the language of the Aryans

“Books of Knowledge” which formed the basis of the Aryan religious practices

a long poem that tells a story, usually about a hero

a rigid social structure developed in Hindu India which involved ranking by birth

the four main social classes outlined in the Vedas

Hindu social class made up of common people: merchants, artisans, and farmers

Hindu social class made up of warriors and government leaders

Hindu social class made up of servants and unskilled laborers

Hindu social class made up of priests

a group outside the varna system whose members are slaves and are considered “untouchables”

groups within each varna formed according to occupation

the duties that members of each social class were expected to fulfill in traditional Hindu society

a belief in many deities

the universal spirit in Hinduism

the cycle of rebirth of the soul

Hindu principle that a person’s actions in life influence what they are born as in the next life

physical and mental exercises designed to help one achieve a state of tranquility

continuous thought or reflection, especially for spiritual growth

in Hinduism, a state of complete oneness with the universal spirit

Hindu doctrine of nonviolence toward living things

a person who lives apart from society by choice

in Buddhism, freedom from the cycle of rebirth and a state of oneness with the universe

stone mounds built over a Buddhist holy site, such as the bones of a Buddhist teacher

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moksha

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Enlightenment

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varnas

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meditation

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nirvana

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non-violence

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polytheism

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Upanishads

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Siddhartha Gautama

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reincarnation

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Four Noble Truths

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Mahabharata and Ramayana

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dharma

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Eightfold Path