described cells in a drop of pond water using a microscope.

Red blood cells, Sperm cells

first to make a compound microscope.

discovered nucleus in plant cells

the cell is the basic building block of all plant matter

same conclusion as Schleiden about animal tissue. Founder of modern histology CELL THEORY

protoplasm as the living matter of the cell.

demonstrate that the cell theory applies to diseased tissue as well as to healthy tissue-that is, that diseased cells derive from the healthy cells of normal tissue.

named the cell contents as protoplasm

breakthroughs in the causes and preventions of diseases

component of water

backbone of all organic molecules

component of water, used in aerobic respiration

component of proteins, nucleic acids, chlorophyll and alkaloids

prevalent ion in plants; regulates water uptake; activates certain enzymes

important in synthesizing pectin in cell wall; activates enzymes involved in chemical communication in cells

part of chlorophyll and some enzymes, helps to stabilize ribosomes

part of phosphate in energy-transfer molecules, nucleic acids, coenzymes, and phospholipids

ingredient of proteins and some enzyme cofactors

possible role in some reactions of photosynthesis

chlorophyll synthesis; part of active site of many important oxidation-reduction enzymes

may work in translocation of sugars

prevalent enzyme activating metal in plants

activates many enzymes; occurs in plastocyanons, an electron-carrier opf photosynthesis

important in nitrate reduction

essential part of urease, which catalyses hydrolysis of urea to carbon dioxide and ammonia

ribose, glucose, fructose, galactose

disaccharides and trisaccharides (raffinose); disaccharides; sucrose, lactose, maltose

storage and structural polysaccharides

Starch- amylase and amylopectin- polymers of glucose

Inulin- found in dahlia tubers, sweet corn; polymers of fructose

Cellulose- are organized together to make microfibrils and fibrils that make up the cell walls of plants; most abundant polymer on earth; pure cellulose is obtained from cotton

in cell walls and membranes; 2-10% Extensin- name given to proteins for the expansion of cell walls;

stored mostly in seeds and used as a source of nutrition for early development of seedlings

catalysts for biochemical reactions usually having a flexible and globular shape

most complex biological polymers for nucleic acids

refer to the fixed oils, fats, and waxes

fats that are liquid at room temperature; most abundant in seeds

combination of a glycerol with three long-chain organic acid or fatty acid

with no C-C double bonds; filled with H atoms; usually solid at room temperature ie. animal lard, palm oil or palmic acid

those having C-C double bonds; providing the molecules rigidity which prevents them from packing together into a solid form, thus they are liquid at room temperature ie. corn oil, peanut oil, olive oil

lipids wherein one of the fatty acids is replaced by a phosphate group which improves water-solubility of fats; found in membranes and are used to control the passage of substances into the cell;

complex mixture of fatty acids linked to long-chain alcohols; more water-repellant

comprising the outermost layer of the leaves, fruits and herbaceous stems; used to protect these parts from drying up

wax embedded in the cuticle; cutin and suberin (composition of cork cels in tree barks)

products of plant metabolism occurring irregularly or rarely among plants and have no known general metabolic role in cells; primarily for ecological purposes (to protect plants from insects and pathogenic microbes)

containing component in plants where the nitrogen is usually a part of a ringed structure; usually bitter and are physiologically active

polymers of isoprene units (containing 5 carbon atoms)

single-ringed; salicylic acid

glycosides-sugar containing metabolites

Composed of a complex mixture of inorganic and organic compounds

-Either a true solid or a true liquid

-Heavier and denser than water

inorganic compound components: organic compound components

They don't have a membrane-bound nucleus and instead of having chromosomal DNA, their genetic information is in a circular loop called a plasmid

They can be easily distinguished through a membrane-bound nucleus. The nucleus, which houses DNA, is contained within a membrane and separated from other cellular structures

inorganic compound components: organic compound components

outer plasma membrane found as a transparent, colorless, outer bounding film of cytoplasm enveloping the granular, inner cytoplasm which is termed as the endoplasm.

clear bounding films of cytoplasm surrounding sap vacuoles.

a clear, transparent film of protoplasm forming the outer bounding zone of nucleus.

it has ribosomes attached to the cytoplasmic side of the membrane - manufactures membranes and secretory proteins

- it lacks attached ribosomes - Functions for carbohydrate and lipid synthesis

composed of flat sacs known as cisternae

hydrostatic pressure

“Superintendent of the Cell”

are also located in the nucleus that house cellular DNA

are long, stringy aggregates of genes that carry heredity information.

Consisting of watery solution of nourishing substances, is also found in the nucleus.

Is the substance which carries those characters or factors from parent to offspring which determine that the offspring shall resemble its parent or parents and past ancestors

believed to represent reserve food which is employed in the metabolic processes of the nucleus.

Plant tissue system

Plant tissue system

- inner to the dermal tissue and is compose of simple tissue like parenchyma

Plant tissue system

- consist of conducting elements xylem and phloem

- may be scattered in ground tissue or irregularly arranged forming a ring.

Plant tissue system:

transpiration, gas exchange and defense.

Plant tissue system:

formed during secondary growth replacing primary epidermis

Plant tissue system:

1. mechanical support

2. protection from desiccation (drought) and against attack by virulent pathogenic organisms and insects

3. gas exchange

4. restriction of water loss by evaporation (transpiration) through stomates and water and mineral storage

Plant tissue system:

- covers roots, stems, leaves, and fruits

Plant tissue system:

- at the outer surface of the epidermal cells is a continuous layer

Plant tissue system:

made up of fatty material

Plant tissue system:

specialized epidermal cells, control air exchange (CO2 and O2) and water loss from plants

Types of plant tissues: Meristematic

Types of plant tissues:

These are actively dividing cells, which are isodiametric in shape, rich in cytoplasm with small or no vacuoles.

