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WorksheetsPatho
Total questions: 84
Worksheet time: 45mins
Which of these describes how the body compensates for anemia?
Increasing rate and depth of breathing
Kidneys releasing more red blood cells
Decreasing capillary vasoconstriction
Hemoglobin holding more firmly onto oxygen
What is the trigger for angina?
Hyperlipidemia
Atherosclerotic lesions
Myocardial ischemia
Myocardial necrosis
Now does the body attempt to compensate for heart failure? Select all that apply.
Initiation of an arrhythmia
Stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system
Decreasing cardiac output
Initiation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system
The nurse is reviewing lab and test results for a client diagnosed with acute left ventricular heart failure. Which result would the nurse expect to find with this disorder?
Decreased ejection fraction reported on echocardiogram
Decreased serum brain natriuretic peptide
Decreased serum white blood cell count
Decreased serum red blood cell count
The nurse is caring for a client with orthostatic hypotension. When the client asks why dizziness occurs when changing position from sitting to standing, how should the nurse
respond?
“The valves in your veins are not working correctly, so blood pools in the lower extremities and cannot reach the brain.”
“There is too much fluid in your body and the heart cannot pump fast enough to get it your brain.”
"There is a shift of blood to the lower extremities which causes less blood flow to your brain."
"The vessels of your brain vasoconstrict and decrease local blood flow."
Which is a cause of right ventricular failure?
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Myocardial infarction
Aortic valve stenosis
The nurse is caring for a client with a benign brain tumor. Which statement is true regarding benign tumors?
Benign tumors are poorly differentiated.
Benign tumors are encapsulated.
Benign tumors cause systemic symptoms
Benign tumors may spread to a distant location.
The nurse is caring for a client with bladder cancer. Which clinical manifestation should the nurse expect with this diagnosis?
Foul-smelling urine
Cola-colored urine
Diluted urine
Hematuria
What is the physiologic manifestation present in all anemias?
Hypotension
Hyperesthesia
Ischemia
Hypoxia
Which clinical manifestation would be expected in a client with vitamin B 12 deficiency anemia that is not present in iron deficiency anemia?
Pallor
Fatigue
Dyspnea
Paresthesia
The nurse is caring for a client with neutropenia. What is a potential complication of this diagnosis?
Infection
Bleeding
Anemia
The nurse is assessing a client diagnosed with sickle cell anemia and the client appears jaundiced. What process in the body leads to this clinical manifestation?
The sickled erythrocytes have caused the liver to fail.
The erythrocytes are coated with an immunoglobulin.
Heme destruction exceeds the liver's ability to conjugate and excrete bilirubin.
The erythrocytes are destroyed in the spleen.
What routes do cancer cells utilize to invade surrounding tissues and organs or metastasize to distant organs? Select all that apply.
Through seeding body cavities
Through lymphatic vessels
Through the fecal-oral route
Through bone barrow
By direct invasion
The emergency room nurse is caring for a client with polycythemia vera who is displaying neurological changes. The nurse knows that which pathophysiological change may be
contributing to these manifestations?
Tissue destruction by macrophages
Destruction of erythrocytes
Decreased erythrocyte count
Increased blood viscosity
What are risk factors for iron-deficiency anemia? Select all that apply.
Old age
Sickle cell disease
Heavy menstrual periods
Bleeding gastrointestinal ulcer
Malnutrition
The nurse is caring for a client diagnosed with a deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremity. Which assessment should the nurse perform to evaluate for a potential complication?
Foot strength
ROM
Pedal pulse
RR
The nurse is caring for a client with aortic stenosis. Which clinical manifestations should the nurse monitor for in this client? Select all that apply.
Dry cough
Syncope
Bounding pulses
Heart Failure
Hypotension
What is the trigger for angina?
Hyperlipidemia
Atherosclerotic lesions
Myocardial ischemia
Myocardial necrosis
How does the body attempt to compensate for heart failure? Select all that apply.
