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WorksheetsHuman Anatomy Prelim Examination
Total questions: 103
Worksheet time: 2hrs 33mins
A 34-year-old man presented to the ER for evaluation of right lower quadrant pain. The medical clerk performed the ilio-psoas test. The psoas major muscle is inferiorly attached to the:
Greater Trochanter of the Femur
Lesser Trochanter of the Femur
Internal Lip of Iliac Crest
Anterior Superior Iliac Spine
Posterior Superior Iliac Spine
A model consulted because of a persistent bulging abdomen 6 months after giving birth to twins. The diagnosis was rectus abdominis diastasis which is the abnormal separation of rectus muscles and a laxity at the linea alba. The linea alba is formed by the:
aponeuroses of the external oblique, internal oblique, & transversus abdominis muscles
aponeuroses of the external oblique muscle and internal oblique muscle
aponeuroses of the external oblique muscle and transversus abdominis muscle
separation of the vertical right and left rectus abdominis muscles
The general surgeon did an open appendectomy at the McBurney point. The peritoneal cavity was entered through the following abdominal wall layers from outermost to innermost:
Skin, Camper Fascia, Deep Membranous Layer of Subcutaneous Tissue, Investing Fascia, External Oblique Muscle, Investing Fascia, Internal Oblique Muscle, Investing Fascia, Transversus Abdominis Muscle, Transversalis Fascia, Extraperitoneal Fat, Parietal Peritoneum
Skin, Camper Fascia, Scarpa Fascia, Investing Fascia, External Oblique Muscle, Investing Fascia, Internal Oblique Muscle, Transversalis Fascia, Transversus Abdominis Muscle, Endoabdominal Fascia, Extraperitoneal Fat, Parietal Peritoneum
Skin, Deep Fatty Layer of Subcutaneous Tissue, Scarpa Fascia, Investing Fascia, External Oblique Muscle, Investing Fascia, Internal Oblique Muscle, Investing Fascia, Transversus Abdominis Muscle, Endoabdominal Fascia, Extraperitoneal Fat, Parietal Peritoneum
Skin, Superficial Fatty Layer of Subcutaneous Tissue, Deep Fatty Layer of Subcutaneous Tissue, Investing Fascia, External Oblique Muscle, Investing Fascia, Internal Oblique Muscle, Investing Fascia, Transversus Abdominis Muscle, Transversalis Fascia, Extraperitoneal Fat, Parietal Peritoneum
A patient complained of abdominal pain after an episode of violent coughing. The diagnosis was Rectus Sheath Hematoma. The following statements about the rectus sheath are true, EXCEPT:
The rectus sheath contains the superior and inferior epigastric arteries and veins.
Between the costal margin and the level of the anterior superior iliac spine: the aponeurosis of the internal oblique splits to enclose the rectus abdominis muscles.
Between the level of the anterosuperior iliac spine and the pubis: the aponeuroses of the external oblique, internal oblique and transversus abdominis muscles form the anterior wall of the rectus sheath.
Between the level of the anterosuperior iliac spine and the pubis: the posterior wall of the rectus sheath is absent, and the rectus abdominis muscles lie directly in contact with the peritoneum.
A patient, with gallbladder stones, seeks consult because of fever and abdominal pain. The medical clerk suspects an inflammation of the gallbladder. At what part of the abdomen should the clerk expect to elicit tenderness?
Right Upper Quadrant
Left Hypochondrium
Left Flank
Epigastric Area
Whole Abdomen
A factory worker was experiencing low back pain. The spine x-ray showed an excessive inward curvature of the lumbar spine. Strengthening of his anterolateral abdominal wall muscles was advised. Which of the following muscles is most helpful to correct the lumbar spine problem?
external oblique
internal oblique
transversus abdominis muscle
rectus abdominis
pyramidalis
The rectus abdominis muscles originate from the pubic symphysis and pubic crest and attach to the:
external surfaces of the 5th-12th ribs
xiphoid process and costal cartilages of three "true ribs"
inferior borders of the 11th-12th ribs
xiphoid process and costal cartilages of three "false ribs"
inferior borders of the 5th-7th ribs
A patient who had a Lower Segment Cesarean Section (transverse skin incision, two finger-breadths above the symphysis pubis) complained of pain in the right pubic area and right medial thigh. Diagnosis: Nerve Entrapment Syndrome. Which nerve was most likely involved?