These cells consist of undifferentiated cells that are found at shoot tips, at root tips, in the vascular cambium, and in the cork cambium.

Types of plant tissues:

Tissues contain cells of similar structure, function and have common origin

Types of plant tissues:

Cells that are grouped here are of various types in their structure, shape and function, and have different origin, but together, they perform a common function like vascular and secretory tissues

Types of plant tissues: Meristerm

- found at the tips of stems and roots and is responsible for primary growth e.g. plant length

Types of plant tissues: Meristerm

found at the basal portion of internodes and is responsible for the elongation of internodes in Poaceae members

Types of plant tissues: Permanent (Complex)

- cells of the xylem tissue, tracheids, are elongated, have bordered wall pits for water conduction, and are aligned side by side

Types of plant tissues: Permanent (Complex)

tracheary elements

vessel elements (which conduct water and nutrients)

fibers (which provide support)

living parenchyma cells (which store food)

Types of plant tissues: Permanent (Complex)

the primary walls of tracheids and vessel elements have depressions called primary pit fields.

when secondary walls are formed, the bordered holes (pit apertures) consist of a pit chamber and a pit membrane

Types of plant tissues: Permanent (Complex)

composed of sieve elements of sieve cells or sieve tube elements for food conduction, fibers, and parenchyma cells

- companion cells are associated with sieve tube elements

Types of plant tissues: Permanent (Complex)

- found in the phloem of conifers and primitive vascular plants such as ferns. The sieve cells are elongated and thin-walled.

Types of plant tissues: Permanent (Complex)

- found in more advanced flowering plants.

- Sieve plates, consisting of primary pit fields, occur in the end walls of _____

Types of plant tissues: Permanent (Complex)

- a specialized type of parenchyma, may be present in varying numbers in association with sieve tube elements.

Types of plant tissues: Meristerm

found at the vascular and cork cambium and is responsible for secondary growth

Types of plant tissues: Permanent (Simple)

Types of plant tissues: Permanent (Simple)

the fundamental tissue found in every part of the plant body like pith and cortex of the stem and root, mesophyll of leaves, flesh of fruits, floral parts and even in xylem and phloem

3 basic types of plant tissues:

cell walls

3 basic types of plant tissues:

intercellular spaces

3 basic types of plant tissues:

cell walls with lignin

and lumen

Types of plant tissues: Permanent (Simple)

- cell walls of ______ are thickened due to deposition of pectin, narrower than parenchyma

provide elastic support to stems & leaves due to variously thickened primary walls containing cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin & water

Types of plant tissues: Permanent (Simple)

- function in mechanical support due to thick lignified secondary walls, which contain large amounts of cellulose and lignin

Types of plant tissues: Permanent (Simple)

- Intracellular spaces filled with air, are large in size and many in number

Cells occupy a smaller area but provide the required strength to aquatic plants (for aeration and buoyancy)

Types of plant tissues: Permanent (Simple)

Parenchyma cells that contain numerous chloroplasts, seen in leaves and sometimes in young shoots

Types of plant tissues: Permanent (Simple) for Chlorenchyma

elongated and compactly arranged

Types of plant tissues: Permanent (Simple) for Chlorenchyma

spaciously and irregularly arranged

Types of plant tissues: Permanent (Simple) for Sclerenchyma

usually long and spindle shaped structures with tapering ends (with pits)

Types of plant tissues: Permanent (Simple) for Sclerenchyma

 shorter than fibers that occur singly or in groups

- commonly found in fruit wall, seed coat, epidermal scales and occasionally found in cortex, pith and mesophyll

Types of plant tissues: Permanent (Complex)

Refers to the collection of mechanisms that regulate the passage of solutes such as ions and small molecules 

- The movement of molecules (solutes) from an area of a higher concentration to an area of lower concentration; a very slow process but may be an effective transport mechanism across microscopic distances

Movement of water (solvent) from an area of higher concentration to a lower concentration through a semi-permeable membrane 

a type of passive transport that allows substances to cross membranes with the assistance of special transport proteins

Requires ATP to move molecules (solutes) from an area of lesser concentration to an area of greater concentration

Observes a movement against concentration gradient

The process of filtration also requires energy, but the energy does not come directly from ATP, instead, mechanical pressure

Water and dissolved materials are forced through a membrane from an area of higher pressure to lower pressure

a process by which cells absorb molecules (such as proteins) by engulfing them. It is used by all cells of the body because most substances important to them are large polar molecules that cannot pass through the hydrophobic plasma or cell membrane.

is the durable process by which a cell directs the contents of secretory vesicles out of the cell membrane. These membrane-bound vesicles contain soluble proteins to be secreted to the extracellular environment, as well as membrane proteins and lipids that are sent to become components of the cell membrane.

2 types of endocytosis:

- The mechanism used by many protists (e.g. amoeba) to acquire nutrients

- In humans and other multicellular animals phagocytosis is an important defense mechanism against infection

2 types of endocytosis:

- The mechanism used by many protists (e.g. amoeba) to acquire nutrients

- In humans and other multicellular animals phagocytosis is an important defense mechanism against infection

2 types of endocytosis:

- Process of taking in fluid together with its contents into the cell by forming narrow channels through its membrane that pinch off into vesicles, and fuse with lysosomes that hydrolyze or break down contents

Transport mechanisms: : Do not require the cell to do work for the substance to enter or leave the cell

Instead the energy involved comes from the kinetic energy of the molecules in solution

a. Simple diffusion b. Osmosis c. Facilitated diffusion

Transport mechanisms: Involve the cell to use cellular energy usually in the form of ATP to power special protein pumps

a. Active transport  d. Endocytosis

  b. Filtration  d.1.Phagocytosis

  c. Exocytosis  d.2 Pinocytosis