Identify the cardinal sign of inflammation:

• Redness

• Vasodilation and increased blood flow

Identify the cardinal sign of inflammation:

• Heat

• Vasodilation and increased blood flow

Identify the cardinal sign of inflammation:

• Pain

• Cytokines

• Category of signaling molecules that mediate and regulate immunity, inflammation, and hematopoiesis

Identify the cardinal sign of inflammation:

• Swelling

• Local edema

Identify the cardinal sign of inflammation:

• Loss of function

Vasodilation leads to increased blood flow

Leukocyte extravasation in cellular phase of inflammation (M.R.A.D) (may isang impostor)

Bacterial infections

Viral infections

Allergic reactions

Emigration of WBC’s neutrophils followed by lymphocytes

Unidirectional migration of WBC’s to the site of injury

Process by which foreign particles (bacteria) are ingested by the leukocytes. 4 Steps: Attachment, Engulfment, Fusion of lysosome, Killing

plasma proteins that make offending particle tasty to the phagocytes

is the release of bactericidal chemical stored within granules

Select the 2 oxygen dependent bactericidal mechanisms:

Select the 2 oxygen independent bactericidal mechanisms:

Inflammation leads to the release of numerous chemical agents that mediate the many effects of inflammation

antigen or antibody interactions

endotoxins, polysaccharides, globulins

increase vascular permeability

chemotactic factor

opsonic fragment

membrane attack complex

granulomas have a central areas of caseation necrosis

numerous foamy macrophages

schistosomiasis, granulomas around the ovum

Thin plasma fluid or irritation of mesothelial lining cells. Blisters.

Plasma proteins such as fibrin. Fibrinous pericarditis in rheumatic heart diseases.

Abundant pus. Usually associated with pyogenic organisms • Example: staphylococci

Excavation of the surface of an organ or tissue due to sloughing (shedding) of necrotic tissues.

Replacement of injured cells by the same cell type

Replacement of injured cells by connective tissue

➢ Continuously dividing cells

➢ Epithelia, blood cells

➢ Low-level of replication but can be stimulated in response to stimuli

➢ Solid visceral organs, mesenchymal tissues

➢ Neurons, cardiac muscles, skeletal muscle

• Healing by first intent

• Clean, uninfected wound with minimal loss of native tissues

• Deliberate surgical incisions, superficial abrasions

• Healing by second intent

• More extensive injuries where there is a large tissue defect to be filled

• Major loss of native tissue

• More intense inflammation

• Larger amounts of granulation in defects

• Wound contraction

• Ulcers, avulsions, traumatic injuries

Wound Healing is attributed to constant remodeling and deposition of collagen. Plateaus on the third month achieves 70 to 80 percent of original strength

Deformities of surrounding normal tissues with limitation of motion and movement

• Keloid

• Hypertrophic scar