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WorksheetsLEAP Practice Test 1 (1865-1929)
Total questions: 202
Worksheet time: 2hrs 41mins
Which Which reason contributed to the trend shown in this table?
The number of factories using assembly lines decreased.
A progressive movement worked to stop the use of child labor.
A political movement worked to lower taxes for businesses.
The number of people joining labor unions decreased.
Which development made it possible to construct this type of building?
The invention of a new process for manufacturing steel
The government’s focus on educating engineers
The manufacturing of glass that blocks ultraviolet sun rays
The importation of stronger kinds of wood
Which statement describes one of the MOST important reasons why the United States annexed the Kingdom of Hawaii?
The islands offered excellent locations for tropical resorts.
The local residents needed help to prevent the spread of poverty and disease.
The location was strategically valuable to both military and business leaders.
The local rulers wanted financial assistance to rebuild after a natural disaster.
Which benefit resulted from the introduction of the Bessemer steel process?
Mechanical reapers to replace horse-drawn reapers
Stronger and cheaper material for railroads and bridges
Transistors for radios
Electric lightbulb
Which result completes this diagram?
Ratification of a suffrage amendment
Building of the transcontinental railroad
Passage of prohibition legislation
Expansion of labor unions
Which issue contributed most to the need for this permanent sanitation group?
Increased urban population
The passage of labor laws
Decreased regulation of urban rail systems
The establishment of immigration quotas
Which action is best described by this excerpt?
Elected leaders helped immigrants to assimilate to life in the United States.
Political machines justified corruption while providing benefits to communities.
Progressive leaders protested eminent domain laws in the United States.
Muckrakers tried to uncover government scandals in urban communities.
"Thousands of African Americans moved to the Great Plains during the late nineteenth century. Many of them moved to Kansas in what was called the Great Exodus, and the participants were called exodusters."
What was the primary reason the exodusters left the South?
To escape drought conditionsTo reunite with family members
To reunite with family members
To find employment in U.S. wartime industries
To escape oppression and discrimination
Which caption best replaces the question mark in this photograph?s
Abolish the Poll Tax and the Literacy Test
Demand the Direct Election of Senators
Come in and Learn Why Women Ought to Vote
Lower the Voting Age for Women to Eighteen
What was a major influence on the popularity of the flapper during the 1920s?
A decline in the number of women working in urban factories
A shift away from the traditional roles of women
An increase in the use of credit and installment plans
A decrease in crime associated with prohibition
What was one significant impact of the opening of the Panama Canal?
It helped reduce the spread of communism and socialism in Latin American countries.
It resulted in the signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement.
It increased trade by reducing travel times between the Pacific and the Atlantic Oceans.
It created tension between the United States and Latin American countries over immigration policy
Why did the U.S. Senate refuse to ratify the Treaty of Versailles after World War I?
The Senate would not support America’s participation in the League of Nations.
The Senate believed the treaty did not punish Germany enough.
The Senate thought the treaty did not have the power to prevent secret alliances
The Senate could not agree on military disarmament levels
Which statement best describes how investment in the stock market during the mid-to-late 1920s contributed to the Great Depression?
People were unable to repay the loans used to purchase stocks
Government taxes on stock transactions made it difficult to repay investors
Financial institutions were not required to report earnings to stock investors.
Foreign countries were not required to immediately pay stockholder earnings.
What message about imperialism did this political cartoon convey?
The closer an acquired territory was, the more self-government it should be allowed to exercise.
Imperialism was not likely to improve access to overseas markets.
It was not worth angering European powers to annex new territories.
The farther imperialist expansion extended, the harder it would be for the United States to maintain control.
What was the purpose of the Pure Food and Drugs Act of 1906?
To protect consumers by regulating the food and drug industry
To lower the cost of essential foods and drugs for consumers
To prevent shortages by regulating the supply of food and drugs
To reduce production costs for food and drug manufacturers
What is the best title for this list?
How Sharecroppers Lived in the Deep South
Ways Migrant Workers Lived in the Southwest
How Miners Took Advantage of Gold Rush Opportunities
Ways Settlers Adapted to Conditions on the Great Plains
Which factor prompted the Americanization movement of the early twentieth century?
The increasing numbers of immigrants from Eastern and Southern Europe
The strengthening of Jim Crow laws in the southern United States
The rising tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union
The growing concern about environmental issues in the western United States
What is one way the Progressive Era reform outlined in this diagram has affected U.S. politics?
More women have been elected to Congress.
Citizens have a more direct influence on lawmaking.
Corrupt officials can be removed from office.
Primary elections are prohibited in several states.
What was one immediate result of Henry Ford’s manufacturing methods?
Cars became affordable for more people.
Cars required little fuel to operate efficiently.
Cars replaced railroads as the fastest way to ship goods
Cars could be customized.
Which phrase describes a major goal of the Federal Reserve Act of 1913?
To provide stability for the national economy by creating a central banking system
To raise money for wartime needs by selling government bonds
To give incentives for U.S. entrepreneurs by offering low-interest loans
To encourage competition in U.S. industry by breaking up corporate trusts
How did the completion of the Transcontinental Railroad contribute to the settlement of the West?
By providing people with access to essential goods
By raising money to build factories along the routes
By giving funds to local leaders to build schools
By establishing military forts along the routes
What was one way the U.S. government responded to this combination of events?
Made labor unions illegal
Passed immigration restrictions
Implemented a military draft
Established a federal income tax
What was the primary reason for these masks during World War I?
To hide the identities of soldiers from approaching enemies
To protect soldiers from spreading contagious diseases
To help soldiers use night vision technology to find the enemy
To protect soldiers from the effects of poison gas
In the 1896 case of Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court decided that the Equal Protection Clause allowed state governments to apply the “separate but equal” provision to public facilities.
What was one way the decision described in this passage affected the United States in the first half of the twentieth century?
Minorities were not allowed to attend schools with whites.
Poll taxes in federal elections were ruled unconstitutional.
Affirmative action programs were ruled unconstitutional.
Minorities were not allowed to join the military.
What effect did the sinking of the Lusitania have on World War I?
