Worksheets35,36,37 chapters
Total questions: 74
Worksheet time: 1hrs 14mins
Most of the growth of a plant body is the result of
cell differentiation.
morphogenesis
cell division.
cell elongation
The innermost layer of the root cortex is the
core.
pericycle
endodermis
pith
Heartwood and sapwood consist of
bark
periderm
secondary xylem
secondary phloem
The phase change of an apical meristem from the juvenile to the mature vegetative phase is often revealed by
(A) a change in the morphology of the leaves produced.
(B) the initiation of secondary growth.
(C) the formation of lateral roots.
(D) the activation of floral meristem identity genes.
Suppose a flower had normal expression of genes A and C and expression of gene B in all four whorls. Based on the ABC hypothesis, what would be the structure of that flower, starting at the outermost whorl?
(A) carpel-petal-petal-carpel
(B) petal-petal-stamen-stamen
(C) sepal-carpel-carpel-sepal
(D) sepal-sepal-carpel-carpel
Which of the following arise(s), directly or indirectly, from meristematic activity?
(A) secondary xylem
(B) leaves
(C) dermal tissue
(D) all of the above
Which of the following would not be seen in a cross section through the woody part of a root?
(A) sclerenchyma cells
(B) parenchyma cells
(C) sieve-tube elements
(D) root hairs
Plants differ from animals in that some of their growth is more likely to be _____.
a result of cell elongation
radial
determinate
indeterminate
embryonic
Plant meristems _____.
offer structural support to reproductive organs
generate new cells for growth and control the developmental phases of plants
a)are only located at the young growing tips of branches
are the cells adjacent to the stomata
As a woody stem grows, the epidermis is lost and its function is taken over by the _____.
periderm
pericycle
ground tissue
vascular cambium
secondary phloem
Which of the following adaptations allows for transport of water in woody stems?
vessel elements
the pericycle
pneumatophores
sieve-tube elements
bundle-sheath cells
The endodermis _____.
a)protects the stem’s vascular cambium from insect damage and pathogens
a)is the layer of cells from which lateral roots develop
a)is a root tissue that selectively regulates passage of molecules into the vascular cylinder
a)is a tissue in the apical meristem that protects the flower bud
Sugars formed in the leaves through photosynthesis are transported to the roots through the _____.
pith
endodermis
phloem
cortex
When you are eating potatoes and onions, you’re eating _____.
a)roots and shoots
a)stems and leaves
a)roots and leaves
a)shoots and flowers
You lean back against an old oak tree on campus. Your back is touching the _____.
a)primary phloem
cortex
epidermis
periderm
The increase in girth of woody plants is mainly due to the production of more _____.
phloem
xylem
pith
cortex
You carve your initials 1.5 m above the ground in a tree that is 10 m tall. Twenty years later, when the tree is 25 m tall, your initials will be _____ above the ground.
a)1.0 m
1.5 m
2.5 m
11.5 m
In what order would the following structures be encountered when moving from the outside to the center of a typical eudicot stem?
a)epidermal cell, pith, sieve-tube elements, sclerenchyma cells, pith, xylem tissue
a)epidermal cell, mesophyll, vascular bundle, pith
a)epidermal cell, cortex, endodermal cell, pericycle, stele, pith
a)epidermal cell, parenchyma cells, fiber cells, sieve-tube elements, vessel members, parenchyma cells
If the cortical cells in the root shown in cross section were all moved clockwise one cell relative to the outer epidermal cells, how would root hair production be different?
The same epidermal cells would still make root hairs
The epidermal cells that make root hairs would also shift
None of the epidermal cells would make root hairs
All the epidermal cells would eventually make root hairs
You are studying a plant that is tall, with lots of leaf area to catch wind. Which of the following do you expect it to have?
prop roots
stolons
petioles
a)extra mesophyll
Which tissue system is the greatest obstacle to the entry of pathogens into a plant?
dermal
a)vascular
ground
a)b and c equally
Which meristem is most important for the wooden door of your classroom?
a)root apical meristem
a)vascular cambium
a)cork cambium
a)shoot apical meristem
The removal of which of the following would harm photosynthesis the most?
a)root hairs
cuticle
mesophyll
phloem
If you were a pollinator, what flower part would you usually notice first?
petals
sepals
stamens
carpels
Imagine that you are eating a fruit that is new to you, and you notice the tough texture of the flesh. Which of the following does the flesh likely have a large amount of?
a)root hairs
a)stomates
a)sclereids
a)cambiums
Which of the following is an adaptation that enhances the uptake of water and minerals by roots?
mycorrhizae
pumping through plasmodesmata
active uptake by vessel elements
rhythmic contractions by cells in the root cortex
Which structure or compartment is part of the symplast?