right superior terminal branch of anterior ramus of spinal nerve L1
subcostal nerve
iliohypogastric nerve
ilio-inguinal nerve
left inferior terminal branch of anterior ramus of spinal nerve L1
Hematoma of the rectus sheath is an uncommon cause of abdominal pain. The source of the bleeding is the inferior epigastric vein or, more rarely, the inferior epigastric artery. The inferior epigastric vein normally drains blood into the:
deep femoral vein
superficial epigastric vein
external iliac vein
superior epigastric vein
deep circumflex iliac vein
What is the entrance by which the spermatic cord in males, or the round ligament in females, enters the inguinal canal?
external inguinal ring
medial third
middle third
superficial inguinal ring
deep inguinal ring
A man complained of pain in the left groin. There was a large, tender swelling in the left groin which extended down into the scrotum. The impression was indirect inguinal hernia. The following statements about indirect inguinal hernia are true, EXCEPT:
congenital hernias are more common than acquired hernias
there is patency of the processus vaginalis
it is caused by a weakness in the inguinal triangle
the hernia exits the superficial ring
herniating bowel passes lateral to inferior epigastric vessels to enter deep inguinal ring
The inguinal ligament is formed from the:
aponeurosis of the internal oblique muscle
aponeurosis of the transversus abdominis
pyramidalis
rectus abdominis
external oblique muscle
It is the transition between the aponeurotic wall of the rectus sheath that covers the posterior part of the rectus abdominis AND the absence of this aponeurotic posterior wall in the inferior part of the rectus abdominis muscle.
Spigelian line
inguinal falx
arcuate line
Poupart ligament
neurovascular plane
What is the dermatome level that includes the umbilicus?
Dermatome T9
Dermatome T10
Dermatome T11
Dermatome T12
Dermatome L1
The skin and subcutaneous tissue of the abdominal wall are served by an intricate subcutaneous venous plexus. The upper portion of the abdominal wall drain medially to the:
subcostal vein
thoraco-epigastric vein
superficial epigastric vein
axillary vein
internal thoracic vein
An incisional hernia is a protrusion of omentum or an organ through a surgical incision that does not heal properly. The following practices are acceptable, EXCEPT:
The surgeon splits the muscle, without cutting it, in the direction of and between its fibers.
Muscles and viscera are retracted toward their neurovascular supply.
A big branch of motor nerve is cut and the 2 ends of the severed nerve are aligned properly during closure.
Whenever possible, laparoscopic surgery is done instead of the conventional, open surgery.
The rectus abdominis muscle may be transected transversely without causing serious damage.
What fascia allows the surgeon an anterior abdominal wall access to the retroperitoneal structures (kidneys, ureters, and bodies of lumbar vertebra) without entering the peritoneal cavity?
camper fascia
scarpa fascia
endoabdominal fascia
investing fascia (middle)
investing fascia (deep)
JK, a medical student, sustained a wound near the periumbilical area, one inch above the umbilicus, when he went spelunking in Callao cave. The wound got infected. He expected to experience some swelling of the lymph nodes in the:
superficial inguinal lymph nodes
cisterna chyli
axillary lymph nodes
retro-aortic lymph nodes
inferior epigastric lymph nodes
A patient experienced bulging in the right groin area. Diagnosis: femoral hernia. What is that area of innate weakness in the body wall in the inguinal region which is the site of direct inguinal hernias, indirect inguinal hernias, and femoral hernias?
inguinal triangle
subinguinal space
femoral canal
myopectineal orifice
inguinal canal
The rectus abdominis muscle, superficial and deep abdominal wall of the epigastric and upper umbilical regions are supplied with blood by the:
inferior epigastric artery
subcostal artery
musculophrenic artery
internal thoracic artery
10th and 11th posterior intercostal arteries
The parietal peritoneum is sensitive to the following, EXCEPT:
stretching
pain
laceration
heat
pressure
The portal triad is found within the:
hepatogastric ligament
lesser omentum
triangular ligament
falciform ligament
ligamentum teres hepatis
The peritoneum is derived from the embryonic:
endoderm
mesothelioma
ventral mesentery
mesoderm
dorsal mesentery
A patient had a ruptured appendicitis and was operated. The surgeon discovered that the greater omentum had adhered to the appendix. The greater omentum descends from the greater curvature of the stomach and proximal part of the duodenum. It's attached to the:
superior surface of the transverse colon
superior surface of the right colon
transverse colon and transverse mesocolon
posterior abdominal wall
pubic bones
These are secondarily retroperitoneal structures, EXCEPT:
ascending colon
kidneys
descending colon
duodenum
pancreas
In placing trocars in the anterior abdominal wall, what peritoneal fold or reflection should the surgeon avoid in the inner surface of the anterior abdominal wall in order not to cut the inferior epigastric arteries?