Germany joined the Central Powers
U.S. public opinion shifted against Germany
Germany refused to join the League of Nations.
U.S. leaders proposed a military alliance with Germany.
These photographs provide evidence that one goal of the Carlisle Indian School was to —
restore U.S. citizenship to American Indians
encourage the study of American Indian religious practices
protect American Indians from nativist policies
assimilate American Indians into U.S. culture
In the opinion of the Government of the United States the coming of Chinese laborers to this country endangers the good order of certain localities. . . . Therefore, Be it enacted . . . That . . . the coming of Chinese laborers to the United States be . . . suspended. . . . —Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882
Which factor prompted the passage of this legislation?
Denial of labor union membership for unskilled workers
Increased nativism and anti-immigrant attitudes
Wage increases for workers in manufacturing positions
Increased U.S. involvement in foreign wars and conflicts
How did the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine affect the role of the United States in the world?
By establishing military alliances with Asian nations
By proclaiming a policy of isolationism
By creating a plan to stop the spread of communism
By announcing a willingness to intervene in the affairs of Western Hemisphere nations
The food industry increased the cost of products in order to pay for chemical additives.
The food industry increased the cost of products in order to pay for chemical additives.
The federal government regulated the food industry in order to protect the health of the public.
The food industry imported more goods from Europe in order to offer customers more choices.
The federal government passed antitrust legislation in order to increase competition in the food industry.
Which statement describes how the Transcontinental Railroad affected the United States during the late 1800s?
The railroad contributed to the rapid settlement and growth of towns in the West
The railroad caused a rapid decline in agriculture and mining in the West.
The railroad contributed to population growth and increased sharecropping in the East.
The railroad prompted Congress to buy land and create national parks in the East.
Which diagram shows a cause-and-effect relationship related to the Spanish-American War?
What was the MAIN reason tanks were introduced during World War I?
To locate and remove land mines from the battlefield
To transport military supplies to the front lines
To overcome trench defenses and end stalemates
To monitor enemy troop movements
The developments on this list contributed to what development of the 1920s and 1930s?
African American painters of the Hudson River School focused on the beauty of nature.
African American architects created the Neoclassical style based on Roman and Greek models.
African American artists and writers celebrated their culture in a movement called the Harlem Renaissance.
African American musicians developed rock and roll music based on African rhythms and beats.
The United States is the world’s best hope, but if you fetter her in the . . . quarrels of other nations, if you tangle her in the intrigues of Europe, you will destroy her powerful good, and endanger her very existence. Leave her to march freely through the centuries to come, as in the years that have gone. Strong, generous, and confident, she has nobly served mankind. —Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, 1919
Why did Senator Lodge express this opinion about the Treaty of Versailles?
He wanted to prevent the spread of the global flu epidemic.
He wanted to protect secret U.S. nuclear technology.
He wanted the United States to join an international league.
He wanted to protect U.S. sovereignty in international relations.
Why were people like those shown in this image hopeful about their future?
Nativism and Social Darwinism were expanding in American cities.
The U.S. social security system provided financial and medical benefits.
There were many jobs and business opportunities in America.
American cities had large and comfortable tenement apartment buildings.
How did Marcus Garvey MOST impact African Americans in the early 1900s?
By desegregating schools and urban neighborhoods
By urging blacks to accept low-paying jobs and social inequality
By promoting black cultural pride and economic independence
By supporting the use of violence to overthrow government and win reforms
Which reason BEST explains the change in the number of cars sold between 1910 and 1925?
Cars became more available because of the passage of antitrust laws.
Cars became more affordable because of the removal of wartime price controls
Cars became more affordable because of the introduction of the assembly line.
Cars became more available because of the removal of tariffs after a global conflict
Which question is associated with the passage of the Espionage and Sedition Acts during World War I?
Should industries be allowed to prohibit workers from joining unions?
Can the government require citizens to purchase war bonds?
At what age should citizens be required to enlist in a branch of the military?
Can the government limit the constitutional rights of citizens during wartime?
What was one way the role of women in society changed during the 1920s?
They were granted the right to attend public schools.
They were allowed to own property.
They were allowed increased participation in the political process.
They were granted the right to serve in military combat units.
Which factor contributed MOST to these changes?
The rising costs of national defense
Threats posed by immigrant radicals
Abuses of the spoils system by political machines
The inefficiency of large corporations
Which application of a new technology can be attributed to an invention of Thomas Edison?
Refrigerated railroad cars allowed food to be transported long distances.
Light bulbs made it efficient for factory workers to work at night.
Diesel engines were used in the production of airplanes.
Sonar technology was used to track submarines.
There was music from my neighbor’s house through the summer nights. . . . The halls and... verandas are gaudy with primary colors and hair shorn in strange new ways and shawls beyond the dreams of Castile.... There was dancing now on the canvas in the garden. . . . By midnight the hilarity had increased. —F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby
How does this excerpt reflect a significant turning point in American history?
It depicts the reaction to victory in the Spanish-American War
It portrays the changing social norms of the Jazz Age.
It describes the experiences of immigrant workers during the Gilded Age.
It details the industrial progress of the post–World War I era.
II. Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas, outside territorial waters, alike in peace and in war, except as the seas may be closed in whole or in part by international action for the enforcement of international covenants.
—President Woodrow Wilson, Fourteen Points
Which of the causes underlying World War I was this provision of the Fourteen Points intended to prevent?
Nationalism and militarism
Blockades and unrestricted submarine warfare
Secret treaties and alliances
Imperialism and self-determination
This model was evident in the United States through the works of —
Frances Willard and her support of the temperance movement
A. Philip Randolph and his protests during World War II
Jane Addams and her programs for new immigrants
Eugene V. Debs and his establishment of the American Railway Union
The Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor developed in response to the —
increased need to protect worker interests
decreased power of political machines
increased demand for skilled workers
decreased profitability of the agricultural sector
What was the most likely topic of discussion between these men?
Limiting the power of major railroad companies
Creating alternative maritime shipping routes
Designating additional land as national parks
Reducing the influence of environmental lobbyists
What was one economic effect of the Spanish–American War?
Shipbuilding industries in the United States declined.
