Allows for gene expression

We can see how DNA is copied by looking at its

1. There's a parent molecule

2. Strands separate

3. "Daughter" DNA molecules each consist of one _______ strand and one ________ strand

In each new DNA double helix, one strand is from the original molecule, and one strand is new

Phase 1 of replication

Initiation in DNA replication: Replication can only begin at specific locations, called ______ on a chromosome

Once initiation in DNA replication begins, replication proceeds in ____ directions from the origin

Prokaryotes (bacteria cells) have _____ origin(s)

Eukaryotes have _____ origin(s)

Keeps the DNA strand open

A product of a reaction acts as a catalyst for the next process or reaction (One product causes another product to happen)

The addition of new nucleotides into a strand of DNA is

Nucleotides are automatically added to the ____ end of the DNA strand, as determined by the sequence of the nucleotides in the _____ strand

Separate strands that run in a different direction

In a DNA molecule, one strand is in the 3' to 5' orientation, and the other is in the 5' to 3' orientation. DNA is

In DNA replication elongation, _______ are added to the new strand of DNA in the 5' to 3' direction

An enzyme that connects two fragments (the Okazagi fragments) of DNA to make a single fragment

A complex of DNA polymerase and other enzymes that catalyzes the synthesis of DNA

In DNA replication, elongation continues until _______ merge

Multiple sites of replication found on large, linear eukaryotic chromosomes

Each round of replication shortens the ___ end of the lagging strand

If replication continued indefinitely, chromosomes would get ______ after each replication and information would start to be lost

Telomerase uses a ____ to add more telomere sequence during replication

Growing old/aging cells

Telomerase is not active in ______ cells

DNA --> RNA: Happens in the nucleus

In transcription initiation, __________ attaches to a "promoter" region in the front/"upstream" of a gene

In prokaryotes, in initiation of transcription, RNA polymerase binds directly to the ______

In eukaryotes, in the initiation phase of transcription, RNA polymerase requires an assemblage of ________ proteins to be able to bind to the promoter

A promoter DNA sequence crucial in forming the transcription initiation complex

A promoter DNA sequence crucial in forming the transcription initiation complex

RNA production occurs in the _____ to _____ direction

Elongation of transcription (DNA --> RNA): The strand of DNA that the RNA transcript is being produced off of (its sequence is ______ to the transcript)

Strand of DNA that will have the SAME sequence as the RNA transcript (with thymines replaced by uracils in the transcript, T --> U)

The nontemplate strand of RNA in the elongation phase of transcription will be the exact same sequence as the DNA, but the ____ will be changed to _______

Termination of transcription (DNA --> RNA): Transcription production continues until the end of the ______ is reached

Termination of transcription (DNA --> RNA):

The transcript bases HYDROGEN bond with THEMSELVES, fold back and pull the transcript out of RNA polymerase

Termination of transcription (DNA --> RNA):

The Rho protein destabilizes the RNA-DNA hydrogen bonding at RNA polymerase, and ceases transcription

Carries DNA sequence information to the ribosome

Carries specific amino acids to the ribosome

Major structural building block of ribosomes

In prokaryotes, the mRNA transcript is _____ translated

In eukaryotes, the mRNA transcript is extensively processed in the _____ before it leaves to be translated

The 5' end of a pre-mRNA molecule modified by the addition of a CAP of GUANINE nucleotide

Modified end of the 3' end of an mRNA molecule consisting of the addition of some 50 to 250 ADENINE nucleotides

The 5' cap and poly-A tail function in ______ and _______ of the mRNA

RNA --> Polypeptide

The site of protein synthesis composed of two subunits

The only non membrane bound organelle - all cells have these

Site of ribosome: Where amino acids enter the ribosome

Site of ribosome where the growing polypeptide is kept

Site of the ribosome where empty tRNA molecules leave

Amino acids are added to tRNA molecules through the action of ______ enzymes

A tRNA with an amino acid attached is said to be

A three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code

Initiation of translation (RNA --> Polypeptide):

1. The mRNA attaches to the small ________

Initiation of translation (RNA --> Polypeptide)

2. __________ is brought to the start codon (AUG) by the methionine tRNA

Start codon for methionine

Initiation of translation (RNA --> polypeptide): The union of mRNA, initiator tRNA, a small ribosomal subunit, and a large ribosomal subunit

Initiation of translation (RNA --> polypeptide)

3. The ribosome assembles so that the start codon (AUG) is in the

Initiation of translation (RNA --> polypeptide):

tRNA binding at the ribosome is mediated by an _______ loop in the tRNA molecule

Elongation of translation (RNA --> Polypeptide)

1. The next codon is now available in the _____ (which site?) for the next incoming charged tRNA

Elongation of translation (RNA --> Polypeptide)

2. The next codon determines the next _____ to be brought to the ribosome. The incoming charged tRNA enters at the ______

Elongation of translation (RNA --> polypeptide)

3. The growing polypeptide is transferred to the new _______. A ______ is formed

Elongation of translation

(RNA --> Polypeptide)

4. The ribosome shifts, or _______

The tRNA with the polypeptide is in the _________

The uncharged amino acid is now in the _______

Termination of translation (RNA --> Polypeptide)

Stop codons

Termination of translation (RNA --> polypeptide): When a stop codon (UAG, UAA, or UGA) is encountered, a release factor binds to the _______

Termination of translation (RNA --> polypeptide):

After a stop codon (UAG, UAA, UGA) is encountered and a release factor binds to the A site, the POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN is ______ and the RIBOSOME _________

Since prokaryotes do not have a nucleus, transcription and translation can be ____

Eukaryotes cannot couple transcription and translation because they don't have

Eukaryotes cannot couple transcription and translation because they don't have polyribosomes and they need to target different _____ in different areas of the cell

A small signal peptide sequence on polypeptides that need to be made at the endoplasmic reticulum

A signal peptide recruits an _____, which modulates "docking" of the ribosome to the rough ER