median umbilical fold
medial umbilical fold
lateral umbilical fold
fibrous remnant of the urachus
occluded parts of the umbilical arteries
What area is considered as a potential site for acquired inguinal hernia?
deep inguinal ring
lateral inguinal fossa
inguinal groove
medial inguinal fossa
retro-inguinal space
What divides the abdominal cavity into a supracolic compartment (containing the stomach, liver, and spleen) and an infracolic compartment (containing the small intestine and ascending and descending colon)?
mesentery of the small intestine
mesentery of the transverse colon
mesogastrium
mesocolon
lesser omentum
The surgeon, while removing the gallbladder, accidentally cut the cystic artery. To stop the bleeding, the surgeon should insert his index finger into an opening so that he could effectively pinch the hepatic artery. What's this opening?
omental foramen
umbilical fissure
myopectineal orifice
paracolic gutter
superior recess of the omental bursa
Infections in the pelvis may extend superiorly to the supracolic compartment of the greater sac through the:
left paracolic gutter
right paracolic gutter
omental bursa
epiploic foramen
inferior recess of the lesser sac
What is the name of the structure pointed at by the arrow?
medial umbilical fold
medial umbilical ligament
lateral umbilical fold
fibrous remnant of the urachus
occluded parts of the umbilical arteries
These statements regarding abdominal hernias in adults are true, EXCEPT:
Nerve compression happens.
They do not occur in the midline.
They result from increased intra-abdominal pressure in the presence of weakness in the abdominal wall.
The stresses of obesity and aging may contribute to the weakening of the abdominal wall.
They can be a consequence of laparoscopic surgery.
This type of incision is ideal for abdominal viscera exploration. It can provide good visualization and easier access to the viscera. The chance of cutting a major blood vessel or nerve is low by using this incision.
subcostal incision
pararectus incision
McBurney incision
supraumbilical median incision
Pfannenstiel incision
The peritoneal cavity contains the:
urinary bladder
stomach
water, electrolytes, white blood cells, antibodies
spleen
kidney
It is a peritoneal formation that connects an organ with another organ or to the abdominal wall.
mesentery
omentum
peritoneal fold
peritoneal recess
ligament
The round ligament of the liver is enclosed in the free edge of the:
lesser omentum
falciform ligament
greater omentum
hepatoduodenal ligament
hepatogastric ligament
What permits free movement of the stomach on the structures posterior and inferior to it?
greater sac
lesser sac
bare area
loose hepatogastric ligament
pancreas
What is true regarding the boundaries of the omental foramen?
The foramen is found in front of the hepatoduodenal ligament.
The foramen is found at the back of the Inferior Vena Cava and the right crus of the diaphragm.
The foramen is found below the stomach.
The foramen is found below the liver.
The foramen is found below the superior or first part of the duodenum.
During infancy, the fusion of the layers of the greater omentum happens. After the fusion, the lower portion of the omental bursa extends only up to the:
transverse colon
stomach
ileum
liver
symphysis pubis
The peritoneum covering the stomach is supplied with blood by:
superior epigastric artery
inferior epigastric artery
superior mesenteric artery
inferior mesenteric artery
celiac trunk
The following statements are true about the upper esophageal sphincter, EXCEPT:
It is located in the beginning of the esophagus.
It is a constriction in the esophagus.
It is located at the junction of the pharynx and esophagus.
It is controlled by the cricothyroid muscle.
It is approximately 15 cm from the incisor teeth.