Initiation of an arrhythmia
Stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system
Decreasing cardiac output
Initiation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system
The nurse is reviewing lab and test results for a client diagnosed with acute left ventricular heart failure. Which result would the nurse expect to find with this disorder?
Decreased ejection fraction reported on echocardiogram
Decreased serum brain natriuretic peptide
Decreased serum white blood cell count
Decreased serum red blood cell count
The nurse is caring for a client with orthostatic hypotension. When the client asks why dizziness occurs when changing position from sitting to standing, how should the nurse
respond?
“The valves in your veins are not working correctly, so blood pools in the lower extremities and cannot reach the brain.”
'There is too much fluid in your body and the heart cannot pump fast enough to get it your brain."
"There is a shift of blood to the lower extremities which causes less blood flow to your brain."
"The vessels of your brain vasoconstrict and decrease local blood flow."
Which is a cause of right ventricular failure?
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Myocardial infarction
Aortic valve stenosis
How does angiotensin Il increase the workload of the heart after a myocardial infarction (MI)?
By causing dysrhythmias as a result of hyperkalemia
By reducing the contractility of the myocardium
By increasing the peripheral vasoconstriction
By stimulating the sympathetic nervous system
The nurse is caring for a client with a history of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. What is the pathophysiology of this disorder?
Lack of oxygen to cardiac tissues
Genetic mutation of the cardiac sarcomere
Age-related calcification of the endocardium
Immune response initiated from streptococcus bacteria
Norepinephrine produces what primary response?
Vasoconstriction of vessels
Increased myocardial contractility
Decreased respiratory drive
Release of renin
The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for what actions? Select all that apply.
Increasing mucous production
Increasing body temperature
Increasing blood pressure
Stimulating bowel and bladder
Increasing blood glucose levels
What clinical manifestation is the result of an anticholinergic effect?
Hypotension
Salivation
Constipation
Bradycardia
What is the primary neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system?
Acetylcholine
Norepinehprine
Epinephrine
Dopamine
Which statement is true regarding the autonomic nervous system?
Activation of the autonomic nervous system is a conscious action stimulated by the adrenal medulla.
The autonomic nervous system only engages during periods of stress.
The branches of the autonomic nervous system always produces opposite effects.
Sympathetic activation results in a widespread response whereas parasympathetic activation regulates particular functions.
What disorder results in cholinergic excess?
Overactive bladder
Respiratory disease
Parkinson's disease
Cardiac disease
The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for what actions? Select all that apply.
Pupillary constriction
Slowing of heart rate
Increasing blood pressure
Stimulating the Gl tract
Increasing urination
What is the result of activation of beta 2 receptors?
Vasodilation
Diarrhea
Tachycardia
Bronchodilation
Hypoglycemia
A client is bit by a dog. Upon assessment of the wound the nurse finds muscles and bone tissue are visible. How should the nurse describe the wound?
Full thickness
Dehiscence
Superficial
Partial thickness
A client has been brought to the emergency department with severe burns to 30% of his body surface area. What is the most immediate Threat to this client
Electrolyte imbalance
Infection
Excessive Fluid loss
Acute pain
To promote efficient wound healing. what type of dressing should be applied to a
stage 2 pressure ulcer?
No dressing leave it open to the air
Moisture-retaining
Dry
Saturated
A client has been diagnosed with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The nurse expects what abnormal lab result with thIs diagnosis
Decreased eosinophils
Deficient complement
Decreased CD4+ cell count
Decreased viral count
What factors contributes to the development of pressure ulcer? Select all that apply
Pressure intensity
Frequent repositioning
Incoutinence of bladder
Shear of force
Pressure duration
What is true about fungal infections?
Treated with antibiotics
Considered opportunistic organisms
Frequently infect wounds
Treated with antivirals
The nurse is caring for a client with atopic dermatitis. What is a common trigger for an exacerbation of this disorder?