New free and fair trade treaties were established between the United States and developing countries.
The United States gained direct access to additional natural resources and overseas markets.
Demand for coal and petroleum as energy sources declined.
Which of the following was implemented in 1913 to solve these problems?
Each state held party conventions in order to select senators.
A national referendum was held to standardize the procedures for selecting senators.
Open primaries were used to limit the choices of senators who could be confirmed by state legislatures.
A constitutional amendment was ratified that required senators to be elected directly by popular vote.
In the late 1800s, Sanford B. Dole contributed to the expansion of the United States by advocating the annexation of —
Puerto Rico
the Panama Canal Zone
Hawaii
the Philippines
What was the main reason given for the creation of these restrictions?
Preventing the depletion of natural resources
Discouraging anti-American activism
Reducing competition for U.S. jobs
Addressing a lack of urban housing
How did the Nineteenth Amendment expand the democratic process?
By prohibiting discrimination in voting on the basis of race
By eliminating the poll tax
By prohibiting discrimination in voting on the basis of gender
By lowering the voting age
What was a result of the social problems presented in this 1917 political cartoon?
Government leaders introduced health-care reform laws.
Lobbyists focused attention on the power of corporate monopolies.
Women worked to improve conditions in tenement houses.
Progressives worked to ratify a prohibition amendment.
In 1919, Charles Schenck was charged with violating the Espionage Act. The Supreme Court ruled that Schenck's actions created a “clear and present danger.”
How did the decision in this case affect the rights of U.S. citizens?
By establishing restrictions on the right to vote
By protecting the freedoms of religious minorities
By placing limits on freedom of expression
By protecting the rights of accused persons
The Pendleton Act (1883)
This legislation affected how federal employees were hired. The law now required government jobs to be —
based on the political party affiliation of the applicant
determined by a merit system based on civil service examinations
based on the approval of lawmakers
set aside for business executives of large corporations
We claim for ourselves every single right that belongs to a freeborn American, political, civil and social; and until we get these rights we will never cease to protest and assail the ears of America. The battle we wage is not for ourselves alone but for all true Americans.
—W. E. B. Du Bois, Niagara Movement Address to the Country, 1906
How did the ideas presented in this address affect the early Civil Rights movement in the United States?
By encouraging African Americans to achieve equality through vocational education
By directly supporting Marcus Garvey’s Black Star Steamship Line
By encouraging African Americans to accept Jim Crow laws
By forming the basis for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
What were photographs such as this one taken by Lewis Hine primarily intended to accomplish?
Encourage leaders to make segregation in schools illegal
Document labor conditions during an economic crisis
Depict the evils of capitalism in communist propaganda
Focus attention on the need for child labor reforms
Which action completes this cause-and-effect diagram?Which action completes this cause-and-effect diagram?
Banks lower interest rates
Elected leaders lower tariff rates
Companies lay off employees
Labor unions demand higher wages
Which two speakers would most likely have supported the Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
A and B
B and C
C and D
A and D
Which speaker would most likely agree with the economic point of view of big business owners in the late 1800s?
A
B
C
D
“Senate Votes to Annex Philippines”
“U.S. Sends Warships to Panama”
“President Roosevelt Strengthens Monroe Doctrine”
These headlines reflect the transformation of United States foreign policy into one that
respected the sovereign rights of all countries
practiced imperialism
pursued isolationist policies
opposed free-trade agreements
Which geographic factor most directly influenced the rapid settlement of the Great Plains after the Civil War?
immense forests for lumber
access to abundant quantities of oil
huge amounts of fertile farmland
long ocean coastline with deep ports
What was the major goal of the political reforms enacted during the Progressive Era (1900–1920)?
expanding citizen participation in government
discouraging the formation of new political parties
lowering the legal voting age
providing public funding of campaigns
Whose work most influenced state and local governments to address the conditions shown in this photograph?
John Muir
Ida Tarbell
Frank Norris
Jacob Riis
The Meat Inspection Act (1906), the Pure Food and Drug Act (1906), and the Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) were similar in that each
increased government regulation of business
resulted from a pro-business government policy
lowered tariffs on imported goods
decreased federal taxes on personal income
The Federal Reserve System, created in 1913, extended government control over the banking system by
issuing housing and consumer loans
regulating interest rates and the money supply
ending private ownership of banks
banning loans for stock market purchases
Which term from the 1920s is most closely associated with Duke Ellington and Langston Hughes?
Lost Generation
Red Scare
Teapot Dome Scandal
Harlem Renaissance
Federal economic policies during the 1920s contributed to the start of the Great Depression by
failing to adequately regulate stock market transactions
adopting federal budgets with large deficits
lowering protective tariffs
abolishing corporate income taxes
A major impact of the trend shown on the chart was that
frontier trading posts became more prosperous
Plains Indians lost their main source of food, shelter, and clothing
reservations were relocated closer to buffalo migration routes
white settlers became dependent on buffalo products
When Andrew Carnegie stated, “The man who dies rich, dies disgraced,” he was supporting
consumer credit
Social Darwinism
charitable giving
antitrust legislation
“A government’s primary role is to provide a favorable atmosphere for business, including a stable currency, hands-off regulation, and domestic order.”
A supporter of this idea would most likely favor
establishing consumer protection laws
securing collective-bargaining rights
levying high taxes on business
following laissez-faire economics
Which act of Congress most directly contributed to the situation shown in this photo?
The Homestead Act
the Sherman Antitrust Act
the purchase of Alaska
the Interstate Commerce Act
How did the process shown in this photograph enhance the automobile industry?
By speeding up production of automobiles at lower costs
By requiring only licensed workers to produce the automobiles
By ensuring high-quality automobiles for consumers at higher prices
By developing new designs to test automobile safety standards
Then west by train on road and route not known to us. We saw mountains, which must have been the Alleghenies, and felt much depressed. Was that America? Had we been fooled? We expected to see flat ground with no timber or boulders to clear. When we came far enough to see that kind of country our spirits rose again....
