thought blood flowed back and forth; liver created blood and organs consumed it

performed experiments to show that the heart pumps blood in a circuit

principal categories of blood vessels

Carry blood away from heart

Carry blood back to heart

Connect smallest arteries to smallest veins to create a circuit

Walls of arteries and veins have four layers

layers of the arterial walls and veins

Lines the blood vessel and is exposed to blood; Endothelium

tunica media

Tunica externa (tunica adventitia)

By definition, arteries are blood vessels that do which of the following?

The endothelium is made of which type of epithelial tissue?

Which acts as a selectively permeable barrier to materials moving between the capillaries and the interstitial fluid?

Which term refers to the small blood vessels that nourish the walls of larger vessels?

Which of these is an artery?

Arrange the three classes of arteries in order from largest to smallest.

The vasa vasorum are small vessels that comprise the blood supply to which of the following?

Which class of artery includes the aorta, pulmonary trunk, common carotid, subclavian, and common iliac arteries?

which of theses is a vein?

True or false: Arteriosclerosis (the stiffening of arteries with age) increases the risk of aneurysms.

The brachial, femoral, renal, and splenic arteries are examples of ______ arteries.

The smallest of the resistance arteries are called ______.

Why is it important for conducting arteries to maintain elasticity?

Arteries that are muscular or medium sized arteries that deliver blood to specific organs are called ______ arteries.

Which is another name for conducting arteries?

Arteries that are usually too small to be given individual names belong to which group?

The brachial, femoral, renal, and splenic arteries are examples of ______ arteries.

Also known as small arteries, arteries that are usually too small to be given individual names are known as ? arteries.

Which class of artery includes the aorta, pulmonary trunk, common carotid, subclavian, and common iliac arteries?

Arterial sense organs monitor blood chemistry and blood pressure in order to help regulate which of the following?

The carotid sinuses are located in which blood vessels?

A small resistance artery that empties into a capillary is called a(n)______.

Sensory signals travel from the aortic bodies to the brainstem via which cranial nerve?

Which term refers to the chemoreceptors located in the carotid artery?

Which is an example of a sense organ found within an artery?

Sensory signals travel from the carotid bodies to the brainstem via which cranial nerve?

Receptors in the carotid bodies that monitor O₂, CO₂, and pH levels are examples of which type of sensor?

Which are chemoreceptors that are located in the aortic arch?

Which term refers to the mechanoreceptors in the carotid sinuses that monitor blood pressure?

Why are capillaries sometimes called the exchange vessels of the cardiovascular system?

What is the function of the aortic bodies?

Which term refers to the arterioles, capillaries, and venules?

Where are carotid bodies located?

True or false: The diameter of some capillaries is even smaller than the diameter of a red blood cell.

Where does most of the exchange of nutrients, wastes, and hormones between the blood and body fluids occur?

The term microvasculature (or microcirculation) refers to which of the following?

Identify the structure labeled 'A' in the picture.

The capillary wall consists of which of the following layers?

Which type of capillary is especially important in organs that engage in the rapid absorption or filtration of small molecules, such as the intestine and kidney?

Large molecules, such as clotting proteins and albumin synthesized by the liver, enter the blood through which of the following?

Which are regarded as the capacitance vessels because they expand easily to accommodate an increased volume of blood?

Which type of venule receives blood from the postcapillary venules?

Valves that direct blood towards the heart are formed by infoldings of which layer of the vein wall?

A modified, relatively dilated vein that lacks smooth muscle and is incapable of vasomotion is known as a venous _____.

Which type of vessel receives blood from capillaries directly or by way of the distal ends of the thoroughfare channels?

______ are veins with especially thin walls, large lumens, and no smooth muscle.

Portal systems occur in which of the following?

Which type of anastomosis provides several alternative routes of drainage from an organ?

which would be classified as large veins?

Which refers to a circulatory route in which blood flows through two consecutive capillary networks before returning to the heart?

Which term refers to a circulatory route in which blood flows from an artery directly into a vein, thereby bypassing the capillary?

Arterial anastomoses provide which of the following?

True or false: The femur has greater blood flow but less perfusion than the ovary.

Growth of lipid deposits in the arterial walls resulting in an increase in blood pressure can be described as which of the following?

Peripheral resistance is directly affected by which of the following?

What are the most significant factors which influence blood viscosity?

Which type of blood vessels exert the greatest control over peripheral resistance and blood flow?

True or false: Conducting arteries exert the greatest control over peripheral resistance and blood flow.

Which are vasoactive chemicals?

The medullary ischemic reflex is an autonomic response to a drop in perfusion of which organ?

Which hormones influence blood pressure?

Angiotensin II raises blood pressure. What is its primary mechanism?

Which hormone is secreted by the heart and has a generalized vasodilator effect that helps to lower blood pressure?

What are the sympathetic responses to a drop in perfusion to the brain?

Which hormone decreases blood pressure?

Which layer of the blood vessel wall contains smooth muscle and is responsible for enacting vasomotion?

True or false: Capillary exchange is a two way movement of fluids and substances.

Which can diffuse directly across the plasma membrane without the help of membrane channels, filtration pores, or intercellular clefts?

