Blood is composed of:

Blood is composed of cells & plasma

The 3 types of blood cells are:

Approximately what volume of plasma consists of water?

7% of the content found in plasma is:

About 3% of the content found in plasma consist of hormones, waste products, antibodies, _______, _______, _______ :

Identify the following:

Identify the following:

Identify the following:

Erythrocytes are also known as:

Leucocytes are also known as:

Platelets are also known as:

The heart has 4 chambers, identify two that are listed below:

The heart has 4 valves, identify two that are listed below:

The heart has 4 major blood vessels, identify the two that are listed below:

The heart has 4 major blood vessels, identify the two that are listed below:

Identify the structure in #1

Identify the structure in #2

Identify the structure in #3

Identify the structure in #5

Identify the structure in #6

Identify the structure in #7

Identify the structure in #8

Identify the structure in #9

Identify the structure in #10

Identify the structure in #11

Identify the structure in #12

Blood is a transport vehicle for electrolytes, proteins, gases, nutrients, waste products & hormones

The heart has 4 major valves, identify the two that are listed below:

Blood enters the right atrium

Blood flows through the tricuspid/mitral valve into the right ventricle

When the heart beats - the right ventricle pushes blood through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery

The pulmonary artery carries blood to the lungs where it "picks up" oxygen

Blood leaves the lungs to return to the heart through the pulmonary vein

Blood enters the left atrium

It drops through the bicuspid/mitral valve into the left ventricle

The left ventricle then pumps blood through the aortic valve and into the aorta.

*The aorta is the artery that feeds the rest of the body through a system of blood vessels

Blood returns to the heart from the body via two large blood vessels

1. Superior vena cava

2. Inferior vena cava

*This blood carries little oxygen, as it is returning from the body where oxygen was used

The vena cavas pump blood into the right atrium and the cycle begins all over again

Identify the structure(s) that make up the cardiac conduction system

Identify the structure(s) that make up the cardiac conduction system

Identify the structure(s) that make up the cardiac conduction system

With intrinsic regulation of the heart - the electrical impulse is generated in the:

After the impulse has been generated - the impulse travels across the atria walls to the:

The electrical impulse is delayed by about 0.09sec where?

There is a delay in the electrical impulse so that:

When the electrical impulse passes through the atrioventricular (AV) node, it moves to the:

After the electrical impulse passes the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His), it moves to the:

After the electrical impulse passes the left & right bundle branches, it moves to the:

The cardiac conduction system does not rely on external stimulation

The electrical impulse within the cardiac conduction system is initiated by the:

Extrinsic regulation of the heart is influenced by the:

The Sympathetic Nervous System stimulates the pacemaker to:

The Parasympathetic Nervous System stimulates the pacemaker to:

A decrease in HR is brought about when the Sympathetic Nervous System releases acetylcholine

A decrease in HR is brought about when the Sympathetic Nervous System releases adrenaline (epinephrine)

An increase in HR is brought about when the Sympathetic Nervous System releases adrenaline (epinephrine) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

An increase in HR is brought about when the Parasympathetic Nervous System releases adrenaline (epinephrine) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

A decrease in HR is brought about when the Parasympathetic Nervous System releases acetylcholine

Which type of receptor would help us detect an increase in carbon dioxide levels in the blood brought about by exercise?

Which type of receptor would help us recognize that our muscles are exerting more effort than normal during exercise?

Which type of receptor would help us recognize an increase or decrease in blood pressure?

Pulmonary circulation involves blood flow to the:

Pulmonary circulation begins in the:

With pulmonary circulation, blood returning to the heart enters into the:

With pulmonary circulation, blood leaving the heart is:

With pulmonary circulation, blood returning to the heart is:

Systemic circulation involves blood flow to the:

Systemic circulation begins in the:

With systemic circulation, blood returning to the heart enters into the:

With systemic circulation, blood leaving the heart is:

With systemic circulation, blood returning to the heart is:

Identify the structure(s) that make up the cardiac conduction system

Identify the structure(s) that make up the cardiac conduction system

Identify the structure(s) that make up the cardiac conduction system

With intrinsic regulation of the heart - the electrical impulse is generated in the:

After the impulse has been generated - the impulse travels across the atria walls to the:

The electrical impulse is delayed by about 0.09sec where?