(A) the interior of a vessel element
(B) the interior of a sieve tube
(C) the cell wall of a mesophyll cell
(D) an extracellular air space
Movement of phloem sap from a source to a sink
(A) occurs through the apoplast of sieve-tube elements.
(B) depends ultimately on the activity of proton pumps
(C) depends on tension, or negative pressure potential
D) results mainly from diffusion.
Photosynthesis ceases when leaves wilt, mainly because
(A) the chlorophyll in wilting leaves is degraded.
(B) accumulation of CO2 in the leaf inhibits enzymes.
(C) stomata close, preventing CO2 from entering the leaf.
(D) photolysis, the water-splitting step of photosynthesis, cannot occur when there is a water deficiency.
What would enhance water uptake by a plant cell?
(A) decreasing the Ψ of the surrounding solution
(B) positive pressure on the surrounding solution
(C) the loss of solutes from the cell
(D) increasing the Ψ of the cytoplasm
A plant cell with a ΨS of -0.65 MPa maintains a constant volume when bathed in a solution that has a ΨS of -0.30 MPa and is in an open container. The cell has a
(A) ΨP of +0.65 MPa.
(B) Ψ of -0.65 MPa.
(C) ΨP of +0.35 MPa.
D) ΨP of 0 MPa.
Compared with a cell with few aquaporin proteins in its membrane, a cell containing many aquaporin proteins will
(A) have a faster rate of osmosis.
(B) have a lower water potential.
C) have a higher water potential.
D) accumulate water by active transport.
Which of the following would tend to increase transpiration?
A) spiny leaves
(B) sunken stomata
(C) a thicker cuticle
(D) higher stomatal density
Which of the following statements about the movement of water and inorganic nutrients in plants is true?
Water and nutrients move from the roots to the leavesvia the stem or trunk
Water and nutrients move from the leaves to the roots via the stem or trunk
Water and nutrients can move either from leaves to roots or from roots to leaves via the stem or trunk
Water and nutrients are taken up by the roots and move symplastically by active transport to leaves
About ____% of a plant’s water escapes through the stomata, although the stomata account for just ____% of the external leaf surface.
a)75; 10
75; 1–2
95; 10
95; 1–2
The basis of the pull generated by transpiration in the xylem is ____.
positive root pressure from differences in solute potential between soil and root
positive pressure generated by the shrinking in diameter of the trunk or stem
negative pressure at the air-water interface in the leaf
pressure created by proton pumping of stomatal guard cells
Which reflects the correct relationship of water potentials for a typical tree on a sunny day?
a)leaf Ψ < trunk Ψ < soil Ψ
a)outside air Ψ > leaf mesophyll Ψ < root Ψ
a)leaf Ψ > trunk Ψ > soil Ψ
a)soil Ψ < root Ψ > leaf Ψ
Water can follow two pathways in plants, apoplastic and symplastic. How do these pathways differ?
The apoplastic route is for water; the symplastic route is for nutrients
The apoplastic route is entirely external to cell membranes; the symplastic route is inside of cells
a)The apoplastic route is for nutrients; the symplastic route is for water.
a)The apoplastic route is used in phloem; the symplastic route is used in xylem.
Which of the following is a benefit of positioning and aligning leaves relative to one another?
A layer of still air can be created under the leaves, raising the O2 concentration found there
a)More water can be lost from the surface of the leaves during the day.
Proper positioning can allow more light down to the lower leaves on the plant
a)Certain arrangements can allow the plant to maximize its leaf area index (LAI).
Which of the following correctly contrasts root pressure (RP) and the cohesion-tension mechanism (CT)?
a)The RP system uses the symplastic route; the CT mechanism uses the apoplastic route.
In the RP system, the Casparian strip helps to keep unwanted items out of the xylem; in the CT mechanism, it helps to keep desired items in the xylem
The CT system coordinates with the phloem; RP does not
a)The RP system depends on solutes in the root; the CT system depends on solutes in the leaf.