Bee stings
Laundry detersents
Antihistamine medication
Shellfish
The nurse is cleaning and changing the dressing on a client's sacral ulcer and has viporously cleansed the wound bed remove all traces of the beefy, red tissue
the wound bed.
What has the nurse erroneously removed from the wound bed
Yellow education
Granulation tissue
Slough
Eschar tissue
A client has been diagnosed with herpes zoster. What clinical mar
nifestations should the nurse expect to find upon assessment
Multiple diameter wheals along the forearm
Widespread macular-papular rash
Cyst like growth on the face
Grouped ves
ices located along the
What causes the tissue hypoxia and infarction in sickle cell right rib cage
What causes the tissue hypoxia and infarction in sickle cell disease?
Clumping of red blood cells in small vessels
Deficiency of white blood formation
Abundance of platelets sticking together.
Excess clotting factors depositing within vessel
A client's long-term exposure to pesticides has made the cells in his b
occurs?
Initiation
Metastacie
Progressive
Differentiation
Why is normal flora important to our body's defense?
Normal flora prevent the colonization of invading pathogens
Normal flora secretes bacteriostatic substances
Normal flora activate white blood cells
Normal fora
regulates acid content
The nurse should monitor for what complication when caring for a client with polycythemia vera
Neutropenia
Hypokalemia
Thrombus
Hypotension
A baby has been admitted repeatedly to the hospital with life threatening infection. This is a clinical manifestations with of what disorder
leE mediated hypersensitivity
Immune complex hypersensitivity
Secondary immune deficiency
Primary immune deficiency
What disorder is caused by a type 3 hypersensitivity (immune complex mediated) reaction?
Graves’ disease
Systematic lupus erthematosus
Poison ivy
Eczema
What blood test is related to a client's hydration status?
Ferritin
Hematocrit
Prothrombin time
Platelets
What action occurs in the body due to the release of histamine?
Vasoconstriction
High
blood pressure
Bronchial dilation
Edema
What test is the best to determine a client's immunity to : Specific disease
Serum titer
White blood cell (WBC) count
Western Blot test
Culture and sensitivity
What conditions could precipitate a sickle cell crisis? Select all that apply.
High altitudes
Oxygen administration
IV fluid hydration
Infection
Dehydration
Which site is tho most common origin for Non-Hodgkin in lymphoma
Lymph nodes
Thymus
Bone marrow
Spleen
What is a characteristic of a malignant tumor cells?
They are normal cells growing in the wrong place.
Malignant cells are confine in a By capsules
Malignant cells invade other tissue
Malignant cellslook normal
What statement is correct in regards to viruses
Viruses
are capable of independent reproduction
Viruses replicate their genetic material inside the host cells
Viruses are easily killed by antimicrobials
Viruses contain no DNA or RNA
A client with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) has recently developed neutrope
nia and is admitted to the hospital. What is the best practice to
this client?
Administration of antiretroviral medications
Vigilant handwashing to protect against severe bacterial infections
Supplementary oxyg
and administration of bronchodilator
Administration of prophylactic antibiotics
A client is stung by a bee, begins itching and develops pain, swelling, redness and respiratory difficulties what hypersensitivity Is the client experiencing
Immediate IgE medicated
Immune complex
Tell mediated
Cell-specife
mediated
What are the CM consistent with acute inflammation? Select all that apply
Exudates
Heat
Pain
Edema
Loss of function
Redness Erythema
What causes the edema that occurs during the inflammatory process?
Increased capillary permeability
Emigration of neutrophils
Vasoconstriction
Chemotaxis
What bacterium may potentially grow in the intestines after prolonged Antibiotic therapy
Helicobacter pylori
Lactobacillie
Candida albicans
Clostridium difficile
What skin condition will heal by secondary intention?