It is the junction between the esophageal mucosa and gastric mucosa:
S-line
inferior esophageal sphincter
physiological sphincter
anatomical sphincter
zigzag line
What is the junction between the esophagus and the dome-shaped upper portion of the stomach?
incisura angularis
cardial notch
cardial orifice
zigzag line
S-line
What is pointed at by the red arrow?
cardial notch
gastric fold
esophago-gastric junction
transpyloric plane
angular notch
A patient was diagnosed with a posterior stomach ulcer. Ulcers in this location may erode the splenic artery and cause hemorrhage. What nerve can be cut in order to decrease the production of gastric juice by the stomach?
parasympathetic innervation
sympathetic innervation
greater splanchnic nerve
accessory nerve
abducens nerve
What part of the duodenum has the openings of the ducts that convey or carry bile from the gallbladder and pancreatic juice from the pancreas?
superior part
inferior part
third part
second part
duodenal cap
The oxygenated blood supply of the duodenum originates from the:
superior mesenteric artery and inferior mesenteric artery
inferior mesenteric artery and celiac trunk
celiac trunk and superior mesenteric artery
gastro duodenal artery, supraduodenal artery, superior pancreaticoduodenal artery, inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery, right gastric artery
superior mesenteric artery, right gastro-omental artery, left gastroepiploic artery
Comparing it to the jejunum, the ileum has the following, EXCEPT
nearly the same caliber
less vascularity
shorter vase recta
sparse circular folds in the distal part
many Peyer patches
Venous blood from the jejunum and ileum are drained by the:
superior mesenteric vein and portal vein
inferior mesenteric vein
superior mesenteric vein and splenic vein
inferior mesenteric vein and splenic vein
inferior mesenteric vein and superior mesenteric vein
The large intestine can be distinguished from the small intestine by the following, EXCEPT:
small, fatty, omentum-like projections
sacculation of the wall of the small intestine between the teniae coli
teniae coli
haustra
diameter
The three bands of longitudinal muscle fibers called teniae coli converge as one in the:
hepatic flexure
splenic flexure
appendix
cecum
sigmoid colon
The transition of the main blood supply, from superior mesenteric artery to inferior mesenteric artery, of the large intestine happens at the:
ascending colon
hepatic flexure
transverse colon
splenic flexure
rectosigmoid junction
This artery parallels or extends along the length of the colon close to its mesenteric border and provides a collateral or alternative blood supply to the different parts of the colon.
marginal artery
arterial arcades
vasa recta
right colic artery
left colic artery
The relations of the spleen are the following, EXCEPT:
The spleen is lateral to the stomach.
The left 9th–11th ribs are located indirectly behind the spleen.
The left 9th -11th ribs are separated from the spleen by the left part of the diaphragm.
The spleen is above the left colic flexure.
The left kidney is on the medial side of the spleen.
Where does the superior mesenteric vein join the splenic vein to form the portal vein?
posterior to the head of the pancreas
anterior to the uncinate process of the pancreas
posterior to the neck of the pancreas
anterior to the body of the pancreas
posterior to the tail of the pancreas
The liver is subdivided into four divisions. The four divisions are further divided into resectable hepatic segments. How many hepatic segments are there?
6
7
8
9
10
Most of the blood received by the liver comes from the:
hepatic artery
superior mesenteric artery
inferior mesenteric artery
celiac trunk
portal vein
Meckel's diverticulum is caused by the persistence of the embryonic:
umbilical vein
umbilical artery
urachus
omphalo-enteric duct
processus vaginalis
These are causes of extrinsic small bowel obstruction, EXCEPT:
adhesions
hernias
intestinal malrotation
midgut volvulus
ascaris bolus
The most common cause of small bowel obstruction is
adhesions
hernias
intestinal malrotation
midgut volvulus
neoplasms
Small bowel obstruction may manifest with several features in the abdominal x-ray. What do the red arrows show?
dilated loops of the large bowel
visible valvulae conniventes
gas-fluid level
absence of air in the large intestines
string-of-beads sign: small pockets of gas within a fluid-filled small bowel
Regional specification of the gut tube into different components (pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon, etc.) is initiated by a concentration gradient or different levels of exposure of the gut tube to:
retinoic acid
SOXZ
PDX1
DXC
CDXA
Foregut derivatives include the following, EXCEPT:
esophagus
stomach
duodenum
pancreas
gallbladder
The stomach, as it grows, rotates clockwise around its longitudinal axis, causing its left side to face anteriorly and its right side to face posteriorly. How many degrees is the rotation?
