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WorksheetsAPHG- Services and Urbanization
Total questions: 189
Worksheet time: 3hrs 9mins
Which of the following is a reason for establishing a settlement?
religion
politics
trade and economics
family protection
Which of the following is considered to be an original hearth of urban settlement?
Mesopotamia
Egypt
China
Indus Valley
Which of the following is NOT part of the Consumer services?
Leisure and hospitality
Retail and wholesale
Education
Transportation
Heathcare
Which of the following constitutes between 2/3rd's to 3/4's of GDP in MDC's?
Business services
Consumer services
Public services
None of the above
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of business services?
more common in MDC's than LDC's
facilitate a business transaction
found more frequently in Northeastern United States
found concentrated in densely populated urban areas
provide for a desire that can be bought
An activity that fulfills a human want or need and returns money to those who provide it is known as:
a gift
a transaction
a service
an activity
a favor
A major difference between consumer services and production services is that:
Consumer services usually require workers to have a higher level of education than producer services do
The demand for consumer services far surpasses the demand for producer services do
Producer services are performed for corporations, while consumer services are performed for individuals
Consumer services, unlike producer services, provide something that can be used up or consumed by an individual
The locational interdependence model does not apply to consumer services
Consumption services:
are not directly affected by economic instability
are high order and require post-secondary education
are beneficial to global exports and overall GNI
are broad, low order, and performed by individuals
are narrow in scope and entail high degree of specialization
The largest change in the economic sectors of the economy occurred when?
Shipments of manufactured goods from more-developed countries
Interdependence in the world economic between the more-developed countries and those that provide raw materials and manufacturing
The secondary sector grew between 1850- and 1900 due to the Industrial Revolution
Outsourcing of services to call centers
Investment in countries that are the farthest away geographically from the parent company
Locational advantages important to the development of the earliest cities included
availability of good harbors for large ships
proximity to manufacturing areas
good connections by road and canal
productive agricultural land and defensible sites
temperate climate and proximity to coal mines
Which of the following sectors of the economy has grown the fastest in the United States since the mid-1970s?
Primary
Retail
Service
Secondary
Quaternary
In which countries do services account for between 50 and 69 percent of GDP?
Russia, Australia, and Germany
South Africa, Namibia, and Australia
Canada, the United States, and Brazil
Mexico, Canada, and Russia
Brazil, Mexico, and Yemen
The four main types of consumer services include:
transportation, education, wholesale, and financial
health. social, professional, and public
wholesale, social, leisure, and information service
education, retail, professional, and financial
education, retail, health, and leisure
The graph represents both social and economic changes in the United States between 1975 and 2015. Which sector and sub-sectors have grown the most significantly?
The tertiary sector with increases in leisure, health, and retail services
The tertiary sector with expanded investment in transportation infrastructure
The tertiary sector due to increased importance of financial management jobs
The secondary sector with a revival of manufacturing jobs, mostly in the Midwest
The primary sector with increases in agricultural and mining technology
The gravity model predicts that the optimal location of a service is:
directly related to the range in the area and inversely related to the hinterland
directly related to the distance people must travel and inversely related to the number of people in the area
directly related to the number of people and services in the area and inversely related to the lengths of highways and railways that access it
directly related to the median of people in the area and inversely related to the meridian of people who travel to access it
directly related to the number of people in the area and inversely related to the distance people must travel to access it
An urban center that is disproportionately larger than the second largest city in a country and that dominates the country’s social, political, and economic activities can be best classified as
a primate city
an edge city
a megalopolis
an imperial city
a conurbation
According to central place theory, the threshold is defined as the
point at which consumer movement is at a minimum
gross value of the product minus the costs of production
economic base of a central place
distance away from a central place
minimum number of people needed to support a service
Choose the phrase that best completes the sentence. Periodic markets
are unreliable and therefore contribute to the existence of food deserts for urban dwellers
are widely distributed across developed countries during holiday shopping seasons
directly compete with service providers in developing countries
are only found in developing countries where income levels are too low to support full-time retail services
are located in both developing and developed nations in both rural and urban areas
Which type of service challenges the traditional classifications of services as either a business or consumer service?
taxi rides
business sharing
sharing services
periodic services
consumer sharing services
According to the rank-size rule, which of the following is true about the second-largest city in a country?
It has a population that is twice the size of the third-largest city
It has half the population size of the largest city
It is located half as far from the largest city as is the third-largest city
It is almost equal in population to the largest city
It has half the number of functions as those in the largest city
According to the rank-size rule, if the largest city in a region has a population size of 900,000, then the third largest city will have a population of
900,000
300,000
9,000
3,000
45,000
A lack of adequate dietary nutrition that is pronounced in poor urban areas and poor rural areas.
Primate cities
Food deserts
Farmer markets
Redlining
Periodic markets
Which statement about central place theory is NOT supported in this area of North Dakota?
The largest city, Minot, is surrounded by a collection of smaller towns, villages, and hamlets that display a predictable distribution and size ranking
Smaller settlements supply all of the services needed to the inhabitants of isolated areas
Larger settlements likely contain services that have larger thresholds
Large stores are not likely to be located in Benedict
A regular pattern of settlements has been established that reflects businesses in central places who compete against each other to serve as markets for particular goods and services
The minimum number of patrons needed to a support a service is:
Threshold
Median
Range
Hinterland
Which of the following is NOT a main criteria of Christwaller's Central Place Theory?
Range
Hinterland
Density
Threshold
According to Christaller’s central place model, which of the following would most likely have the smallest range?
