In moderate persistent anemia, _- (a)   g/dL

In severe persistent anemia, _ g/dL

(a)  

Assesses bone marrow‟s ability to increase RBC production in response to anemia

(a)  

Defined as the growth and proliferation of one or more clones of abnormal cells.

(a)  

Causes of malignancy

(a)  

What stage if Small and localized tumor confined to one location; Still in the early stage of cancer

(a)  

What stage if no cancer present

(a)  

What stage if tumor has grown larger and may begin to spread unto surrounding tissues

(a)  

Cancer cells are detectable in the surrounding lymph nodes and may be spreading through the lymphatic fluid;

Considered to be one of the late stages of cancer

(a)  

What stage if spread to other areas and establish new tumor in different organs; End stage; a.k.a. secondary or metastatic cancer

(a)  

Location of stage 1

(a)  

Location of stage 2

(a)  

Location of stage 3

(a)  

Location of stage 4

(a)  

- Highly technical scale

- Used in every type of cancer except lymphomas and liver cancer

(a)  

N:C maturation asynchrony is common

(a)  

Function: leukemic blasts exhibiting phagocytosis

(a)  

(+) azurophilic granules and AUER RODS

(a)  

≥30% blasts in bone marrow; mature granulocytic cells is <10%

(a)  

>30% blasts in bone marrow; mature granulocytic cells: >10%

(a)  

Associated with chromosomal abnormality translocation: t(8q-;21q+) [10%]

(a)  

Similar to M1 and M2 except frequently associated with Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) ascribed to thromboplastin-like activity of the primary granules.

(a)  

Bundles of AUER RODS present: FAGGOT cells

(a)  

Associated with chromosomal abnormality tanslocation: t(15;17); t(9;22); t(8:21) which is a sign of poor prognosis.

(a)  

microgranular variant of m3

(a)  

>30% blasts in bone marrow; >10% mature granulocytic cells; >30% - 50% promyelocytic cells.

(a)  

Associated with soft-tissue infiltrates and meningeal symptoms.

(a)  

In bone marrow: 30%-80% monocytic cells

(a)  

m4 or acute myelomonocytic leukemia AKA

(a)  

(+) serum or urine lysozyme

(a)  

Associated with deletion or conversion of long arm of chromosome 16

(a)  

poorly differentiated; large blasts in the bone marrow (>80% monoblasts in BM)

(a)  

well differentiated; all stages of monocyte development (<80% monoblasts in BM)

(a)  

>80% monocytic cells in BM

(a)  

Cytogenetic abnormality: chromosome translocation t(9:11) most common

(a)  

M6 or ACUTE ERYTHROLEUKEMIA aka

(a)  

- >50% erythrocytic precursor in BM

- >30% blasts in BM

(a)  

M6 or ACUTE ERYTHROLEUKEMIA may progress to

(a)  

M5 OR ACUTE MONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA AKA

(a)  

Uncommon type OF AML

(a)  

>30% megakaryocytic cells in BM

(a)  

Chronic MPD characterized by panmyelosis (increase in all bone marrow elements) and increased red cell mass (RCM).

(a)  

In polycythemia vera,

 RBC Count = males: ___x1012/L; females: ___x1012/L

 Hematocrit = males: ___ g/dL; females: ___ g/dL

(a)  

EPO in absolute polycythemia

(a)  

EPO in Spurious Polycythemia

(a)  

Spurious Polycythemia AKA

(a)  

- RCM: High Normal | Plasma Volume: Low Normal

- Causes: sleep apnea, and diuretics

(a)  

Myelosuppressive drugs in PV

(a)  

Malignant disorder characterized by leukocytosis with increase in mature and immature granulocytic cells.

(a)  

possess the Philadelphia (Ph1) chromosome

(a)  

translocation of long arm of chromosome 9 on the long arm of chromosome 22

(a)  

WBC Count in CML: __-___x109

/L

(a)  

AGNOGENIC MYELOID METAPLASIA AKA

(a)  

Clonal CMD characterized by fibrosis and granulocytic hyperplasia in the bone marrow liver and spleen

(a)  

Classical RBC morphology finding: DACRYOCYTES/TEARDROP RBCs: due to

tortuous circulation through the enlarged

(a)  

Preferred biopsy in AMM

(a)  

LAP score in AMM

(a)  

ESSENTIAL THROMBOCYTHEMIA AKA

(a)  

Chronic MPD characterized by thrombocytosis in excess of >1000x109

/L with spontaneous aggregation of functionally abnormal platelets

(a)  

a light chain immunoglobulin type or a globulin protein (monoclonal) which are found in the urine. Presence of such indicates the possibility of Multiple Myeloma or Waldenstrom’s Macroglobulinemia

(a)  

is a term used to describe a particular lymphocyte that are irregular in size, nuclear chromatins are clumped, could have a basophilic cytoplasm with a para nuclear zone and nucleoli can be unclear or absent

(a)  

Is a malignant disease of the lymphopoietic system that is manifested by the slow but uncontrolled growth of abnormal lymphoid cells in the bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes.

(a)  

L1: (_) PAS (_) Oil Red O

(a)  

L2: (_) PAS (_) Oil Red O

(a)  

L3: (_) PAS (_) Oil Red O

(a)  

Are clonal B-cell lymphocytic disorder that involves proliferation and accumulation of clones of malignant B-cells in the blood, bone marrow, lymph nodes, or other organs.