45 degrees
90 degrees
120 degrees
180 degrees
260 degrees
The lesser omentum is derived from the:
ventral mesogastrium
dorsal mesogastrium
dorsal mesentery
dorsal mesocolon
mesentery proper
Baby 3D vomited after her first feeding. She had Duodenal Atresia probably due to failure of duodenal recanalization. In what month of fetal development does the lumen of the duodenum become obliterated?
first month
second month
third month
fourth month
fifth month
Inhibitory factors produced by the ectoderm, noncardiac mesoderm, and notochord stop the foregut endoderm to become the liver. What proteins block the effect of the inhibitory factors so that gut endoderm becomes liver tissue?
bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs)
hepatocyte nuclear transcription factors (HNF3 and HNF4)
SHH
AX4 and PAX6
fibroblast growth factors (FGF2)
The ventral pancreatic bud becomes the:
head of the pancreas
uncinate process of the pancreas
neck of the pancreas
body of the pancreas
tail of the pancreas
During fetal development, the primary intestinal loop rotates. How many degrees of rotation happens during the return of the intestines, from physiological herniation, into the abdominal cavity?
45 degrees
90 degrees
120 degrees
180 degrees
270 degrees
Superior to the pectinate line, the anal epithelium is
simple columnar supplied by the inferior rectal artery
columnar supplied by the inferior mesenteric artery
stratified cuboidal supplied by the superior rectal artery
simple squamous supplied by the inferior mesenteric artery
simple squamous supplied by the superior mesenteric artery
Portal Venous and Systemic Venous communications occur in the following locations, EXCEPT:
submucosa in the inferior esophagus
submucosa of the anal canal
peri-umbilical region
bare areas of secondarily retroperitoneal viscera
varicose veins of the legs
What drains the blood from Segment 1 of the liver?
minor hepatic vein
right hepatic vein
middle hepatic vein
left hepatic vein
hepatic portal vein
What is the portal vein pressure in an individual with normal physiology?
zero
3 to 5 mmHg
5 to 10 mmHg
10 to 15 mmHg
20 to 30 mmHg
When there is failure of descent of the cecum, pain felt due to appendicitis localizes in the:
hypochondriac region
right lower quadrant
right flank
epigastric region
suprapubic area
Innervation by the vagus nerves supply the inferior esophagus until the:
duodenum
hepatic flexure
splenic flexure
descending colon
rectum
These nerves supply sympathetic fibers, EXCEPT:
least splanchnic nerve
lesser splanchnic nerve
lumbar splanchnic nerve
sacral splanchnic nerve
pelvic splanchnic nerve (E)
During the 10th week of fetal development, herniated intestinal loops begin to return to the abdominal cavity. What is the last structure to return into the abdominal cavity?
cecum
ascending colon
ileum
duodenum
descending colon
During the 5th week of development, the embryo receives nourishment from the yolk sac through the:
placenta
umbilical cord
two umbilical arteries
one umbilical vein
vitelline duct
caput succedaneum
spider nevus
caput medusae
telangiectasia
angioma serpiginosum
What among these embryonic structures become the renal pyramids?
pronephros
mesonephros
metanephros
ureteric bud
urogenital sinus
A one-year-old infant had hematuria (bloody urine). The final impression was ureteropelvic junction obstruction. At the renal hilum, this is the order of structures (from the front to the back) the urologist expects to see.
renal artery, renal vein, renal pelvis
renal artery, renal pelvis, renal vein
renal vein, renal artery, renal pelvis
renal vein, renal pelvis, renal artery
renal pelvis, renal vein, renal artery
Why is it that some kidney stones cannot pass down and reach the urinary bladder?
These renal stones have rough edges.
The ureteral mucosa is not smooth and slippery enough to facilitate passage of the stones.
Presence of the junction between the ureter and renal pelvis.
The renal stones may not be heavy enough.
Some renal stones have very soft matrix.
In cases of displaced rib fractures, what is the rib most likely to injure the right kidney?
true rib
false rib
10th rib
11th rib
12th rib
A patient was diagnosed with right adrenal cancer. The surgeon decided to remove the whole adrenal and resect the topmost segment of the kidney. What artery of the kidney should the surgeon make sure to clamp in order to limit blood loss?
highest segmental artery
apical segmental artery
anterosuperior segmental artery
first-order segmental artery
intertwining artery
Why is the left renal vein longer than the right renal vein?
It is because the left kidney is bigger than the right kidney.
It is because the left kidney is smaller than the right kidney.
It is because the left kidney has a more concave hilum.