An international airport
A university
A professional football stadium
A grocery store
A symphony orchestra hall
If country's largest city is more than twice the settlement size as the next largest city, the city is referred to as?
Rank Size City
Primate City
Megacity
Megalopolis
Which of the following is most relevant to the concept of threshold?
A department store has more than 50 employees
A survey reveals that people are prepared to drive a 30 minutes to get to a department store
A department store only carries female products
A department store typically needs roughly 25,000 people living within a 15-minute radius
A drugstore has a loyalty card that is extremely generous
Which factors would geographers use to determine the marketability of a location?
health of the economy, threshold, primate city location, and range
market area, threshold, local sales taxes, and use of the analog method
market area, range, threshold, and predicted share of market
income levels, market area, age of residents, and location
market range, threshold, traffic, and side of the street
The ________ predicts that the optimal location of a service is directly related to the number of people in the area and inversely related to the distance people must travel to access it.
central place theory
gravity model
threshold rule
rank-size rule
range predictor
Based on the information in the map, which statement about megaregions in the United States is TRUE?
Daily urban systems tend to cover much smaller areas in western states
Western states tend not to have daily urban systems.
Daily urban systems in western states are about the same size as those in eastern states
Daily urban systems tend to cover much larger areas in western states
Urban systems are inaccessible in rural areas of western states
According to the rank-size rule, if the largest city in a country has a population of 10 million, the next largest city will have a population of
9 million
3.5 million
5 million
8 million
7.5 million
The area the attracts a consumer is called the:
Range
Threshold
Hinterland
Central Location
The two components of central place theory are:
threshold and market share
market share and range
rank-size rule and threshold
range and rank-size rule
range and threshold
Larger settlements are which of the following:
less numerous and farther apart
more numerous and evenly distributed
less numerous and closer together
more numerous and farther apart
According to the rank-size rule, which of the following is typically true of higher-order services, such as hospitals with a large number of medical specialties?
They have smaller ranges and thresholds
They are located in suburbs
They have larger ranges and smaller thresholds
They have larger ranges and thresholds
They are located in small towns
Which of the following is a general theory in geography that can be used to quantify and predict the interaction between two cities based on population sizes, distance between the places, the number of migrants moving from one place to the other, or the flow of trade goods between the two locations?
World system theory
Central place theory
Gravity model
Multiple nuclei model
Concentric zone model
Which of the following best explains why New York City has more specialized stores than do smaller urban places in the United States?
Its status as a primate city
The Burgess concentric zone model
The rank-size rule
The gravity model
Central place theory
The evolution of _______________ has challenged traditional consumer and professional services
Informal economies
Cottage industries
Ride sharing
Periodic markets
Biogenetic revolution
The number of functions in a central place is dependent on all of the following EXCEPT the
size of the market area
population of the central place
distance to a place with similar functions
total number of central places in the urban system
population of the market area
Central place theory describes the:
tendency of wealth to concentrate in urban core areas
tendency of civilizations to form around certain natural features
tendency of different ethnic groups to congregate in a single location
outward radiation of cultural patterns from a central place
spatial patterns of urban and outlying areas based on the flow of goods and services
A central place is defined as a:
nodal range of a market
market center for exchange of goods and services
hexagonal settlement pattern
rank and size distribution of cities
hinterland surrounding a service
According to Figure 12.7.1, in which of the following regions are you most likely to find manufacturing of nondurable goods in the U.S.?
Southern California
Northeast
The Midwest
The Great Lakes region
Southeast
Which does NOT describe an economic base?
A business sector cluster
Made up of basic and non-basic businesses
Distinctive economic activities that bring money into a local community
Made up of basic and non-basic businesses
The unique cluster of businesses in a place
In the new global economy, an increasing proportion of influential financial decisions are being made in:
the field, close to the sources of agricultural production
regional centers and small towns where fax machines are used
major corporate centers such as New York, London, and Tokyo
the informal sector
national capitals because of the increasing importance of the nation state
A _____ is an example of a settlement that specializes in public services
state capital
hospital
retirement community
shopping mall
Which statement about offshore financial service centers is TRUE?
the number of centers in U.K. dependencies and independent countries are equal
most are concentrated in India
most are concentrated in South America
many centers are concentrated in the eastern Caribbean
there are more offshore banking centers in Europe than in the Caribbean
Which of the following refers to the size and functional complexity of cities?
The Sector model
Threshold ratio
Basic-nonbasic ratio
Urban hierarchy
Multiplier effect
What aspect of the design of Brasília, Canberra, and Washington, D.C., was different from the design of most other urban centers?
Their design was based largely on transportation systems to allow for efficient movement of raw materials and finished products
They were designed as show places to reflect the power and wealth of their respective countries
They were planned around a major river to allow ease of movement of foodstuffs from the hinterland to the city
They were positioned near the center of their respective countries to help protect them from enemy attack
They were designed to utilize the hydro-power potential of the nearby rivers to attract manufacturing firms
A news media report that a new service firm will create a certain number of new jobs, this is referring to the?
multiplier effect
non-basic service sector
network cities
economic base
basic service sector
What factors determine where back office services will locate in LDC's?
low wage rates and workers who can speak English
market threshold and service range
political stability and cultural diversity
tax advantages and bank secrecy laws
limited and weak environmental and banking laws
Which of the following statements best explains how the world cities listed in the table function within the world’s urban hierarchy?
The top ten world cities have a significant impact on the international economy and are important drivers of globalization
The top ten world cities are diminishing in financial and cultural significance due to the process of globalization
The cities with smaller populations can be expected to experience the fastest rates of population growth within the next several decades
The cities with larger populations are the biggest drivers of global innovation
The top ten world cities offer a wide array of services, but these services are restricted to local populations
Which of the following is a major difference between meta-cities and megacities?