—Andreas Ueland, Recollections of an Immigrant
These immigrants were relieved when they saw the type of land they were expecting because they —
hoped to establish farms
wanted to build factories
planned to mine for gold
wanted to work for the railroad
What was one effect of the arrival of the American Expeditionary Forces in Europe during World War I?
Italy left the Central powers alliance.
The heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne was assassinated in Sarajevo
The Allies were able to launch a major counterattack on the western front.
Russian forces were able to withdraw from the eastern front.
The Progressive goal to implement women’s suffrage was accomplished by —
national referendum
an executive order
a Supreme Court decision
a constitutional amendment
The United States is the world’s best hope, but . . . if you tangle her in the intrigues of Europe, you will destroy her power for good, and endanger her very existence...
—Senator Henry Cabot Lodge
Senator Lodge made this statement in opposition to —
U.S. membership in the League of Nations
the funding of a massive buildup of the U.S. Navy
a relaxation of U.S. citizenship requirements
U.S. entry into the Spanish-American War
The establishment of speakeasies in the 1920s was an unintended consequence of which federal government action?
The taxation of imported luxury goods
The deportation of suspected communist sympathizers
The prohibition of the sale of alcoholic beverages
The implementation of immigration restrictions
In response to public concern over issues raised by Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle, the federal government expanded its role in —
working with labor unions to increase worker salaries
taking responsibility for the safety of consumers
setting limits on the growth of private industry
implementing social welfare programs
How did these developments in transportation most affect the standard of living in U.S. cities?
By increasing the expenses associated with relocation
By giving residents more flexibility in employment
By expanding the options for personal education
By increasing traffic congestion on city streets
This cartoon comments on tactics used to —
secure the southern border of California
protect shipping lanes in the Great Lakes
create a defensive alliance with France
obtain control of the Panama Canal Zone
All who recall the condition of the country in 1890 will remember that . . . the country was in real danger from another kind of slavery . . . that would result from the aggregations of capital in the hands of a few individuals and [businesses] controlling, for their own profit and advantage exclusively, the entire business of the country, including the production and sale of the necessaries of life.
—Supreme Court Justice John Marshall Harlan, 1911
In this excerpt, Justice Harlan is warning against —
a civil service based on patronage rather than merit
allowing powerful monopolies to dominate interstate commerce
a lack of federal funding for essential transportation systems
allowing labor unions to interfere with production goals
These demands most reflected the concerns of —
small farmers in need of affordable credit
robber barons pursuing higher profits
prominent bankers who controlled the money supply
immigrant workers seeking economic justice
These lyrics are representative of a movement that culminated in a constitutional amendment during the —
Harlem Renaissance
New Deal
Reconstruction era
Progressive Era
This cartoon depicts President Woodrow Wilson calling on Congress to —
ratify the Treaty of Versailles
issue a declaration of war against Germany
authorize the use of funds to support Russian revolutionaries
enact trade sanctions against Germany
The process described above led to —
peaceful resolution of territorial disputes with American Indians
the establishment of agricultural communities on the American frontier
federal regulation of agriculture
a decline in immigration to urban areas
During the late nineteenth century, many Irish immigrants were discriminated against for being —
opposed to machine politics
loyal to the United Kingdom
conscientious objectors
Roman Catholics
How did Andrew Carnegie contribute to civic and social life in the United States?
By promoting spiritual and moral values in public schools
By supporting conservative ideals in federal legislation and foreign policy
By establishing philanthropic organizations dedicated to education and the arts
By creating a charitable foundation to end hunger
This photograph shows a military tactic that —
made troops more vulnerable to long-range missiles, resulting in heavy casualties
required highly skilled soldiers, resulting in lengthy training periods
made frontal assaults difficult, resulting in long periods of stalemate
required the ability to attack quickly, resulting in a reliance on cavalry forces
Which inference about the 1920s is supported by this illustration?
Women confronted discrimination in employment and education.
Women challenged traditional attitudes and social norms
Reform organizations targeted women’s issues
Mass media reflected trends popular in rural communities.
Which word best explains the changes shown in these photographs?
Immigration
Assimilation
Nullification
Nativism
Which of the following identifies two effects of the Harlem Renaissance?
Which numbered territory did the United States gain by winning the Spanish-American War?
1
2
4
3
Which Andrew Carnegie quotation best explains why he funded libraries like the one in this photograph?
“Under the law of competition, the employer of thousands is forced into the strictest economies, . . . and often there is friction between the employer and the employed.”
“The price which society pays for the law of competition, like the price it pays for cheap comforts and luxuries, is... great.”
“The best means of benefiting the community is to place within its reach the ladders upon which the aspiring can rise.”
“This, then, is . . . the duty of the man of wealth: To set an example of modest, unostentatious living, shunning display or extravagance.”
• The rise of militarism upset the balance of power in Europe.
• Political interference in the unstable Balkan Peninsula increased tensions throughout Europe.
• Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire aligned against France, Russia, and Great Britain.
Which of the following is the best title for this list?
Issues Contributing to the Outbreak of World War I
Principal Reasons for U.S. Entry into World War II
Consequences of Twentieth-Century European Isolationism
Economic Rivalries Between Cold War Superpowers
The issue addressed in this political cartoon was later settled by —
the creation of the Temperance Society
the repeal of the Eighteenth Amendment
the initiation of the Settlement House movement
the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment
Which statement best completes this list?
Congress passed legislation imposing tariffs on imported beef.
Most of the cowboys on cattle drives were European immigrants.
The cattle industry was nationalized under the Department of Agriculture.
J The need to process large amounts of cattle made meatpacking a major industry.
The primary objective of the Dawes Act was to —
promote cultural assimilation of American Indians
turn American Indian reservations into corporate farmland
end warfare between American Indians and the U.S. military
promote American Indian investment in private industry
Mahan’s books influenced U.S. efforts to become a world power primarily by —
advocating overseas expansion
emphasizing the need for protectionist tariffs
demonstrating the political risks of foreign trade
arguing against forming overseas alliances
Attorney-General A. Mitchell Palmer conducted a series of raids. . . . The most spectacular of the “Palmer raids” occurred in January 1920.
—“Start-up of the Department and World War I, 1913–1921,” U.S. Department of Labor, (accessed November 21, 2013)
What was the primary reason for the raids described in this excerpt?