It is because the inferior vena cava is on the right side of the body.
It is because the inferior vena cava has a curve.
Arterial supply to the ureter may come from the following, EXCEPT:
renal artery
testicular artery
ovarian artery
common iliac artery
inferior mesenteric artery
The renal vein entrapment syndrome or the nutcracker syndrome may present with the following, EXCEPT:
right flank pain
hematuria or blood in the urine
proteinuria or protein in the urine
testicular pain
varicocele
The pain due to ureteral stone obstruction may be felt in the following areas, EXCEPT:
lumbar region
thigh
labia majora
testes
periumbilical region
In managing renal stones, the procedure associated with the least morbidity and the lowest complication rate is:
shockwave lithotripsy
ureteroscopy
percutaneous nephrolithotomy
open nephrolithotomy
laser lithotripsy
What is the structure pointed at by the arrows?
colonic tumor
psoas
rectus abdominis
ascaris bolus
plicae circulares
What is pointed by the arrow?
pneumoperitone-um or air in the peritoneal cavity
air-fluid level in the duodenum
gastric air bubble
fecal matter
dilated bowel loop
Severe bleeding from a big wound on the thigh may be controlled by applying pressure over the umbilicus, while in the supine position, to compress the abdominal aorta against the vertebra. What part of the vertebra usually corresponds with the level of the umbilicus?
body of the L1 vertebra
body of the L2 vertebra
body of the L3 vertebra
body of the L4 vertebra
body of the L5 vertebra
Muscles of the posterior abdominal wall include the following, EXCEPT:
iliacus
quadratus lumborum
intrinsic back muscle
psoas major
psoas minor
Tuberculous disease of the lumbar vertebrae may result to formation of pus which can gravitate downward into the upper part of the thigh below the inguinal ligament. What fascia can help facilitate the extension of the pus into the thigh?
thoracolumbar fascia
quadratus lumborum fascia
femoral sheath
psoas fascia
medial arcuate ligament
Acute appendicitis initially presents with a dull, periumbilical pain. Why?
The tip of the appendix, sometimes, is located near the umbilicus.
The appendix is supplied by sensory fibers from T10.
The parietal peritoneum is more sensitive around the umbilicus.
There is less sensory innervation around the umbilicus.
The pain is masked by intake of analgesic medication.
Perforation of the posterior wall of the stomach results in the passage of its fluid contents into the omental bursa. In the supine position, where will the fluid from the omental bursa flow into?
subphrenic recess
subhepatic space
postero-inferior extension of the subhepatic space
inferior recess of the omental bursa
hepatorenal recess
The following statements are true about the renal fascia and the perinephric space, EXCEPT:
The renal fascia encloses the perinephric space and fat.
The renal fascia encloses the kidney.
Abscess within the perinephric space can descend inferiorly and reach the pelvic space.
The renal fascia attaches the adrenal gland into the diaphragm.
e. The renal fascia does not attach to the renal blood vessels.
Esophageal varices are distended and tortuous submucosal veins in the esophagus. Why do these veins enlarge?
The walls of the veins in this area are very weak.
The hepatic portal vein and its tributaries have valves.
In this area, there is no anastomosis between the portal system and the systemic venous system.
It is caused by the blood flow.
The small area of the esophagus cannot adequately accommodate the number of veins draining the area.
The following statements regarding the falciform ligament are true, EXCEPT:
It divides the liver into two surgical divisions.
It is the remnant of the ventral mesogastrium.
It normally attaches along a continuous line to the anterior abdominal wall as far inferiorly as the umbilicus.
It encloses the remnant of the embryonic umbilical vein.
It attaches to the diaphragm.
The renal fascia encloses the following structures, EXCEPT:
kidney
adrenal gland
suprarenal gland
paranephric fat
perinephric fat
It is an imaginary plane midway between the jugular notch or upper border of the manubrium (superiorly) and the pubic crest (inferiorly).
Transtubercular Plane
Transpyloric Plane
Subcostal Plane
Midinguinal Point
Interspinous Plane
Pain sensation due to obstruction and detention of the ureters are conveyed to the spinal ganglia and cord segments:
T9-T12
T10-L1
T11-L2
T12-L3
L1-L4
Contains the Renal Corpuscles
Renal Medulla
Renal Cortex
Renal Sinus
Bowman Capsule
Renal Papilla