(a)  

Cytogenetic abnormality: Chromosome 12 abnormality (+12) and chromosome 14 abnormality (14q32)

(a)  

Lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly are common

(a)  

Persistent lymphocytosis

(a)  

Many smudge cells

(a)  

PROLYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA

(a)  

(+) splenomegaly; lymphadenopathy is uncommon

(a)  

HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA AKA

(a)  

Characterized by the presence of hairy cells (hair-like cytoplasmic projections surrounding nucleus)

(a)  

(+) TRAP

(a)  

Most common malignant disease of the plasma cells generally affects older individuals

(a)  

MULTIPLE MYELOMA: Increased production of IgG (__%) and IgA (__%)

(a)  

characterized by the presence of monoclonal gammopathy or “M- spike” appearance.

(a)  

(+) for grape cell, russell bodies, and flame cell.

(a)  

-Lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by large amount of monoclonal IgM.

-Associated with “Hyperviscosity syndrome”

-Contains large amount of plasmacytoid lymphocytes

-(+) Cryoglobulins = precipitates @ 0°C and dissolve when heated.

(a)  

Group of disorders that result from clonal abnormalities of hematopoietic pleuripotential stem cells.

(a)  

useful in classifying ALL from AML

(a)  

Positive of myeloperoxidase - presence of (a)   granules in the cytoplasm (promyelocyte to segmenter)

to test normal maturation of granulocyte

(a)  

Positive of LAP - presence of (a)   precipitate

to detect intracellular carbohydrates

(a)  

Positive of PAS - stains (a)   (granulocyte, lymphocyte, monocyte, Alder Reilly granules)

to detect lipids

(a)  

highly specific for fat, particularly for neutral fat

(a)  

for DNA (nuclear substance and nuclei)

(a)  

detects non-heme iron like ferritin and hemosiderin

(a)  

to identify cells containing hemoglobin

(a)  

McFadzean & Davies Prussian Blue

(a)  

- used to identify granulocyte (lymphocyte & monocyte are negative) and mast cell in tissue section - for demonstrating extramedullary hematopoiesis - useful in differentiating a granulocytic sarcoma (an extramedullary tumor of immature cells; chloroma) from a large cells (histiocytic) lymphoma

(a)  

- positive response in histiocytes, macrophage & megakaryocytes

- used to identify the degree of monocyte component in myeloblastic leukemia and in the diagnosis of histiocytic proliferation in tissue

(a)  

for nuclear staining and drumstick of neutrophil nucle

(a)  

to detect Dohle’s inclusion bodies

(a)  

- greatest degree of enzyme activity is found in macrophage and osteoclast

- present in all hematopoietic cells

- positive staining pattern in T lymphoblast but not a reliable T-cell marker

(a)  

to detect true reticulum fibers and stroma cells (fat cells and fibrocytes)

(a)  

- <1% of the nucleated cells in the bone marrow

- Irregular in shape and has CYTOPLASMIC TAGS

- 21-50 µm

- Abundant (nucleocytoplasmatic ratio is 0.5-0.6), basophilic in color; no granules.

- Irregular, oval or kidney-shaped, eccentrically laid; chromatin is arranged in a network and clusters

(a)  

- 20-80 µm.

- Moderately basophilic or polychromatophilic; there are a few fine azurophilic granules

- Polyploid number of nucleoli, most often 2 - 4 small ones;

- chromatin is arranged in a coarse network or clusters

- Retains cytoplasmic tags

- Nucelar lobes begin to increase

- More developed DEMARCATING MEMBRANE SYSTEM

(a)  

MEGAKARYOCYTE with at least _ nuclei can produce platelets.

(a)  

- Round, with multiple nuclei and peripheral margins

- REDDISH BLUE GRANULES

- Devoid of specific granules other than polyribosomes

(a)  

- Very large cell; decreased N:C ratio

- Nucleus is multilobed and ploidy (4N to 6N)

- Cytoplasm : there is aggregation of granular material into masses (DMS)

- Platelets may be seen adhering to cell membrane

(a)  

All coagulation factors except fibrinogen (fibrin clot sub-unit) are either _____________ or ________________

(a)  

All enzymes except Factor XIII (transglutaminase) are

(a)  

contains residues of amino acids called gamma carboxyglutamic acid that contain 2 carboxyl groups attached to the gamma carbon of the glutamic acid. The extra carboxyl group creates a binding site for calcium.

(a)  

refers to the coagulant portion of the complex and represents the ability of factor VIII molecule to correct coagulation abnormalities associated with hemophilia A.

(a)  

von Willebrand factor; required for normal platelet adhesion in primary hemostasis

(a)  

known as RISTOCETIN CO-FACTOR

(a)  

FIBRINOGEN GROUP/CONSUMABLE GROUP

(a)  

Heat labile

(a)  

Storage labile

(a)  

PROTHROMBIN GROUP/VITAMIN K-DEPENDENT GROUP

(a)  

CONTACT GROUP

(a)  

Xa-Va-Ca2+ -Phospholipid complex AKA

(a)  

acidic phospholipids present on the surface of activated platelets and other tissue cells

(a)  

an endothelial cell surface binding site for thrombin.

(a)  

 Digests fibrin clots in order to maintain the vascular system free from deposited fibrin and fibrin clots.  A systematic, accelerating hydrolysis of fibrin polymers by bound plasmin, which cleaves peptide bonds at arginine and lysine in regions connecting fibrin’s D and E.  Occurs when plasminogen is converted to plasmin.

(a)  

A single chain glycoprotein found in the plasma in a concentration of 20-40 mg/dL and in all other body fluids in lesser amount.

(a)  

manufactured in vitro through recombinant DNA techniques

(a)  

A serine protease which digest or destroy fibrinogen, fibrin, and factors V and VIII. It also promotes the kinin and complement systems.

(a)