There is a delay in the electrical impulse so that:

When the electrical impulse passes through the atrioventricular (AV) node, it moves to the:

After the electrical impulse passes the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His), it moves to the:

After the electrical impulse passes the left & right bundle branches, it moves to the:

The cardiac conduction system does not rely on external stimulation

The volume of blood pumped from the ventricles of your heart in 1min (L/min)

The number of times your heart beats in 1min (bpm)

The volume of blood pumped from the ventricles with each heartbeat

Cardiac Output, Stroke Volume & Heart Rate will all increase during immediate exercise (if you are in a resting state and begin exercising)

With consistent participation in cardiovascular exercise that includes both progression and overload, over time there will be:

Females have a higher resting heart rate than males

Females have a lower resting heart rate than males

In equally trained individuals, males have a lower heart rate when exercising at the same intensity in comparison to females

Males typically have a higher stroke volume than females

Females typically have a higher stroke volume than males during exercise

Females typically have a lower stroke volume than males during exercise

Females typically have a higher cardiac output than males

Males typically have a higher cardiac output than females at rest

Males typically have a higher cardiac output than females during exercise

Females typically have a higher cardiac output than males during exercise

Trained individuals typically have a higher resting heart rate than untrained individuals

Trained individuals typically have a lower resting heart rate than untrained individuals

When exercising at the same intensity, untrained individuals will have a higher heart rate than trained individuals

When exercising at the same intensity, untrained individuals will have a lower heart rate than trained individuals

Untrained individuals have a higher stroke volume at rest compared to trained individuals

Untrained individuals have a higher stroke volume during exercise compared to trained individuals

Typical 65+ year old senior has lower resting heart rate than a young individual

Typical 65+ year old senior has lower heart rate during maximal exercise than a young individual

Young individual has a greater stroke volume at rest & during exercise than typical 65+ year old senior

Cardiac output is greater in a typical 65+ year old senior at rest than a young individual

Cardiac output is less in a typical 65+ year old senior at than a young individual during exercise

VO2 Max typically increases with maturation

After maturation VO2 Max begins to decline

Cardiovascular Drift occurs:

Heart Rate increases rapidly with cardiovascular drift

Heart Rate increases gradually with cardiovascular drift

Stroke volume increases gradually with cardiovascular drift

Heart Rate decreases gradually with cardiovascular drift

Blood viscosity increases due to:

Heart rate increases due to the increase in:

Thermoregulation is:

Over prolonged periods of exercise in a hot environment:

Increased blood viscosity causes heart rate to:

Hot environments:

The flow of blood from the periphery (the body) back to the right atrium

During cardiovascular drift - venous return decreases as a result of:

Blood volume is reduced during cardiovascular drift

What causes a reduction in blood volume?

Proper hydration prior to exercise can reduce cardiovascular drift

Stroke volume decreases gradually with cardiovascular drift

Systolic Blood Pressure

Diastolic Blood Pressure

Flow

Resistance

Which of the following represents normal blood pressure?

What immediate response can we expect when someone begins running at a moderate intensity?

Blood Pressure will increase with an:

Blood pressure will be lower with:

With an increase in blood viscosity there will be an:

The length of a blood vessel is directly proportional to its resistance

The longer a blood vessel, the:

When the heart contracts this gives:

When the heart relaxes this gives:

Diastolic blood pressure increases in proportion to exercise intensity

Diastolic blood pressure remains relatively unchanged during dynamic exercise

During maximal exercise:

During prolonged cardiovascular exercise, systolic blood pressure may:

When running we can expect systolic blood pressure to be:

When running we can expect diastolic blood pressure to be:

When holding a plank we can expect systolic blood pressure to be:

When holding a plank we can expect diastolic blood pressure to be:

Peripheral vascular resistance is affected very similarly during dynamic and static exercise

During static exercise muscles create higher pressure on the blood vessels in contrast to the pressure created by the muscles during dynamic exercise

Maximal Oxygen Consumption (VO2 Max) - The maximum volume of blood used per minute

Maximal Oxygen Consumption (VO2 Max) - Maximum volume of oxygen inhaled and used per minute

Identify other terms used to refer to Maximal Oxygen Consumption (VO2 Max)

Identify other terms used to refer to Maximal Oxygen Consumption (VO2 Max)

Identify which type of VO2 Max takes into account an athletes body mass

Absolute VO2 Max is good to use with weight-bearing activities such as running

Identify when we should use relative VO2 Max

With a higher VO2 Max a person can exercise:

Aerobic training is likely to cause a greater increase in VO2 Max in those who are more trained

Anaerobic non-interval training is likely to have little effect on VO2 Max

High-intensity interval training can help to improve VO2 Max

Exercise that isolates a specific muscle group will cause a greater increase in VO2 Max

An increase in Cardiac Output & Strove Volume brought about by long-term training would:

Some of the long-term effects of training on VO2 Max are:

Some of the long-term effects of training on VO2 Max are:

Increases in VO2 Max will be greatest in someone who is:

Someone who frequently engages in endurance training will experience physiological adaptations such as an increase in resting heart rate

Someone who frequently engages in endurance training will experience physiological adaptations such as an increase in cardiac output

Females generally have smaller heart, lungs & blood volume

In comparison to males, females typically have:

Absolute VO2 Max values are considerably lower in females when comparing them to males of the same age

In general VO2 Max increases with maturation - yet it is also heavily dependent on physical activity levels & lifestyle

VO2 Max begins to decline:

Athletes have a greater VO2 Max potential in comparison to non-athletes

Cycling produces greater VO2 max values compared to running

Cycling produces greater VO2 max values compared to arm ergometry

Arm ergometry produces greater VO2 max values compared to running

Running produces the greatest VO2 max values compared to cycling and arm ergometry