WorksheetsDR. CORSO LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Total questions: 42
Worksheet time: 2hrs 4mins
How are triglycerides digested?
Triglycerides are reacted with the enzyme ATPase (which comes from the intestines) to create free fatty acids.
Bile salts emulsify TGs in the small intestine.
Triglycerides are reacted with the enzyme lipase (which comes from the pancreas) to create free fatty acids.
Bile salts emulsify TGs in the pancreas.
How does Orlistat work?
it is used to decrease dietary triglyceride absorption.
it is used to increase dietary triglyceride absorption.
What is Orlistat used for?
Orlistat is a lipase agonist
Orlistat is a lipase inhibitor
What do bile salts/acids look like and how do they work? Select all that apply
Steroid type molecule composed of Taurocholic acid (bile acid)
Bile acts as a detergent inducing micelles to form thus dissolving the fat in an aqueous environment
Biles main job is to emulsify fats b/c fats are not H2O soluble
Contain: Cholic acid, taurocholic acid, and glycoholate acid
Bile is made in the liver, stored in the gallbladder and released into the small intestine
What does a triglyceride look like, and which bonds are broken during digestion? Select all that apply
Glycerol esterified to 3 fatty acids
Amide bonds are broken during digestion
Ester bonds are broken during digestion
Glycerol esterified to 2 fatty acids
List out the steps of triglyceride digestion (The H2O soluble lipases acts primarily on the emulsified fats
Converts the triacylglycerols to diacylglycerols, monoacylglycerols, free fatty acids and glycerol.
The majority of the products are 2-monoacylglycerols and free fatty acids)
Step 1: Bile salts emulsify dietary fats in the small intestine, forming mixed micelles
Step 2: Intestinal lipases degrade triacylglycerides
Step 3: Fatty Acids and ether breakdown products are taken up by the intestinal mucosa and converted to triacylglycerides
Step 4: Triacylglycerols are incorporated with cholesterol and apolipoproteins into chylomicrons
Step 5: Chylomicrons move through the lymphatic system and bloodstream to tissues
Step 6: Lipoproteins lipase, activated by apoC-2 in the capillary, releases fatty acids and glycerol
Step 7: Fatty acids enter cells
Step 8: Fatty acids are oxidized as fuel or resterfied for storage
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
8, 2, 3, 4, 5, 1, 7, 6
1, 2, 3, 7, 5, 6, 4, 8
2, 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
How are fats absorbed by the intestine?
FFA + 4-Monoacylglycerol
Fats are broken down by lipase into free FAs. FAs + 4-monoacylglycerol
Lipase is from the pancreas
Bile salts emulsify dietary fats in the intestine, forming mixed micelles (The bile salts comes and forms FA + 4-MG micelles)
FFA + 2-Monoacylglycerol
Fats are broken down by lipase into free FAs. FAs + 2-monoacylglycerol
Lipase is from the pancreas
Bile salts emulsify dietary fats in the intestine, forming mixed micelles (The bile salts comes and forms FA + 2-MG micelles)
Which of the following statements are TRUE about a triglyceride, a diglyceride and cholesterol? Select all that apply
Triglycerides: Glycerol esterified to 3 fatty acids
Diglycerides: 2 Fatty Acids esterified to a glycerol molecule with a polar head group
Cholesterol: Steroid molecule with a polar head group and a alkyl side chain
Triglycerides: Glycerol esterified to 1 fatty acid
How do fats move from the intestine to tissues that absorb fat?
Chylomicrons
Triglycerides
Cholesterol
Insulin
Which of the following pack TGs, cholesterols and apolipoproteins and then move through the lymphatic system and bloodstream into tissues?
Chylomicrons
Insulin
What is LPL and how is it used to absorb fats into tissues? Select all that apply
LPL gene encodes lipoprotein lipase, is synthesized in muscle, heart, and adipose tissue, then secreted & attached to endothelium of the adjacent blood capillaries.
LPL is an enzyme that recognizes chylomicron TG (muscle + fat cell)
This enzyme hydrolyzes the TGs carried in chylomicrons & VLDL to FAs, which can be taken up by cells.
None of them are correct
How does insulin affect lipid metabolism?
Insulin increases triglycerides and increases cholesterol
Insulin decreases triglycerides and decreases cholesterol
What is the relationship between the citric acid cycle and fat synthesis during the fed state?
ATP is decreased during the fed state and the CAC increases or which decreases fat synthesis
ATP is increased during the fed state and the CAC stops or decreases which increases fat synthesis
Where does fatty acid synthesis take place in the cell? How is this different from elongation and desaturation? Select all that apply
FA Synthesis: Liver cytoplasm
FA Synthesis: pancreas
Elongation & desaturation: Smooth ER of the liver
Elongation & desaturation: occurs mostly in the kidneys
What is the difference between fatty acid synthesis and triglyceride synthesis? Select all that apply
FA (has C10; 12; 14) is synthesized first.