Meta-cities have rapidly growing periphery urban areas with the inner core economically developing into a post industrial economy
Meta-cites have a slowing of NIR and transition in economic sectors to more tertiary and quaternary jobs
Meta-cities have rapid population growth and they are slowly transitioning to a post-industrial society
Meta-cities have a slowing NIR, but lack advanced transportation and communication systems for advanced tertiary and quaternary economic development
Meta-cities are post forward capital cities that have linked with smaller settlements to form an urban hierarchy
A firm that sells its products primarily to consumers outside its settlement is a:
non-basic industries
primate cities
basic industries
functional region
Which of the following best explains the importance of stock exchanges in the cities of Mumbai, India and Shanghai, China?
These cities have a large manufacturing labor force
These cities function as global economic centers in the semiperiphery
These edge cities have a large number of high-technology companies
These edge cities are built at the intersection of transportation routes
These cities function as global economic centers in the core
Attracting talented individuals is important for a city because these individuals are:
responsible for the high-tech jobs created
responsible for promoting economic innovation
those who run for political office
those who pay taxes
those who make the city famous
LDCs specialize in what two types of business services?
offshore financial and back office
biotechnology and medical research
management consulting and staff training
entertainment and recreation
Which of the following is a correct statement about the major cities of the world?
The world's fastest-growing cities are found in areas with the highest standards of living
They are concentrated between the tropic of Cancer and the tropic of Capricorn
Most are found in areas that are not very suitable for agriculture
Most primate cities are located in the United States and western Europe
Most are located on rivers or seacoasts
Which of the economic base services comprise the majority of GDP in settlement?
conglomerations of business and consumer services
Non basic economic service
Footloose industrial services
Basic economic service
None of the above are correct
Which factors best explain why many "call centers" are outsourced to India?
willingness of students to work night shifts and geographic situational factors
low wages and desperate economic conditions
low wages and geographic situational factors
low wages and the widespread use of English
the wide use of English and a large number of working students
World/Global Cities are classified as:
the number and type of business services found there
their total population
their location relative to other cities
the number of low order consumer services found there
Which statement about North American global cities is TRUE?
Calgary is gamma-ranked and Denver is alpha-ranked
San Diego is gamma-ranked and Denver is alpha-ranked
Cleveland is gamma-ranked and Toronto is beta-ranked
Dallas is beta-ranked and Denver is alpha-ranked
Tampa is gamma-ranked and Denver is beta-ranked
International company headquarters, significant global financial functions, and a polarized social structure are defining characteristics of
forward capitals
entrepôts
primate cities
edge cities
world cities
Which of the following will a company in the U.S. NOT typically outsource to a developing country?
customer service phone banks
payroll management
processing insurance claims
transcription work
legal representation in the U.S.
The attraction of the "offshore banking" industry can best be explained by
bank secrecy laws and the avoidance of paying taxes in other countries
corporate greed and the hiding of unethical and illegal behaviors, including prostitution
the avoidance of paying taxes in other countries and the hiding of prostitution and capital crimes
low wages, bank secrecy laws, and the avoidance of paying taxes in other countries
the wide use of English and the large number of working students in the Cayman Islands
Which of the following is NOT a region of basic quaternary services?
Research Triangle, NC
Silicon Valley, CA
Austin, Texas
Madison, WI
NYC, NY
In the new global economy, an increasing proportion of influential financial decisions are being made in
the field, close to the sources of agricultural production
national capitals because of the increasing importance of the nation state
the informal sector
regional centers and small towns where fax machines are used
major corporate centers such as New York, London, and Tokyo
The presence of media hubs, coalitions focusing on specific environmental challenges, and headquarters for multinational corporations in major cities help explain how such cities:
generate individual wealth and drive economic development within cities boundaries
are isolated and dependent on national political boundaries for security
avoid participation in global processes and decision making
preserve cultural heritage and contribute to increasing isolation
are linked globally in ways that transcend national political boundaries
According to a map of major cities:
Consumer services are scattered in many cities around the world
The many smaller cities that provide services negate the importance of the 3 largest cities
New York City is the only place with a major stock market exchange and important financial services.
Highest-order producer serves are concentrated in a few major cities
New York, Rio de Janeiro, and Tokyo are the 3 most important cities for finance and world trade
The clustering of tech jobs and talent in the United States is attributed to
financial incentives to individuals, and tax breaks for businesses that move to cities with declining populations
recent college graduates investing in the economic development of "cool" cities
investment capital distributed evenly throughout the country
cultural factors such as amount of time off permitted by basic businesses
talented people igniting economic advancement in communities, which attracts more talented people
Most people in the world live in what type of settlement?
metropolitan area
dispersed rural
clustered rural
urban settlement
________, characteristic of the contemporary North American rural landscape, is characterized by farmers living on individual farms isolated from neighbors rather than alongside other farmers in settlements.
dispersed rural settlement
clustered rural settlement
French Long Lot settlement
clustered linear rural settlement
clustered circular rural settlement
Which of the following best explains the differences between the patterns of land use in the township-and-range system and the long-lot system, as shown in the images?
The long-lot survey system created a more uniform division of land, while the township-and-range survey system conformed to physical features on the landscape
The township-and-range survey system was based on physical features, while the long-lot system was based on a geometric grid pattern
The township-and-range survey system was more varied in plot size, while the size of plots in the long-lot system was set at 50 acres
The township-and-range survey system was based on a geometric grid pattern, while the long-lot system was a rectilinear pattern based upon waterways or roads
The long-lot survey system created less efficient irrigation systems, while the township-and-range system created a grid system for efficient water flow
Urbanization can be analyzed by looking at the________ and ________ of people living in cities.
number and percentage
number and homogeneity
percentage and density
Which of the following statements about clustered rural settlements is NOT TRUE?