Consider a water molecule starting in the soil. Which of the following is the third structure that the molecule would encounter as it moves from the soil to the leaves?
a)Casparian strip
a)a root hair
a)cell wall of a mesophyll cell
a)vessel member in xylem tissue
Which of the following is not a way that plants use sunlight
a)to help sense how to best align their leaves throughout the day
a)to drive transpiration-powered flow in their xylem tissue
a)to help determine whether to open or close their stomata
a)to set their “internal clock,” which influences many metabolic processes
a)to cool their leaves by using light to promote evaporative cooling
Which of the following is not a function resulting from the action of guard cells?
a)lowering the loss of water upon detecting certain signals from water-stressed roots
a)keeping the leaves at a more positive water potential relative to the roots
a)allowing an optimal rate of photosynthesis to occur by letting CO2 enter the leaf
a)permitting cooling of the leaf by the evaporative loss of water
If you were grading an exam question about the functions of phloem, which of the following answers would lose points?
a)Pass organic matter from sink to physiological source for storage.
Transmit electrical signals between organs of the plant
a)Carry hormones from one organ to another.
a)Carry various types of RNAs for use in other parts of the plant.
If you wanted to engineer a plant for more efficient capture of light energy, which of the following would be best to alter?
a)Casparian strip effectiveness
a)phyllotaxy
a)mesophyll cell wall thickness
a)xylem cell length
If leaf cells have become flaccid, what could you do to reverse that process?
Add salt to the soil
Add sugar to the roots
Add water to the leaves
a)b or c
If you genetically transformed a plant to have fewer aquaporins in its root cells and then deprived those cells of water, what would be the effect when you placed the roots in a glass of water?
a)The rehydration of root cells would be slowed.
Solute concentrations in root cells would increase
a)Leaves would wilt.
a)Uptake of salts by roots would be enhanced.
If you added a chemical to leaves to stop stomatal opening, what would happen to the xylem?
The xylem cells would die
The water in the xylem would stop moving.
Phloem sap would leak into the xylem
a)The xylem would swell.
CAM helps plants cope with _____.
a)low-nutrient soils
excessive atmospheric carbon dioxide
waterlogged soils
very dry habitats
If a potato tuber sends sugar to the rest of the plant during spring but receives sugar from the rest of the plant during summer, it moves from being _____.
a)a source to a sink
a)a store of salts to lacking them
a)a below-ground structure to an above-ground structure
a)a vegetative organ to a fruit
Phloem sap flows from source to sink because of _____.
a)adhesion
a)positive pressure
b)salt concentrations
root pressure
The inorganic nutrient most often lacking in crops is
(A) carbon.
(B) nitrogen.
(C) phosphorus.
(D) potassium
Micronutrients are needed in very small amounts because
Micronutrients are needed in very small amounts because
(B) most serve mainly as cofactors of enzymes.
(C) most are supplied in large enough quantities in seeds.
(D) they play only a minor role in the growth and health of the plant.
Mycorrhizae enhance plant nutrition mainly by
(A) absorbing water and minerals through the fungal hyphae.
(B) providing sugar to root cells, which have no chloroplasts
(C) converting atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia.
(D) enabling the roots to parasitize neighboring plants.
Epiphytes are
(A) fungi that attack plants.
(B) fungi that form mutualistic associations with roots
(C) nonphotosynthetic parasitic plants.
(D) plants that grow on other plants.
Some of the problems associated with intensive irrigation include all of the following except
(A) soil salinization.
(B) overfertilization.
(C) land subsidence.
(D) aquifer depletion.
A mineral deficiency is likely to affect older leaves more than younger leaves if
(A) the mineral is a micronutrient.
(B) the mineral is very mobile within the plant.
(C) the mineral is required for chlorophyll synthesis.
(D) the mineral is a macronutrient.
The greatest difference in health between two groups of plants of the same species, one group with mycorrhizae and one group without mycorrhizae, would be in an environment
(A) where nitrogen-fixing bacteria are abundant.
(B) that has soil with poor drainage.
(C) that has hot summers and cold winters.
(D) in which the soil is relatively deficient in mineral nutrients
Two groups of tomatoes were grown under laboratory conditions, one with humus added to the soil and one a control without humus. The leaves of the plants grown without humus were yellowish (less green) compared with those of the plants grown in humus-enriched soil. The best explanation is that
(A) the healthy plants used the food in the decomposing leaves of the humus for energy to make chlorophyll.
(B) the humus made the soil more loosely packed, so water penetrated more easily to the roots.
(C) the humus contained minerals such as magnesium and iron needed for the synthesis of chlorophyll.