FA (has C16; 18; 20) is synthesized first.
TG synthesis composed of Glycerol + 3 FA (needs to have FAs before can synthesize TG)
TG synthesis composed of Glycerol + 2 FA (needs to have FAs before can synthesize TG)
How does insulin affect cholesterol synthesis?
Insulin causes cholesterol synthesis to increase
Insulin causes cholesterol synthesis to decrease
by activating phosphatase which then activates acetyl CoA carboxylase
by NOT activating phosphatase which then activates acetyl CoA carboxylase
What is the rate controlling step of cholesterol synthesis?
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor
HMG-CoA reductase
What class of drugs inhibit the rate controlling step of cholesterol synthesis?
Statins
Beta Blockers
ACE Inhibitors
Fibrates
Carry TGs from the intestine to the liver, skeletal muscles and adipose tissues
Chylomicrons
VLDL
Produced in the liver. It carries newly synthesized TGs from the liver to adipose tissue
VLDL
Chilomycrons
Product of VLDL after the removal of TGs
HDL
LDL
Collects cholesterol from the bodies tissues and excess cholesterol in the blood back to the liver for degradation and removal from the body
LDL
HDL
Responsible for reverse cholesterol from the tissues and transport to the liver.
LDL
HDL
Carry cholesterol from the liver to body cells
LDL
HDL
Can buildup in the artery walls and cause them to narrow
LDL
HDL
High _________ levels are associated with atherosclerosis
HDL
VLDL
Which of the following are TRUE about "good cholesterol"? Select all that apply
Does not cause damage
HDL
Facilitates the storage of LDL and promotes excretions
Helps reduce cholesterol from the blood and removes it from the body
Has the highest protein content
Which of the following are TRUE about "bad cholesterol"? Select all that apply
Has the highest cholesterol
Stores cholesterol in the bloodstream
which is bad for us
LDL
Has the lowest cholesterol
What is familial hypercholesterolemia?
LDL receptor defect
HDL receptor defect
What is the effect of statins on other isoprenoids? Select all that apply
Causes isoprenoids to decrease
Causes isoprenoids to increase
decrease in CoQ10
increase in CoQ10
Explain the hormonal control for the release & transport of lipids from the adipose tissue to other tissue such as muscle?
In fasting state: Decreased insulin & increased epinephrine (breakdown of Fat)
In fed state: Decreased insulin & increased epinephrine (breakdown of Fat)
Explain the hormonal control for the release & transport of lipids from the adipose tissue to other tissue such as muscle? Select the best correct order.
Step 1: Hormone (Glucagon), Receptor, and Adenylyl cyclase (AC) bind together and use ATP to release cAMP
Step 2: cAMP activate protein kinase
Step 3: Activate Triacylglycerol lipase to release glycerol and FAs
Step 4: FAs are packed by serum albumin flowing through the bloodstream to Myocyte (Muscle)
Step 5: Beta oxidation occurs, CAC cycle
Step 6: Breaks down FA for energy (ATP) and release CO2
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
2, 1, 4, 3, 5, 6
What is beta-oxidation?
The burning of fatty acids to provide energy to the body in the form of ATP
The burning of chylomicrons to provide energy to the body in the form of insulin
Breaks down a long chain acyl-CoA molecule to acetyl-CoA molecule
beta-oxidation
fed state
How are unsaturated fats catabolized? Select all that apply
Step 1: The body makes sure the double bonds are in the correct position.
Step 2: Enzyme: Enoyl-CoA isomerase will move the double bond to the correct position.
Step 3: 𝛽-oxidation removes 2 Carbons at a time
Does this until Acetyl-CoA is remaining).
3, 1, 2
1, 2, 3
4 extra enzymes
2 extra enzymes
What are Ketone Bodies?
4 carbon body that is water soluble and acidic
2 carbon body that is water soluble and acidic
What is Ketoacidosis? Select all that apply
Increased ketone body production causes a drop in blood pH
More common in Atherosclerosis because body can’t produce enough insulin
More common in T1DM because body can’t produce enough insulin
decreased ketone body production causes an increase in blood pH
It is a molecule 4 rings of a steroid molecule
Triglyceride
Cholesterol
When MEVALONATE is reduced it makes the enzyme ENZYME HMG-COA REDUCTASE .
True
False
Binds to LDL receptor
ApoB-100
ApoC-II
Activates lipoprotein lipase
ApoC-II
ApoB-100
WITHOUT CARNITINE WE CANNOT MOVE FAT TO THE MITOCHONDRIA
True
False
