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WorksheetsNephrology Review Questions
Total questions: 40
Worksheet time: 1hrs 23mins
What is the serum osmolarity value?
275-290 mOsm/kg
300-350 mOsm/kg
100-200 mOsm/kg
90-100 mOsm/kg
What are the 3 major effective osmoles that are present in the extracellular fluid?
K+
Na+
Cl-
HCO3-
Where are the osmoreceptors located and what do they control?
Carotid arteries, blood volume by regulating sodium
Hypothalamus, blood osmolarity by regulating water
Aortic arch, blood volume by regulating sodium
Pituitary gland, hormones
Being deficient in total body water is also known as what?
Hypotonic hydration
Volume excess
Isotonic
Dehydration
A patient comes into the ER with a history of renal disease and fluid buildup in her feet and ankle area. The doctor tells you that the patient has a 3+ pitting edema. How would you recommend we treat this patient?
Give a PPI
Give a beta blocker
Give a diuretic
Give normal saline
What are some of the common hyponatremia risk factors?
Residents in nursing homes
Advancing age
Exercise induced
Kidney disease
A rule of thumb to always remember when treating hyponatremia is do not raise serum Na+ more than...
20 mEQ/L per 24 hours to avoid Osmotic Demyelination Syndrome
12 mEQ/L per 24 hours to avoid Osmotic Demyelination Syndrome
15 mEQ/L per 24 hours to avoid Osmotic Demyelination Syndrome
10 mEQ/L per 24 hours to avoid Osmotic Demyelination Syndrome
What is the most common type of hyponatremia?
Hypotonic hyponatremia
Osmotic hyponatremia
Dehydration hyponatremia
Hypertonic hyponatremia
What is the preferred treatment of acute symptomatic hypotonic hyponatremia
0.5% NaCl
12% NaCl
7% NaCl
0.9% NaCl
Central Diabetes Insipidus should be treated with...
NaCl
DDAVP
3% Normal Saline
Conivaptan
Which cation is the most abundant?
Ca
K
Mg
Na
Which one of the following are functions of potassium?
Protein and glycogen and synthesis
Cellular metabolism and growth
Determinant of electrical action potentials
Ratio of ICF:ECF determines resting membrane potentials
Which of the following are ways potassium is regulated?
Diet
Hormones
Acid-base balance
Calcium consumption
Insulin can cause...
Hyperkalemia
Hypercalcemia
Hypokalemia
Hyponatremia
Hypokalemia is most often involved with hypomagnesemia. In this case, the hypomagnesemia should always be corrected first
True
False
As a general rule, when treating hypokalemia, 35 mEq of K+ administered will raise the serum potassium by 0.1 mEq/L
True
False
What is the major cause of hyperkalemia
Renal insufficiency
Eating too many bananas
GI obstruction
Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
Which of the following are cation exchange resins?
Lokelma
DDAVP
Kayexalate
Veltassa
What is the normal magnesium range?
3.5-5
135-145
6-8
1.4-1.8
Asymptomatic hypomagnesemia treatment can include PO supplements such as:
Antacids or laxatives
Magnesium oxide
PPI
Drinking gatoraid
Hypermagnesemia signs and symptoms can include:
Arrhythmias
Increased urination
Diabetes
Hypertension
Cancer is one of the most common causes of hypercalcemia
True
False
What value of calcium is considered mild-moderate and is usually asymptomatic?
Greater than 15
Less than 13
Greater than 13
Less than 25
A patient comes in with hyperparathyroidism that is causing hypercalcemia. How would you treat this patient?
Give calcium
Reduce milk intake
Take multivitamin daily
Surgery
Normal saline is the first line pharmacologic treatment for cancer associated hypercalcemia
True
False
What is the MOA of Cinacalcet
Prevents osteoclast formation
Block resorption and prevent maturation of osteoclasts
Calcimimetic
Bisphosphonate
What are the two primary causes of hypocalcemia
Postoperative hypoparathyroidism
Vitamin D deficiency
Blood transfusions
Tumor lysis syndrome
Phosphorus has a function of regulating metabolism
True
False
Is phosphorous a major extracellular or intracellular anion
Extracellular
Intracellular
Which of the following are phosphate binding agents used for the treatment of hyperphosphatemia
Cinacalcet
Phos-Lo
Antacids
Sevelamer
Hypophosphatemia can cause long term consequences such as...
Crohn's disease/ Ulcerative colitis
End stage renal disease
Osteopenia and osteomalacia
Red Man Syndrome
Osmotic diarrhea is a SELF limiting effect of oral phosphorus replacement
True
False
What type of incontinence does this patient have
Functional incontinence
Overflow incontinence
Overactive bladder
Stress incontinence
What risk factors does this patient have?
Obesity
Pregnancy
Childbirth
Menopause
Which of her medications may be worsening her incontinence?
A1-antagonist
ACE
Diuretic
Statin
Which of the following is NOT a behavioral modification she can change?
Avoid caffeine
Schedule/time when she voids
Exercise
Add more citrus to her diet
Stress incontinence has FDA approved pharmacological therapies
True
False
If this patient had been experiencing symptoms associated with the urge incontinence instead, what medications would not be appropriate?
Vesicare
Mirabegron
Oxybutynin
Tolterodine
What is the first line treatment for urge incontinence?
Sacral neuromodulation
ER PO antimuscarinics
Transdermal oxybutynin
Behavioral therapies
SIADH is the most common cause of?
Hyponatremia
Euvolemic Hypotonic Hyponatremia
Hypernatremia
Isotonic Hypotonic hyponatremia