To prevent workers from joining labor organizations
To block civil rights advocates from staging public protests
To suppress the teaching of evolution in colleges
To halt the spread of communist ideas by radicals
Which situation does this cartoon from an early 1900s pamphlet illustrate?
The deportation of many Chinese immigrants in the Northwest
The recruitment of Chinese immigrants by large labor unions in the Midwest
The fear in the West of losing jobs to Chinese immigrants
The lack of available resources in the East to support a large influx of Chinese immigrants
Why did the “Return to Normalcy” agenda of U.S. presidential candidate Warren G. Harding appeal to many voters in the 1920 election?
The public wanted to help rebuild war-torn countries
There were significant shortages of military supplies.
There was a decrease in demand for consumer goods.
The public wanted to concentrate on domestic economic issues.
What was the main effect of the changes shown in this graph on the western United States?
Immigration from Europe to western U.S. cities increased rapidly.
Western U.S. businesses traded more efficiently with the East Coast and Europe.
Asian businesses bypassed the West Coast to trade directly with the East Coast.
Western states recruited guest workers from the Caribbean and South America.
Which of the following best characterizes the Gilded Age?
The discovery of goldfields in the West led to an increase in the amount of money issued for circulation.
Industrialists used their connections with corrupt government officials for material gain and political power.
In the Deep South a sharp increase in immigration brought a boom in construction and industry.
Small, family-owned farms were bought and consolidated to form large agricultural corporations.
The Allied and Associated Governments, however, require, and Germany undertakes, that she will make compensation for all damage done to the civilian population of the Allied and Associated Powers and to their property during the period of the belligerency of each as an Allied or Associated Power against Germany.
—The Treaty of Versailles, Article 232, June 1919
One reason this provision was included in the Treaty of Versailles was to —
create a democratic government in Germany
divide Germany into smaller states to be governed by Allied countries
grant independence to all German colonies
weaken the power of Germany in the international community
This 1924 cartoon satirizes a scandal that led to —
public disappointment over revelations of government corruption
widespread dissatisfaction with a lack of economic development
public frustration with government neglect of the working class
widespread anger over excessive partisan politics
These achievements illustrate Ida B. Wells’s contributions as —
a religious leader
an artist of the Harlem Renaissance
a supporter of Prohibition
an advocate of equality
We conclude that this overpowering, irresistible tendency toward aggregation of capital and increase of size... cannot be arrested or even greatly impeded, and... instead of attempting to restrict either, we should hail every increase as something gained....
—Andrew Carnegie, The Century
The business practice described above eventually led to the enactment of legislation that —
guaranteed public access to corporate records
protected consumers by prohibiting monopolies
protected domestic industries from foreign competition
required reciprocity agreements between state governments
Which groups were most influential in passing the Pure Food and Drug Act?
Southern farmers and clergy members
Factory owners and bankers
Muckrakers and women’s organizations
College students and immigrants
How did the expansion of railroad transportation most benefit farmers in the United States?
By raising the consumer price of agricultural products
By increasing the variety of locally grown crops
By providing farmers with affordable access to distant markets
By encouraging farmers to form the first agricultural cooperatives
Which of the following was primarily responsible for the change depicted in this illustration?
New immigrant screening procedures at Ellis Island
A crackdown on anarchism after the assassination of President William McKinley
Overseas expansion associated with the Spanish-American War
An increase in circulating currency after the discovery of gold in Nome, Alaska
Which statement best explains how the application of electricity in the early 1900s affected the development of the U.S. economy?
Long-distance travel became more expensive.
College education became more accessible.
Manufacturing processes became more efficient.
Household appliances became more costly.
During the Progressive Era, one goal of state-level political reformers was to —
prevent party leaders from amending campaign platforms
increase the influence of business owners on regulatory legislation
promote the principle of direct democracy
limit the use of judicial review by circuit courts
And shortly afterward . . . a physician, made the discovery that the carcasses of steers which had been condemned as tubercular by the government inspectors . . . were left upon an open platform and carted away to be sold in the city. . . .
—Upton Sinclair, The Jungle, 1906
Public response to revelations such as the one in this excerpt led to the establishment of regulations that were eventually enforced by the —
Food and Drug Administration
Centers for Disease Control
Department of Commerce
Institution of Education Sciences
Which of the following contributed most to increased settlement of the Great Plains?
The availability of buffalo
The discovery of precious metals
A series of federal land grants
A decrease in agricultural production
How did these events affect the United States?
They increased public support for cuts in U.S. defense spending.
They prompted the end of Dollar Diplomacy in Latin America.
They set a precedent of including territorial acquisitions in settlements
They helped establish the United States as an imperial power similar to European nations.
Which sentence correctly completes this diagram?
The Bracero program was introduced.
The Chinese Exclusion Act was passed.
Russian radicals joined labor unions in the United States
Irish families immigrated to the United States
This 1917 illustration was published as a commentary on a proposed piece of legislation. Which of the following best replaces the question mark in the illustration?
Sundry Civil Bill
Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill
Standard Time Act
Espionage Act
Which of the following occurred between 1865 and 1900 as a result of the rapid industrialization of the United States?
Social and economic class divisions began to disappear.
Concerns about air pollution led to stricter environmental regulations.
Union membership increased as workers sought better pay and conditions.
Factory owners introduced wage-equity policies for women in the workplace.
Many Progressives opposed social Darwinism because it promoted the idea that —
people in lower classes were not capable of economic success
immigration weakened national unity
the government should take responsibility for the well-being of people
poverty could be eradicated through increased economic regulation
Which issue is this cartoon addressing?
Political corruption
Temperance
Civil-service reform
Segregation
Why did the United States decide to enter World War I?
The United States had suffered economically from European sanctions.
A European nation had taken aggressive actions against the United States.
The U.S. president was obligated to fulfill election campaign promises.
Communist activities among U.S. immigrants were threatening the country.