(D) the heat released by the decomposing leaves of the humus caused more rapid growth and chlorophyll synthesis.
The specific relationship between a legume and its mutualistic Rhizobium strain probably depends on
(A) each legume having a chemical dialogue with a fungus
(B) each Rhizobium strain having a form of nitrogenase that works only in the appropriate legume host.
(C) each legume being found where the soil has only the Rhizobium specific to that legume.
(D) specific recognition between chemical signals and signal receptors of the Rhizobium strain and legume species
The difference between macronutrients and micronutrients is that _____.
a)the molecules of macronutrients are larger than those of micronutrients
a)macronutrients are essential for physiological function of plants, while micronutrients amplify plant growth if they are available
a)macronutrients are needed for growth, while micronutrients are needed only for reproduction
a)macronutrients are required by plants in larger quantities than are micronutrients
Legumes (such as soybeans) commonly obtain their nitrogen through a mutualistic association with _____.
a)nitrifying bacteria, which oxidize ammonium to nitrite
a)denitrifying bacteria, which convert organic nitrite to ammonium
a)nitrifying bacteria, which extract nitrogen from decomposing animals
a)nitrogen-fixing bacteria, which convert gaseous nitrogen to ammonium
Which statement most accurately reflects the interaction between plants and the soil in the rhizosphere in which they grow?
Plants passively take up nitrogen from the soil with their roots, interacting little with the rhizosphere
Plants obtain nitrogen through a symbiotic interaction with rhizosphere bacteria
a)Plants’ ability to absorb nitrogen is compromised due to high concentrations of bacteria in the rhizosphere.
a)Rhizosphere bacteria form chains of cells that penetrate the plant root and facilitate plant nitrogen absorption through capillary action.
Which is least likely to limit the availability of soil nutrients to a plant?
a)the types of minerals present in the soil
a)the permeability of its epidermal cell walls to nutrients
a)the presence or absence of certain types of microorganisms in the soil
a)the texture of the soil
Phytoremediation differs from traditional soil remediation in that it attempts to _____.
a)change the composition of soil microbes to one that enhances crop growth
a)remove pollutants from the soil through their accumulation in plant material that can be removed
a)use secretion of chelators by plants to bind up specific toxins found in the soil
a)have plants remove dangerous soil microbes by taking them into vesicles and digesting them
Which is not a correct statement about how plants often use mineral nutrients?
a)They may be used as cofactors in enzyme-catalyzed reactions.
a)They may be involved in essential steps of the light reactions of photosynthesis.
a)Those minerals taken from the soil account for most of the mass of organic matter the plant will make.
Some of these minerals can act as second messengers in signal transduction systems
Which statement about how some plants benefit from the presence of soil microbes is incorrect?
a)Through their mycorrhizal interactions with fungi, plant roots can acquire needed nutrients.
Plants sometimes obtain organic molecules from some of the bacteria or fungi they encounter in the soil
a)The antibiotics created by some soil microbes can help protect the plant root from some pathogens.
a)Mycorrhizae allow some plant roots to live in anaerobic soils.
In the formation of a root nodule, which step normally occurs first?
a)Bacteria produce “nod factors.”
The infection thread is formed
Plant roots secrete signals that attract Rhizobium
a)Vascular connections to the nodule are established.
Which statement about soil nutrients and how plants acquire them is correct?
a)The production and release of O2 by plant roots can enhance the activity of microbes in the soil.
The need to take up certain ions can be a significant metabolic cost for plants
a)The acidification of the soil by proton pumping by the plant’s root cells can cause the soil to hold various anions less tightly and thus make them more available to the plant.
a)The soil particles cannot hold cationic minerals very well, so they are often carried out of the soil in water that flows through it.
What percentage of plants form some kind of mycorrhizal association?
a)10%
b)20%
c)50%
d)70%
e)95%
Which plants have unusual ways of obtaining mineral nutrients?
a)carnivorous plants
parasitic plants
epiphytes
b and c
e)a, b, and c
In special microbial associations used by plants to obtain nutrients, what part of the plant is most crucial?
a)root hairs
leaf hairs
root tips
stems
root epidermis
In the cycling of nitrogen through ecosystems, what immediately precedes nitrogen fixation?
a)ammonification
denitrification
weathering
mineral decomposition
)nitrification
Too many nutrients can be toxic. An excess of minerals in the soil is an example of _____.
a)nitrification
mutualism
salinization
fertilization