Linear clustered settlements can be aligned to a river, road, or a dike
They may follow either a circular or linear pattern
Family farms are near one another in order to share tools and tractors
Fields typically surround the buildings in a clustered rural settlement
There is likely to be a small set of business and consumer services in addition to the agricultural structures
Which best describes the distribution of megacities?
reflects population growth in developing countries
is an indicator of urban renewal in developed countries
has caused air pollution in South America
was once clustered in the Fertile Crescent but has spread east to China
follows the distribution of the most developed countries
Which is NOT a way the Roman Empire facilitated settlements in the territory it controlled?
They established settlements throughout the region to administer the empire
They reduced reliance on agricultural lifestyles by encouraging urban settlement
With Rome as the largest city of the era, culture and commerce spread from a central location
They were likely amongst the first settlements to offer consumer, business, and public services
The construction of roads allowed for ease of transportation and trade between settlements
The two images represent different agricultural land survey patterns. Comparing the two images, which survey system was more efficient in terms of trade?
The river in the long lot survey system provided better access to waterways to transport goods to market
The metes and bounds system partitioned land into parcels of one square mile each, ensuring equal access to trade opportunities for each landowner
Trade was inhibited by the metes and bounds system because of physical boundaries between land parcels
Closely spaced land parcels in the long lot survey system facilitated higher agricultural yields and a more efficient export economy
The long lot system was less efficient because landowners were in direct competition for access to river trade routes
The world's largest urban areas, according to the map below:
Are found today on every continent in the world
Have doubled in size since the 1950's
Are found mainly in core countries today
Have moved from predominantly U.S. cities to South American and African ones
Were almost all in Europe in 1900, but today mostly all are found in periphery or semi-periphery countries
All of the following were crucial to the emergence of the first cities EXCEPT
separation of the ruling system and the religious system
labor specialization
an agricultural surplus
a system for food storage and distribution
a stratified social system
An example of an important physical site characteristic is a:
major airport
major central park
public sports facility
natural harbor
grid street pattern
According to the map, the vast majority of megacities are located in
Europe
Asia
South America
Africa
North America
According to social scientist Louis Wirth which of the following is NOT a characteristic of city life?
tolerance of difference
high population
large size
heterogeneous groups
dense traffic
The French long-lot system was developed primarily because of:
inheritance laws
need for access to a river
common grazing land
collective land ownership
Which of the following best explains the reasons for the similarities and differences between the two land survey systems shown?
Both systems are used in the United States. However, the township-and-range survey system is used only in the eastern part of the United States
Both systems require geometric calculations to survey property lines. However, only properties surveyed with the metes-and-bounds system can be subdivided into smaller plots
Both systems require geometric calculations to survey property lines. However, the township-and-range system uses simplified calculation to create a more ordered landscape
Both systems set specific property boundaries for landholders. However, the metes-and-bounds system is more orderly and efficient
Both systems access the Global Navigational Satellite System (GNSS) to set property lines. However, GNSS is accurate only for township-and-range systems
Land parcels in the American Midwest tend to be rectilinear because
Native American settlement patterns were rectangular
English-speaking settlers replicated the landscape patterns of England
the federal survey system adopted in the late eighteenth century imposed a geometric pattern on the landscape
there were no mountains or rivers to use as boundaries
Spanish colonists laid out settlements in a rigid geometric pattern
The world's population of urban settlements exceeded that of rural settlements for the first time in human history in ________.
2000
1990
1980
2008
2015
The fall of the Roman Empire in the fifth century C.E. brought about what change in urban settlements?
increased trade
development of city-states
rapid urbanization
revival of urban life
reduction in urban population
New York's population swelled with the arrival of millions of immigrants, especially during:
the second world war
the last 30 years
the late seventeenth and early nineteenth centuries
the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries
the first world war
The most significant impact on the rural landscape of Great Britain's Enclosure Movement was to:
increase rural population
encourage a dispersed rural settlement pattern
reinforce the traditional clustered rural settlement pattern
discourage urbanization
The township and range land survey system in the United States contributed to which of the following?
A clustered rural settlement pattern
An urban daily system pattern
An urban agglomeration pattern
A dispersed rural settlement pattern
A rural long-lot pattern
Locational advantages important to the development of the earliest cities included
good connections by road and canal
proximity to manufacturing areas
productive agricultural land and defensible sites
availability of good harbors for large ships
temperate climate and proximity to coal mines
Based on the information in the chart, which statement is TRUE?
Beginning in 1980, urbanization rates stagnated in developing countries
Urbanization in developing countries is increasing but there remains a gap between developed and developing countries
The graph shows a trend towards counterurbanization in both developed and developing countries
Urbanization in developed countries is nearly 100 percent, but remains at less than 45 percent in developing countries
The world rate of urbanization reached 45 percent as of 2010
________ feature buildings clustered along a road or body of water to facilitate communications.
Dispersed rural settlements
Clustered circular rural settlements
Clustered linear rural settlements
Clustered rural settlements
Main street settlements
A place where farm buildings, homes, and churches are found close together is what kind of settlement?
Dispersed rural
Linear
Urban
Clustered Rural
Which of the following is NOT true about the world's fastest-growing cities?