This World War I–era poster was intended to persuade —
farmers to consume fewer scarce goods during the war
women to work producing war materials
people to save money during the war
people to help finance the war
Reasons for Economic Problems of the Gilded Age
• Rapid growth of trusts and monopolies
• Ruthless business tactics of robber barons
• Use of unfair practices by the railroads such as rebates, pools, and differential rates
One way the U.S. government responded to the problems caused by the conditions in this list was by —
passing the Interstate Commerce Act
implementing the silver standard for currency
creating a federal jobs program for the unemployed
establishing a new tax on capital gains
The Fourteen Points reflected President Woodrow Wilson’s belief that —
intervention in the affairs of other nations was never justifiable
travel among nations should be regulated by an international organization
no country should be allowed to spend more on defense than any other country
cooperation among international leaders was essential to maintaining world peace
The Roaring Twenties were characterized by —
internment camps, the rationing of goods, and the first use of an atomic bomb
bank failures, the New Deal, and bread lines
installment plans, Prohibition, and flappers
brinkmanship, McCarthyism, and a policy of containment
America’s present need is not heroics but healing; . . . not revolution but restoration; . . . not submergence in internationality but sustainment in triumphant nationality.
—Warren G. Harding, presidential campaign speech, 1920
This excerpt illustrates Harding’s campaign promise to be a president who would —
help the country recover from the turmoil of the previous decade
refuse to allow the continuation of laissez-faire economic policies
use diplomacy to establish alliances with other countries
improve economic growth by promoting unrestricted immigration
Which of the following was a major contribution of the Harlem Renaissance to U.S. culture?
It led to the increased popularity of vaudeville stage performers.
It brought the most significant beat poets together
It established jazz as a prominent musical form.
It focused attention on the antiwar literary genre.
Which of the following occurred as a result of the Sherman Antitrust Act?
Workers secured a greater share of company profits.
The influence of labor unions on factory owners was reduced.
The federal government could dissolve business monopolies.
Businesses were required to pay fees to open overseas locations.
No single great material work which remains to be undertaken on this continent is of such consequence to the American people as the building of a canal across the Isthmus connecting North and South America. Its importance to the Nation is by no means limited merely to its material effects upon our business prosperity. . . .
—President Theodore Roosevelt
The policy outlined in the excerpt was directly influenced by problems that the U.S. Navy had recently confronted during —
the Cuban Revolution
the Mexican War
World War I
the Spanish-American War
Cartoons such as this one took the position that deportation was necessary because —
assimilation programs in the United States had been unsuccessful
economic decline had increased the competition for jobs
communists were infiltrating the United States
political machines had too much power in urban areas
Which pull factor contributed to the Great Migration?
The availability of land grants for homesteaders
Economic opportunities in industrialized cities
Better soil conditions in previously uncultivated areas
The lower cost of living in urban areas
Why did the Populist Party want free coinage of silver?
To increase the amount of money in circulation
To reduce economic inflation
To raise campaign contribution limits
To decrease the bargaining power of labor unions
How did the person named in this 1909 handbill work to improve the lives of African Americans?
By organizing voter-registration drives for African Americans
By supporting the formation of labor unions by African American workers
By promoting vocational training for African Americans
By organizing boycotts of businesses that refused service to African Americans
Which of these contributed to the ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment?
Veteran soldiers protesting to obtain benefits
The growing political influence of women
Politicians campaigning for education reform
The growing number of workers organizing into labor unions
Which of the following best completes this diagram?
Led to a decrease in U.S. international trade
Helped stabilize the U.S. economy
Strengthened U.S. relationships overseas
Led to a decline in U.S. unemployment
Nineteenth-century nativist organizations advocated —
limiting federal military power through the organization of local militias
conserving natural resources through the creation of national parks
globalizing the economy through participation in free-trade agreements
promoting an ethnically homogeneous society through restrictions on immigration
What was one reason for the expansion of machine politics in the late nineteenth century?
The rapid influx of immigrants made it difficult for local governments to provide basic services.
Federal restrictions prevented voters from influencing government decisions at the local level.
The economy was too tightly regulated to allow urban growth.
Settlement houses failed to help immigrants adjust to life in the city.
The creation of initiative, referendum, and recall procedures during the Progressive Era resulted in —
a system of separate schools for new immigrants
the expansion of citizens’ direct participation in the democratic process
a redistribution of the tax burden among citizens
more sources of revenue for state governments
Which sentence provides information needed to complete both the cause and effect portions of this diagram?
The 1898 Spanish-American War led to world power status for the United States.
The 1914 opening of the Panama Canal encouraged international trade.
The 1919 Treaty of Versailles contributed to the start of World War II in Europe
The 1929 stock-market crash set off the Great Depression in the United States.
What was one result of the events reported in the excerpt above?
Germany financed the Mexican army’s attempted invasion of the United States.
The U.S. government abandoned its official policy of neutrality
Germany’s navy blockaded several Mexican seaports.
The U.S. government boycotted goods imported from Europe
To His Excellency William McKinley, President, and the Senate, of the United States of America . . . We, the undersigned, native Hawaiian citizens . . . who are members of the Hawaiian Patriotic League of the Hawaiian Islands, and others who are in sympathy with the said League, earnestly protest against the . . . [addition] of the said Hawaiian Islands to the said United States of America in any form or shape.
— Petition, 1897
What were these Hawaiian citizens protesting?
The forced annexation of the islands as a U.S. territory after the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy
The classification of the islands as a protectorate after the Hawaiian government signed a treaty with the United States
The granting of U.S. statehood to the islands after they were purchased from the Hawaiian monarch
The colonization of the islands by political refugees from the United States
Which of these was a major goal of Jane Addams’s Settlement House movement in Chicago?
The founding of women’s colleges
The introduction of prison reform
The assimilation of immigrants
The establishment of public libraries
Chronic wrongdoing, . . . which results in a general loosening of the ties of civilized society, may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing . . . to the exercise of an international police power.
—President Theodore Roosevelt, 1904
President Roosevelt issued this statement in response to —
the construction of a canal in Panama
the threat of European intervention in Latin America
Spanish efforts to suppress a rebellion in Cuba
public outcry regarding war between Russia and Japan
During the 1920s, what was one result of innovations in U.S. transportation technology?