True or false: Lipid-soluble substances diffuse easily through the plasma membrane, while lipid-insoluble substances must use channel proteins.

Which are functions of vasoreflexes?

Chemicals given off by the systemic capillary blood to the perivascular tissues often include which of the following?

Which substances leave the blood by diffusing directly through the plasma membrane of endothelial cells?

Which mechanism of transport likely accounts for the smallest fraction of solute exchange across the capillary wall?

Capillary reabsorption exceeds capillary filtration in which of the following?

Interstitial fluids typically enter the venous end of a capillary bed via which process?

Capillary filtration exceeds capillary reabsorption in which of the following?

Which statement best summarizes the general process of capillary fluid exchange?

True or false: Net filtration pressure (NFP) is the same at the arterial end of a capillary bed as it is at the venous end.

Tissue fluids that are not reabsorbed by blood capillaries are absorbed by which of the following?

Which force opposes hydrostatic pressure along with the capillary and interstitial pressures?

Which term refers to the net force favoring filtration of fluid from a capillary or venule when all the hydrostatic and osmotic pressures of the blood and tissue fluids are taken into account?

Which can cause systemic edema?

Venous return (the flow of blood back to the heart) is achieved by which of the following mechanisms?

True or false: Large veins of the neck are normally partially collapsed and their venous pressure is close to zero.

The thoracic pump does which of the following?

Which increases venous return during exercise?

The mechanism by which contracting limb muscles squeeze blood out of the compressed part of a vein in only one direction is known as which of the following?

A sudden loss of vasomotor tone, leading to systemic vasodilation, will cause which type of shock?

Hemorrhage, trauma, bleeding ulcers, burns, and dehydration are all common causes of which type of shock?

The type of response to circulatory shock in which life-threatening positive feedback mechanisms are activated is known as ______ shock

Which is the most common form of low venous return shock?

Transient ischemic attacks are characterized by which of the following?

During strenuous exercise, blood flow to skeletal muscles increases. Which type of vessels dilate in response to epinephrine and norepinephrine to facilitate this?

Hyperventilation induces hypocapnia which leads to which of the following?

In what ways does the pulmonary circuit differ from the systemic circuit?

Why is a lower blood pressure in the pulmonary circuit ideal?

Put the following in order to describe the flow of a blood cell through the pulmonary circuit. Start with the first vessel the blood enters as it leaves the right ventricle.

1. left atrium 2. lobar arteries 3. pulmonary arteries 4. pulmonary trunk 5. pulmonary veins 6. alveolar capillaries

True or false: Arterial blood in the pulmonary circuit is less oxygenated than the venous blood in the pulmonary circuit.

The vessel marked with the letter "A" is the right

The vessel marked with the letter "E" is the

True or false: The pulmonary arteries constrict in response to local hypoxia.

The primary purpose of the ______ circuit is for the blood to release carbon dioxide and pick up oxygen.

True or false: Arterial blood in the pulmonary circuit is less oxygenated than the venous blood in the pulmonary circuit.

Which circuit supplies oxygen and nutrients to all organs and removes their metabolic wastes?

Place the principal regions of the aorta in the order of blood flow from the heart.

1. aortic arch 2. ascending aorta 3. thoracic aorta 4. abdominal aorta

The left common carotid artery branches directly from which blood vessel?

What is the middle branch off the aortic arch?

True or false: The costocervical trunks arise from the right and left subclavian arteries and supply blood to the muscles of the neck and rib cage.

The right common carotid artery branches directly off of which blood vessel?

True or false: The vertebral arteries ascend through the transverse foramina of vertebrae C6 through C1 before it enters the cranial cavity though the foramen magnum.

Which branch of the external carotid artery supplies blood to the tongue?

The ____ artery, a branch of the external carotid artery, supplies blood to the teeth, maxilla, oral cavity, and external ear.

The anterior cerebral artery is a branch of the ______ carotid artery.

The opthalmic artery is a branch off of the ______ carotid artery.

The lingual artery is a branch of the ______ carotid artery.

Which artery is indicated by the arrow in this picture?

Which part of the cerebral arterial circle arises from the basilar artery, travels posteriorly to the rear of the brain, to the occipital lobes, as well as to the midbrain and thalamus?

The middle cerebral artery is a branch of the ______ carotid artery.

The dural venous sinuses collect the blood immediately after it has circulated through which of the following organs?

Which are examples of dural venous sinuses?

Where does blood collect after it circulates through the brain?

The thorax receives blood from several arteries which arise directly from which of the following?

Laterally, each transverse sinus gives rise to a ______.

Which sinus is contained in the inferior margin of the falx cerebri are arches over the corpus callosum, deep in the longitudinal fissure?

The visceral branches of the thoracic aorta include which of the following?

Which sinuses are honeycomb in shape, located on each side of the body of the sphenoid bone, and receive blood from the superior opthalmic vein of the orbit and the superficial middle cerebral vein?

The superior sagittal sinus does which of the following?

Which artery supplies the posterior regions of the diaphragm?

Which of these arteries, that branch from the thoracic aorta, directly supply blood to the muscles, bones, and skin of the chest wall?

Which is the largest branch of the axillary artery? It supplies the scapula and the latissimus dorsi.

The brachiocephalic vein is formed by the union of which two veins?