Tokyo, Seoul, and New York City are the only three cities in the developed world in the top 10 of the world's largest cities
Las Vegas, Nevada, Austin, Texas, and Atlanta, Georgia, are among the fastest growing cities in the developed world
Rural to urban migration accounts for a significant increase in urban population in developing countries
High natural increase rates contribute to substantial urban growth
The high urban growth in the developing world suggests considerable industrialization and economic development
Which statement is TRUE based on the map of urban settlements in this era?
Urban centers are clustered around the hearth of the Fertile Crescent
Urban centers in East Asia significantly outnumber those of Europe
Large urban settlements are too far apart to have known about or traded with one another
Urban centers continue to focus on trading routes established by the Romans
European urban centers outnumber those of Asia
The best-known and most visually distinctive area of most cities is the _________.
Suburban Retail District
Metro Transitional Area
Government Ministerial Region
Central Business District
Central Residential Area
In the United States, which of the following definitions of an urban settlement covers the largest functional area?
central city
micropolitan statistical area
urbanized area
central business district
metropolitan statistical area
Even with the diffusion of modern telecommunications, many lawyers, financial analysts, and public officials prefer to work in CBDs in order to exchange information with colleagues primarily through
face-to-face contact
television and radio broadcasts
cellphones and text messaging
formal letters
the Internet
In the central business district (CBD) of a city:
Urban slums and ghettos are common
There are many big box stores, car showrooms, and multiplex movie theaters
Land cost are their highest
Many people live in garden apartments and condos
Mass transit is often not available
Which of the following does NOT accurately define or describe a city?
A legally-incorporated urban settlement
A settlement with elected officials and the ability to raise taxes
A local government system with fixed boundaries
A geographic area with legal boundaries and services
A vernacular region controlled by a local government
Business services, such as advertising, banking, and journalism are centrally located mainly to:
maintain a presence in the seat of government
facilitate rapid communication of fast-breaking news
facilitate the speedy movement of manufactured goods
take advantage of the safe environment
allow for easier commuting to and from the countryside
The area of the city where retail and office activities historically were clustered was the:
central business district
central city
urbanized area
metropolitan statistical area
The CBD attracts offices primarily because of its:
high land costs
high accessibility
more intensive land use
construction of skyscrapers
The underground CBD is characterized by
high-end boutique shops serving downtown workers
chain restaurants and experimental theater
public services such as municipal offices
high threshold retail and business services
communication networks, subway trains, and pedestrian passages
European CBD's are different from North American CBD's in which of the following ways?
Europe has retail and wholesale consumer services
Europe has enclaves of poor and the underclass
Europe has a larger concentration of business services
Europe has more extensive residential living in CBD's
The city plus its surrounding built-up suburbs is the
urbanized area
regional government federation
consolidated metropolitan statistical area
metropolitan statistical area
central city
Which is the LEAST likely to be located at a port in a modern CBD?
lofts and renovated apartments
aquariums and museums
convention centers and shops
recreation and parks
warehouses and piers for cargo ships
As a result of high land costs, the American CBD is characterized by:
Urban sprawl
reuse of existing buildings
construction of skyscrapers
less intensive land use
Which of the following best explains what the central business district data indicate?
Politicians and activists have made Internet connectivity a basic right of urban residents and feel that governments should provide services to increase the connectivity of citizens
Consumers demand that the fastest Internet service available before they will consider visiting a city or selecting a hotel for work or business trips
Government policy makers and business partners have focused infrastructure efforts on creating a downtown work environment that is positive for economic development
Communications companies expect that increasing Internet speeds will lead to increased number of subscribers to their networks
Business owners want to have fast Internet available for their consumers in order to improve online ratings for local services and generate return customers
Retail activities which tend to concentrate in the CBD include those which have?
a need for rapid transportation
a low range
service for office workers
a low threshold
Historically, the growth of North American suburbs was most constrained by:
limited transportation
high land values
housing shortages
cultural preferences
zoning ordinances
A land use typically excluded from a North American CBD is
manufacturing
office
legal
public administration
retail
A central place is:
hinterland
range of a good
market center or area
circular settlement
rank-size distribution
This dimension of the CBD contains important infrastructure for important sources of energy for high arithmetic density of specialized consumer, public, and business services:
Rooftop geography
Skyscrapers
Underground
Street level
Vertical geography
Which of the following best explains what the concentric zone model and bid-rent curve illustrate about patterns of urban areas?
Together they show how rents for agricultural land rise exponentially farther from cities
Together they show how rents for commercial office space rise exponentially on the urban periphery
Together they show how rents for apartments drop precipitously closer to the central business district
Together they show how housing prices rise exponentially in rural areas
Together they show how land prices rise exponentially closer to the central business district
Most Latin American cities are focused on a:
zone of heavy industry
government housing project
skyscraper office building
squatter settlement
central plaza
The multiple-nuclei model of city structure tends to be most applicable to:
cities with homogeneous land use
small cities
newer, fast-growing cities
Latin American cities
traditional cities
Which of the following types of urban land use is most common on the periphery of cities in Latin America?
Rail transportation corridors
Residential squatter settlements
A plaza surrounded by a central business district
Parks and recreation areas
Upper-class residential developments
According to the sector model, the best housing is located in?
renovated inner-city neighborhoods
a corridor from downtown to the edge of the city
nodes near universities and parks
an outer ring surrounding the city
The Urban sprawl of developing regions is highlighted with suburbs containing the following:
informal housing sectors
squatter settlements
informal economy
no institutional/government law
all the above are accurate answers
Which of the following is most likely to be found in the second ring of the city in the concentric model?
poor-quality housing
permanent underclass
public commuters
enclaves of hispanic and african american ethnicity
All the above are correct
Which of the following is a true statement about classic models of city structure?