Commercial airplanes replaced ocean liners as the primary means of travel to Europe.
Mass-produced automobiles made travel more affordable for many people
Cable cars provided a comfortable means of quick travel to any city within a state.
Container ships delivered agricultural goods to ports along the Pacific coast.
Upon entering World War I, the United States enlarged its military by —
creating the Veterans Administration
passing the Selective Service Act
enacting the GI Bill
establishing the Marine Corps
How did the publication of Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle contribute to a change in the relationship between government and business?
Federal troops were mobilized to break strikes by labor unions
Government regulations requiring the inspection of food products were implemented.
Congress created a regulatory agency to audit railroads.
Laws were enacted that banned private companies from discriminating when hiring.
During the 1920s, Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan were most closely identified with the —
increased use of credit by U.S. consumers
development of new forms of popular entertainment
decline of public support for Progressive reforms
conflict between modernism and traditionalism
The opponents of . . . recall, however they may phrase their opposition, in reality believe the people can not be trusted. On the other hand, those of us who espouse these measures do so because of our deep-rooted belief in popular government, and not only in the right of the people to govern, but in their ability to govern; and this leads us logically to the belief that if the people have the right, the ability, and the intelligence to elect, they have as well the right, ability, and intelligence to reject or to recall. . . .
— California governor Hiram Johnson, inaugural address, 1911
The reform discussed by Governor Johnson in this excerpt —
required elected officials to communicate regularly with the public
provided citizens with more resources to run for office
made elected officials more directly accountable to their constituents
created new eligibility requirements for candidates for public office
Which of these resulted from the prohibition of alcohol during the 1920s?
A decline in immigration rates
A growing fear of communism
The expansion of the consumer economy
The rise of organized crime
This cover from a nineteenth-century periodical helps illustrate that the United States was beginning to change from —
a mostly rural society to a mostly urban one
a slave-owning society to one without slavery
a foreign policy of isolationism to one of interventionism
a direct democracy to a representative one
Statement 1: The U.S. oil industry boomed due to oil deposits found in conquered territories.
Statement 2: Rebuilding its devastated army cost the United States an enormous amount of money.
Statement 3: The acquisition of new territories allowed for the expansion of U.S. commercial trade.
Statement 4: Territorial losses forced the United States to purchase expensive natural resources from other countries.
Which statement would most likely be found in a history of the economic impact of the Spanish-American War on the United States?
Statement 1
Statement 2
Statement 3
Statement 4
Which action best completes this diagram?
Submarines attacked unarmed ships.
Armored tanks crossed fortified lines.
The use of machine guns resulted in massive casualties.
Airplanes conducted reconnaissance missions.w
During the Gilded Age there was a notable increase in federal support for —
the growth of big business
involvement in foreign wars
the acquisition of foreign territories
increased temperance regulations
In the late 1800s, the Supreme Court’s decision in Plessy v. Ferguson —
established a legal remedy for victims of discrimination
created a legal justification for segregation laws
affirmed the legality of federal regulation of state elections
recognized public protests as a legal form of civil disobedience
Whoever, when the United States is at war, shall willfully . . . utter, print, write, or publish any disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language about the form of government of the United States . . . shall be punished by a fine of not more than $10,000 or imprisonment for not more than twenty years, or both. . .
This law demonstrates that at one time the federal government was willing to —
suspend habeas corpus
confiscate privately owned weapons
force people into internment camps
suspend freedom of speech
Which group of people most likely inspired the creation of this 1893 cartoon?
Union leaders
Political bosses
Nativists
Philanthropists
How did the Zimmermann telegram influence U.S. entry into World War I?
It announced the czar’s overthrow in Russia.
It revealed a proposed military alliance between Mexico and Germany
It contained orders for German U-boats to destroy British passenger ships.
It described Romania’s plan to abandon neutrality
In 1862, the Homestead Act and the Pacific Railway Act were passed primarily to
achieve Northern victory in the Civil War
develop the Midwest and western parts of the country
improve the lives of freed slaves
expand overseas markets to Asia and Europe
The most direct effect of poll taxes and literacy tests on African Americans was to
prevent them from voting
limit their access to public facilities
block their educational opportunities
deny them economic advancements
During the late 1800s, what was a major effect of industrialization on workers in the United States?
Membership in labor unions declined.
Workers migrated to rural regions.
Most factory jobs became service industry jobs
Skilled craftsmen were replaced by semiskilled machine operators.
Which speaker would most likely support the theory of Social Darwinism?
A
B
C
D
During the late 1800s, presidents and governors most often used military force during labor management conflicts as a way to
support industrialists and end strikes
make employers sign collective bargaining agreements
protect workers from the private armies of employers
replace striking factory workers with soldiers
Between 1880 and 1920, the majority of the “new” immigrants to the United States came from
northern and western Europe
southern and eastern Europe
Canada and Latin America
China and Southeast Asia
Which factor is most closely associated with the decision of the United States to declare war on Spain in 1898?
isolationist policy
labor union pressure
yellow journalism
unrestricted submarine warfare
The “clear and present danger” doctrine established in Schenck v. United States (1919) concerned the issue of
freedom of speech
the right to bear arms
the right to an attorney
separation of church and state
Why did many United States farmers fail to benefit from the economic prosperity of the 1920s?
No technological advances were made in agriculture.
Levels of farm production declined.
Farm exports were heavily taxed.
