine. It had input storage, control, and output mechanisms. The Analytical Engine was digital, and it was controlled by punch cards. Punch cards are pieces of hard paper with holes punched into them. The pattern of holes on the card made up a kind of code that the Analytic Engine could read and use as data. To understand this, think of a machine that counts on its fingers, which are often referred to as digits. Babbage wanted a machine that could store thousands of figures. Unfortunately for him, he never fully reached his goal. This would happen fifty years later, across the Atlantic Ocean.

The United States Census Bureau was having trouble tabulating the 1880 census, and another census was due soon. A census agent, Herman Hollerith, was asked to invent an automated tabulating machine to count the 1890 census. Similar to Babbage's Analytical Engine, Hollerith's invention used punch cards. It was a success, and Hollerith left the census bureau to form his own company, the Tabulating Machine Company This company became quite a large success, and in 1924, it changed its name to IBM, a computer company known around the world today.

Q. The word " credit " in paragraph 2 could best be replaced by which of the following?

Computers and Education

Education researchers have found that different people often have very different ways of learning and remembering information. For example, some students learn best by reading, some by listening, some by seeing, and some by actively engaging the subject. Accommodating this range of learning styles within the classroom presents a challenge to teachers, who already need to plan their classes so as to use their time most effectively. One tool that helps teachers meet the learning needs of their students is the computer.

To begin with, computers are fun to use, so they can maintain the attention of students. Computer programs can play music and sounds for students who learn by listening. In addition, they can display text for students who learn by reading. They can show multi - colored graphics, such as pictures and drawings, for students who learn by seeing. For instance, American children often have to learn the 50 states in their country. Clicking on a colorful map of the United States with a computer mouse can really help a student learn and remember where the different states are located.

Computers can also be helpful because they give instant feedback. Take again the example of learning the 50 states of the US. Most American children must also learn the capitals of each state. A computer program might ask a student, " What is the capital of New Mexico? " If the student responds Albuquerque, " the computer can instantly indicate that the answer is incorrect. Next, the student responds " Santa Fe. " This time, it flashes beautiful colors on the screen and says the words, " Good job! You are correct! " The student can then happily go on to the next question.

The ways in which a computer can be helpful for education are numerous , a device that can appeal to each student's learning style can significantly increase the effectiveness of instruction time , as well as allow each student to learn in the manner best suited for him or her As computer use becomes more and more common in classrooms , teachers will become more familiar with its benefits In addition, teachers and students are sure to discover many other wonderful aspects of computer - based learning.

Q. The word " goal " in paragraph 3 is closest meaning to?