The concentric zone model does not have a transitional area
The interaction between the central city and the suburbs is greatest in the urban realm model
The sector model is highly influenced by transportation patterns
The central business district has the most dominant position in the multiple nuclei model
The multiple nuclei model and the sector model are similar in that they both have only one core
La Défense is an edge city constructed in the late twentieth century and characterized by high-rise office buildings. Which of the following best explains why La Défense is located on the outskirts of Paris?
The land at the center of Paris is filled with numerous historic buildings that residents do not want torn down
La Défense needs access to the river in order to export manufactured goods to other countries in Europe
The center of Paris is inhabited by low-income residents, and wealthy residents prefer to live in the suburbs
Land in the city center is not as valuable as land on the edge of the city
The center of Paris is not well-served by public transportation
Which statement best describes the stages of development of Mexico City since 1910?
The growth visible from 1960 represents the movement of the wealthy away from the downtown due to drainage issues
Fueled by rapid population increases, the modern city has drained and built over the former site of the lake
It has followed three stages of development; increasing in size, but maintaining the same CBD since its founding
The Aztecs drained the lake centuries ago, making way for the expansion of the modern city
Territorial growth of the urban boundaries is visible following the Spanish colonial period, which restricted development
Which of the following is NOT one of the limitations of the three models on the internal social structure of the city?
Models are simplifications, and we must remember that not everyone with the same characteristics will live in the same neighborhood
The models all assume that over time, cities will evolve to accommodate critical changes in demography and adapt to the growing needs of the urban poor
The three models are all based entirely on conditions in the U.S
Critics question their relevance to contemporary urban patterns in the United States and in other countries
The models are too simple and fail to consider the variety of reasons that lead people to select particular residential locations
The multiple nuclei theory best explains why different neighborhoods of a city attract people of different?
marital status
religion
ethnicities
ages
Which of the following best explains a geographic characteristic shared by megacities in the global periphery?
Abundant job opportunities in megacities lead to low unemployment rates
Megacities developed due to major investments in high-speed railways and subway systems
Deindustrialization is causing megacity populations to decline
Megacities were built in strategic defensive locations and maintain a strong military presence
Megacities demonstrate unplanned growth patterns and often contain squatter settlements
Which of the following best explains why countries such as Brazil, Burma (Myanmar), Kazakhstan, and Nigeria would construct a new capital city in a different location from the old capital city?
To be better situated along transportation networks
To build modern, planned cities and administrative centers
To be better protected from foreign invasion
To attract world trade to a new site
To distance the new capital cities from the countries' colonial histories
A common feature of colonial settlements on urban landscapes of regions in Asia, Africa, and Central/South America is which of the following?
port economic zones for expansive trade
wide boulevard to the CBD and a wealthy corridor
military outposts near the CBD
administrative and government building in the periphery
homogenous residential housing throughout the urban landscape
Compared to urban settlements in North America, CBDs in Europe
contain only government services and mostly historic sites
have a limited variety of land uses
follow the concentric ring model
only house educational facilities and government offices
have higher numbers of residents and more day-to-day consumer services
Social area analysis attempts to explain
which of the three models of urban structure is the most accurate in the United States
the development of squatter settlements in developing countries
the distribution of different types of people in an urban area
the changing location of retail and office activities in North American cities
regions ideal for social services
The three traditional urban models describing the internal social structure of cities were developed in this city
San Francisco
Chicago
New York City
Miami
Los Angeles
The image shows a squatter settlement at the edge of a city in South Africa. What information regarding causes and effects does the image convey?
The image shows the location of the squatter settlement relative to the central business district where wealthy people live
The image shows the size of the squatter settlement and the need for additional land
The image shows the cultural beliefs and values of the people living in the squatter settlement
The image shows the living conditions of people in the squatter settlement, who are unable to acquire permanent housing within the city
The image can be used to determine the number of people who live in the squatter settlement
Which of the following best explain the difference between eastern and western european cities?
urban development varies greatly between each state
urban development was largely based on post automobile infrastructure
urban development has transformed to resemble components of the Galactic City Model
urban development has transformed to mirror the development of north america
urban development has historical traces of equalitarian infrastructure
Which of the following models best represents an old colonial port zone and its surrounding commercial districts?
Latin American city model
Keno-Capitalism city model
Islamic city model
Southeast Asian city model
Galactic city model
Social area analysis attempts to explain,
regions ideal for social services
the changing location of retail and office activities in North American cities
the distribution of different types of people in an urban area
which of the three models of urban structure is the most accurate in the United States
the distribution of the majority ethnic groups in an urban area
Which of the following is NOT a problem/obstacle to the peripheries of Sub-Saharan African primate cities?
suffer from flooding, pollution, landslides, and overcrowding
informal economic sector is comprised of food vendors peddler of cigarettes, or other trinkets
informal economies do not provide taxes for social needs
no capital accumulation based on housing assets or ownership
sense of community and support networks
After 1573, most Spanish colonial cities were designed to have
a gridiron street plan, a cathedral, and at least 20 parish churches for each city
gridiron street plans centered on a church and plaza, walls around houses, and wider streets than are in the centers of most European cities
winding street plans centered on a church and plaza, garden lawns around houses, and wider streets than the centers of most European cities
neighborhoods built around central, smaller plazas with parish churches and older quarters with narrow, winding streets and cramped residences
Multiple nuclei models are closely associated with contemporary cities in which geographic region?