Agricultural goods were overproduced
The Scopes trial of the 1920s dealt with a conflict between
communism and capitalism
Protestants and Catholics
science and religion
labor and management
In passing the Sherman Antitrust Act (1890), Congress intended to
prevent large corporations from eliminating their competition
distinguish good trusts from bad trusts
regulate rates charged by railroads
force large trusts to bargain with labor unions
A high protective tariff passed by Congress is intended to affect the United States economy by
promoting free trade
limiting industrial jobs
encouraging American manufacturing
expanding global interdependence
In the early 1900s, Progressive Era reformers sought to increase citizen participation in government by supporting the
expansion of the spoils system
direct election of senators
creation of the electoral college
formation of the Federal Reserve system
The cartoon illustrates the actions of President Theodore Roosevelt in
securing the land to build the Panama Canal
leading troops in the Spanish-American War
ending the war between Russia and Japan
improving diplomatic relations with Latin American nations
Critics of the actions shown in this cartoon claimed President Theodore Roosevelt was
causing environmental damage
following a policy of imperialism
requiring massive tax increases
producing major trade deficits with China
A major reason the United States entered World War I was to
maintain freedom of the seas
stop impressment of United States sailors
protect United States cities from foreign attacks
counter a German invasion of Latin America
Isolationists in the Senate objected to the United States joining the League of Nations because they opposed
involvement in future foreign wars
membership in the League by Germany
colonialism in Africa and Asia
creation of the Security Council
In the mid-1920s, the immigration policy of the United States was mainly designed to
deport illegal immigrants
continue the traditional policy of open immigration
establish quotas for immigrants from certain nations
establish quotas for immigrants from certain nations
The contributions of Langston Hughes and Duke Ellington illustrate the importance of the Harlem Renaissance to
economic growth
educational reform
the creative arts
political leadership
The principal message of the cartoon is that the Standard Oil Company
used its size to lower the prices of its products
protected the nation from foreign competition
used its economic power to influence government decisions
employed violence to gain an unfair advantage for its workers
Jacob Riis, Ida Tarbell, and Margaret Sanger are best known for their efforts to
create awareness about social problems
gain support for the women’s movement
expand the rights of Native American Indians
win equal treatment for African Americans
The Progressive movement supported the idea that the federal government should
regulate big business
reduce immigration
build an overseas empire
reduce the number of farms
Which event most influenced President Woodrow Wilson’s decision to enter World War I?
defeat of Russia by Germany
assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
raids by Mexico on the southwestern United States
renewal of unrestricted submarine warfare by Germany
In the early 20th century, what was the primary cause of the large-scale migration of African Americans out of the rural South?
supply of new housing in the suburbs
opportunities for jobs in northern factories
availability of cheap land on the frontier
absence of racial discrimination in northern states
In the late 1800s, which factor directly contributed to the growth of the steel industry?
government regulation of the industry
employee ownership of the industry
new production techniques that increased efficiency
court decisions that allowed collective bargaining
Most nativists of the late 1800s would most likely have supported the
creation of settlement houses to aid new immigrants
passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act
continuation of the contract labor system
assimilation of Native American Indians into mainstream culture
The American Federation of Labor’s support for “bread and butter” unionism was intended to
gain control of state and federal legislatures
change the economic system to socialism
combine all skilled and unskilled workers into one large organization
improve wages, hours, and working conditions
Yellow journalism contributed to the start of the Spanish-American War (1898) by
portraying William McKinley as a pro-war president
inciting public outrage over conditions in Cuba
showing the need to acquire colonies in the Pacific
demanding the repeal of the Gentlemen’s Agreement
Books such as The Octopus by Frank Norris, How the Other Half Lives by Jacob Riis, and The Jungle by Upton Sinclair exposed problems associated with
naturalization of immigrants
westward expansion
rapid industrialization
environmental conservation
The economic boom of the 1920s was fueled in part by
government subsidies paid to farmers
tariff reductions on European goods
increased investment in the stock market
construction by the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
Which movement’s primary goal was the ratification of a constitutional amendment authorizing Prohibition?
abolitionist
Populist
temperance
settlement house
Which development most clearly illustrates the nativist attitudes that existed in the United States in the 1920s?
limits on immigration established by the Quota Acts
pro-business policies of the federal government
artistic and literary achievements of the Harlem Renaissance
conflicts between religion and science as shown in the Scopes Tria
The formation of national labor unions in the late 1800s was mainly a response to
passage of federal laws that favored workers
laws restricting immigration and naturalization
poor working conditions and low wages in many industries
economic depressions that had led to high unemployment
Many of the business trusts created in the late 1800s were eventually declared illegal primarily because they
eliminated competition by forming monopolies
combined companies that manufactured different products
donated large sums of money to political candidates
allowed children to work under unsafe conditions
In the late 1800s, rapid industrial development resulted in
a decrease in tariff rates
a decrease in population growth
an increase in the rate of urbanization
an increase in the price of farm products
During the late 1800s, the idea of Social Darwinism was used to explain the
development of the Granger movement
need for settlement homes
creation of a national parks system
success or failure of businesses
One reason the American Federation of Labor (AFL) was successful was that this organization
focused on the needs of skilled workers
rejected the use of strikes and boycotts
ended the use of blacklists by employers
called for government ownership of industry
Which statement best expresses a common belief among nativists in the late 1800s and early 1900s?
“Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses.”
“The streets are paved with gold.”
“All immigrants strengthen America.”
“America is for Americans.”
In the 1890s, the main goal of those who supported United States imperialism was to
bring self-government to areas under United States control
obtain overseas markets and naval bases
defend against attacks by enemy nations
spread democracy to Africa and Latin America
Which argument was used by Progressive Era reformers to support the use of a graduated income tax?
Imports should be taxed to make foreign goods more expensive than domestic goods.
Taxes on corporations should be reduced so jobs can be created.
People who earn more money should pay taxes at higher rates.
All citizens should be taxed at the same rate to treat all people equally
What would Speaker B most likely want the federal government to do?
Regulate child labor.
Adopt a progressive income tax
Strengthen the immigration laws.
Support the concept of Social Darwinism.
Which two speakers represent the beliefs of many reformers during the Progressive Era?
A and B
A and C
B and C
B and D
• Overcrowding
• High crime rate
• Poor sanitation
In the early 1900s, these problems were most directly a result of
muckrakers’ influence
conservation programs
westward migration
rapid urbanization
In the early 1900s, Congress acted to regulate the nation’s money supply more effectively by
increasing the minimum wage
raising the protective tariff
creating the Federal Reserve System
adopting the Clayton Antitrust Act
What is the main idea of the cartoon?
Travel on ocean-going ships was dangerous and should be banned.
The United States should return to an isolationist foreign policy
The United States should take the lead in creating an international peacekeeping organization
The United States Navy should make efforts to improve its fleet.