Stage IV pressure ulcer
First degree sunburn
Sutured surgical wound
Paper cut
Which tinea condition is found on the scalp:
Tinea cruris
Tineapedis
Tinea chomycosis
Tinea capitis
What action involves the greatest risk of skin shearing:
Rolling the client from a supine to side-lying position
Pulling the client up in bed
Helping the client ambulate after surgery
Sitting on a bedpan
A deficiency in what substance could directly affect wound healing?
Fiber
Protein
Fat
Carbohydrate
What nutritional component is need for normal erythropoiesis
Zinc
Vitamin D
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B1
A client with pernicious anemia is defcient of what substance?
Gastric enzyme
Ferritin
Erythropoletin
Intrinsic factor
Which type of burn is most painful?
First degree
Second degree
Third degree
Fourth degree
What clinical manifestations are commonly associated
withanemiakselectallthatapply
Fatigue
Weakness
Facial Mushing
Dyspena
What must occur in the immune system for an individual to develop natural adaptive immunity?
Exposure to an antigen.
Receiving an immunization.
Antibodies received from a donor
Immunity from the mother in utero
What
is a clinical manifestation of an acute leukemia?
Bone pain and tenderness
Single node lymphadenopathy
Reed-Sternberg Cells
Itching and night fevers
Genetic screening may be indicated for individuals who
have a family history of what neoplasm?
Breast cancel
Sliver cancer
Multiple myelom.
Leukemia
What finding is the first indication of a pressure ulcer
Indurations
Ulceration
whiteness
Non reactive hyperemia
What activity stimulates the production of erythroprotein in the body?
Realease of stress hormones
Low tissue oxygen (hypoxia)
Inflammation
Low carbon
dioxide (hypocapnia)
What does the rule of nines estimate in burn injury patients?
Depth of burn injury
Degree of systemic involvement
Degree of burn
Total body surface area burn
Aciient with hemophilia is deficient of what surface
Clotting factor
Iron
Collagen
Platelets
What is the underlying pathophysiology of opportunistic Infractions?
The host has a chronic infection
The pathogen is especially persistent
The host
has a weakened immune system
A large number of pathogens attacks the host has a weakened immune system
During the pathogenesis of cancer, the cancerous cells manufacture their own blood vessels. What the name of this process?
Metastasis
Angiogenesis
Angiogenesis
Anaplasia
Autonomy
The nurse is caring for a client on the medical-surgical unit. Which clinical manifestation reported to the nurse is a potential warning sign of cancer?
Bloody stools for the past 3 weeks
A yellow and thickened toenall over the last 3 months.
Sudden weight gain over the last 5 days.
Asmall lump on the head for the last 10 years.
What is the action of an antagonist when referring to the autonomic nervous system?
Mimics a naturally occurring substance
Blocks the action of an agonist
Degrades the synaptic cleft
Conserves energy
What is the result of activation of beta 1 receptors?
Acceleration of the Gl tract and bladder
Increased rate and depth of breathing
Increased heart rate and contraction
Rising of blood glucose and thirst
What is the most likely cause of immune thrombocyt
ic purpura (iTP)
T-cell injury to megakaryocytes
an immune response to
hypersplenism
allergy induced platelet lysis
antibody destruction of platelets
What is the rationale for staging cancers?
Staging assists treatment planning
Staging assists in primary prevention
Staging determines tumor grade
Staging determines cancel
origination
The nurse is caring for a client
with sepsis. How should the nurse describe this condition to the client
itisan irreversible chronic disease which is lifelong
it is an infection in the blood stream which can affect many different organs
"it is a contagious disease and you should not have visitors.”
"It is a localized infection and not very serious.”
What is the most common risk for skin cancer?
High level of melanin
Ultraviolet (UM) radiation
Aging
Cigarette smoke
Epithelialization
is delayed in open wounds until what type of tissue has formed?
Collagenous layers
Capillary circulation
Granulation tissue
Fibrinous meshwork