Southwest Asia
Latin America
Southeast Asia
Central Asia
North Africa
Islamic cities can follow a concentric zone model by centering urban development around the?
mosque and bazaar
religious shires and historical battle sites
church and government buildings
mosque and government buildings
ports and trading zones
Which of the following is NOT key characteristic of the Galactic City Model?
model is based on consumption of automobiles
model explains the decentralization of CBD consumer services
model based on the expansion of suburbs
model centers around the development outside the beltline/urban loop highway
model was developed on the integration of diverse ethnicities
The galactic city model was developed in response to the growth of suburbs and the need for a more complex model than the sector and concentric zone models. Which of the following is a strength of the galactic city model?
It is based on the location of an international airport
It depicts a central business district
It is based on the decrease of urban sprawl
It depicts early-twentieth-century industrial cities
It depicts exurban nodes
According to the concentric zone model, a city develops in a series of:
corridors
rings
rectangles
nodes
Edge cities emerged as a consequence of
census classification
highway construction
suburbanization
gentrification
remanufacturing
The application of the concentric zone model to developed and developing countries differs in that
developed cities are designed around major transportation hubs in a spoked pattern
concentric rings are larger and the infrastructure development more rapid in developing countries
cities in developing countries have multiple nuclei due to their colonial pasts
poor people are clustered in the inner city in developing countries
the wealthy tend to live closer to the inner rings in developing countries
According to the multiple nuclei model, an airport is likely to attract nearby:
hospitals
universities
industries
book stores
A process by which banks designate an area within which they refuse to lend money for loans, improvements, or refinancing is:
blockbusting
gentrification
redlining
filtering
All of the following are true about segregation within cities EXCEPT?
Social and economic barriers make it difficult for members of some ethnic groups to move to wealthier areas of town
Gate communities in many countries segregate the wealthier people of a city from the lower social classes
Segregation was forced upon African Americans by discriminatory housing practices, such as redlining and blockbusting
As the distance from the central city increases the average age of the population also increases, but the family size decreases
Some segregation is self-maintained, as seen in the persistence of areas known as Chinatown and Little Italy
An urban growth boundary is associated with
captive growth programs
urban density reduction programs
smart growth programs
emergency medical services
utility networks
Compared to the private automobile, public transportation offers more
pollution
energy efficiency
flexibility
range
privacy
Large numbers of employees of suburban businesses may suffer hardships because they do NOT
own automobiles, although in this new urban landscape public transportation is widely available
have new school districts in an urban landscape where public schools are almost nonexistent
commute to the CBD on privately funded transportation systems
experience sprawl
own automobiles in an urban landscape where public transportation is limited
Which describes a recent change in the typical U.S. density gradient?
a reduction in the differences in densities found within an urban area
an increase in the differences in densities found within an urban area
an increase in the number of people living in the center
an increase in the extremes between the inner and outer areas
the elimination of the gap traditionally found in the center
Most U.S. metropolitan areas have a council of governments which means
it works to resist any annexation attempts
a tax collection agency
it replaces the school districts
it coordinates planning for the overall area
an organization who provides legal counsel on annexation
Marketers use geographic analysis of the suburbs because it
maps the service providers in a metropolitan area
reveals the clusters of high-income people who are likely potential customers
reinforces segregation because only high-income people live in single-family homes
supplies a partitioning of zip codes by income
allows potential customers to try out a store closest to their house
A process of converting a neighborhood from low-income to middle-class income is:
redlining
gentrification
filtering
blockbusting
The needs, problems, and patterns of women with respect to urban social space differ from men's in that?
There are more opportunities for childcare in cities, which enables women to find better jobs
there are more women than men, particularly as heads of households with children, and therefore the poverty rate is also higher
Suburban women have more opportunities due to the varieties of services available to them there
Jobs that are "women work" such as clerical work are concentrated in specific areas of the city
Women travel farther to work than men and rely less on public transportation
The decision to develop alternative fuel vehicles is based on the need to
satisfy the preference for personal vehicles and reduce the demand for fossil fuels
fund pollution control programs
remove trolley lines and tracks in inner cities
exceed pollution standards set by developing countries
reduce profits for automakers
Which of the following is NOT one of the transportation epochs identified by John Borchert?
Sail-Wagon Epoch
Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch
Satellite-Electronic-Jet Propulsion Epoch
Steel Rail Epoch
Iron Horse Canal Epoch
One of the ways that suburban residential segregation is reinforced is through
zoning ordinances
the high value of industrial land
homogeneity of urban schools
loans to people with low incomes
cost of housing in the CBD
Which problem results from the fragmentation of local governments?
distributing federal monies to competing groups
conducting too many elections
addressing regional problems
frequent redrawing of school boundaries
changing boundaries due to gerrymandering
Which example does NOT illustrate how urban areas benefit from public transit systems?
Underground transit systems do not interfere with street traffic
A bus can carry up to thirty times the number traveling in a single car
Reduced congestion and faster travel times at rush hour
Light rail increases congestion and noise
Thousands of people living in suburbs must commute daily into the CBD
Which of the following is NOT a reason why middle-class people are attracted to the U.S. inner city?
Houses may possess attractive architectural details such as ornate fireplaces and wood trim
Those who work downtown can enjoy their proximity to work
Proximity to theaters, restaurants, and other cultural and recreational facilities located downtown
Downtown public schools are superior,with quality instruction and high graduation rates
Houses may be larger and better constructed, yet cheaper in the inner city than in the suburbs
An African American female that has generationally struggled to attain adequate access to opportunities is an example of:
redlined areas in cities
blockbusting in growing suburban areas
the result of spatial profiling
the informal economies in developed regions
the permanent underclass in cites
Public housing is:
housing that has changed from single-family owner occupancy to abandonment
a conversion of low-income housing to middle-class housing
low-income government-owned housing
illegally established low-income housing
According to the Periphery Model and a human geographer, what are the two characteristics of a city?
Central city market services
Illegal housing units and privately owned housing units
Inner-city and Suburbs
federal and public housing units
low-income people dispersed and wealthy people clustered
As old central business districts and industrial zones in more developed countries lost businesses and employment in the mid- to late twentieth century, suburban development expanded. Which of the following types of cities resulted from rapid suburban growth and the expansion of retail areas, office developments, business centers, and corporate headquarters to provide jobs and services in suburban areas?
Edge cities
Manufacturing zones
Financial districts
Megalopolises
State capitals
Sprawl is best defined as the
period in the morning and evening with the heaviest volumes of traffic
change in density within an urban area from the periphery to the center
development of new housing sites not contiguous to the existing built-up area
increasing population density in rings two and three of the concentric zone model
land maintained as open space surrounding an urban area
Housing deterioration can occur when:
the rent a landlord collects becomes less than the needed maintenance costs
governments construct public housing
banks engage in redlining to ensure money isn't lent in a particular area
The energy efficiency of a hybrid car is tied to
the generation of electricity from rooftop solar panels and wind turbines affixed to the sides and undercarriage of the car
the use of a gasoline engine at high speeds, and at low speeds, when the gas engine is most efficient, an electric motor takes over, energy that would otherwise be gained while coasting and braking is lost
the use of hybrid gasolines
the use of a gasoline engine at high speeds, whereas at low speeds an electric motor takes over; moreover, energy that would have otherwise escaped as heat is captured and stored while the car is coasting and braking
the use of a gasoline engine at low speeds, whereas at high speeds an electric motor takes over; moreover, energy that would have otherwise escaped as heat is captured and stored while the car is coasting and braking
The U.S. government has encouraged the use of cars in part by
constructing new subways
giving tax credits to automobile owners
building interstate highways
protecting prime agricultural land
charging high gasoline taxes
Although gentrification can revitalize cities by rehabilitating residential areas, which of the following problems can be explained by the type of building renovations shown in the before and after images?
Unfair real estate practices resulting in housing and insurance discrimination cases
More parking leading to decreased public transportation use
Higher rents causing displacement of existing residents
New buildings causing environmental sustainability issues
Disuse changing areas into zones of abandonment
The city plus its surrounding built-up suburbs is the:
metropolitan statistical area
central city
urbanized area
regional government federation
Urban sustainable development will be eaiser in Canada for all the following reasons EXCEPT?
less highways and car dependency
low heterogeneous arithmetic density
denser populated central cities
denser populated central cities
low physiological density
Which of the following reasons does NOT favor gentrification?
Housing costs are generally lower
Renovation of existing housing may be better than a new home
The process tends to increase social diversity
Houses may possess attractive architectural detail not found in new construction
Inner city living reduces commute times
Which is NOT a factor in the health and safety of people in inner cities?
population growth encouraged by redevelopment strategies
elevated crime rates linked to drug trafficking
underfunded police and fire departments
lack of accessible childcare services
limited government investment in housing upkeep
Because so few people live in the CBD, urban areas are characterized by a high degree of:
threshold
commuting
blockbusting
restrictive zoning
A recent change in the density gradient has been:
an increase in the number of people living in the center
the elimination of the gap traditionally found in the center
an increase in the extremes between the inner and outer areas
a reduction in the differences in densities found within an urban area
The term ________ defines an urban settlement that has been legally incorporated into an independent, self-governing unit.
township
city
hamlet
village
state
The supply of public housing in the United States
has been reduced as incomes have steadily increased
is often inadequate to meet demand
was eliminated in both Chicago and St. Louis
is only found on an urban periphery
has kept pace with demand
The process of legally adding land area to a central city is called
gerrymandering
conurbation
annexation
enroachment
confiscation
Public housing is defined as
illegally established low-income housing
housing that is owned by the government is provided at reduced rate to people with low incomes
housing that has changed from single-family owner occupancy to abandonment
low-income housing that is converted to middle-class housing
buildings rented at reduced rates to house public services, such as government agencies
Compared to the United Kingdom, the amount of sprawl in the U.S.A is:
greater
better controlled
lesser
cannot compare the two urban regions
the same
The U.S. Bureau of the Census has created a method of measuring the functional area of a city, known as
the megalopolis
the city-state
the metropolitan influence zone
the functional city limit
the metropolitan statistical area
The concept of New Urbananism promotes:
Gentrification as poorer people are unable to afford to stay in newer neighborhoods
The relocation of young people to small towns
The building of large shopping malls and stadiums
The movement of people from cities to planned suburban communities
Walkability and mixed-use building within cities
The process of adding mass transportation, narrow streets, build denser housing units, mixed economic development, walkablity, and greater use of renewable energy is:
Brownfields
Revivalism
Fragmentation
New urbanism
Smart growth
The photograph above shows high-density residential housing built in the early 2000s in Henderson, Nevada, a suburb of Las Vegas, developed to accommodate large increases in population in the area. Which of the following best explains the growth in population and housing shown in the image and the census data?
A period of immigration from southern Europe and eastern Europe
The impacts of deindustrialization in other Sun Belt–region cities
The growth brought on by resource extraction and industrialization
A cycle of rapid economic development and real estate investment
A phase of water-resource and hydroelectric-power development
Megalopolis refers to:
central cities
adjacent, overlapping Metropolitan Statistical Areas
consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Areas
central cities plus urbanized areas
