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WorksheetsAdult Development, Ageing and Disorders
Total questions: 155
Worksheet time: 8hrs 45mins
Development is a complex interaction of what?
Biological processes
Psychological processes
Social processes
Medical processes
Development is _____ and _____ rather than linear.
Multidimensional
Multidirectional
Transactional
Reactionary
Development is _____
Contextual
Transactional
Medical
Spiritual
What are some biological changes in ageing?
Vascular & respiratory changes
Cardiovascular changes
Auditory and visual changes
Dizziness and vertigo
Acuity, accommodation speed and receptor number are some _____ changes with ageing.
Visual
Aural
Oral
Haptic
According to Bromley (1988) _____ of elderly people need glasses.
75%
50%
25%
85%
Auditor changes with age include the stiffening of _____ ear bones.
Middle
Outer
Inner
Elderly people may have poor transmission of _____ frequency sounds.
High
Low
MIddle
Auditory changes with age include...
Loosening of middle ear bones
Loss of auditory neurons
Poor pitch discrimination
Poor transmission of high frequency sounds
Adult brain weight decreases by _____ between 30-70.
5%
20%
10%
40%
Adult brain weight decreases by _____ between 80-90.
5%
20%
10%
40%
Blood flow in the brain can be reduced due to _____ when ageing.
Shrinking arteries
Low blood pressure
Influx of glucose
Varicose veins
When ageing, brain ventricles may A.) _____ and Meninges may B.) _____
a.) Enlarge
a.) Shrink
b.) Thicken
b.) Thin out
What are some neurotransmitter changes during ageing?
Decrease in Dopamine
Decrease in Acetylcholine
Reduced Cholinergic binding
Increase in Seratonin
Well rehearsed skills, such as verbal comprehension...
Show little decline
Show significant decline
Increase dramatically
Cannot increase after childhood
What are the components of Selective Optimization with Compensation?
Selection
Optimization
Compensation
Encapsulation
Redirection
Selection, Optimisation, Compensation and Encapsulation are the four components of what?
Selective Optimisation with Compensation
The Optimisation Model
Hyman's Theory of Compensated Ageing
Skill-set Selection Hypothesis
What is Alexithymia?
Inability to identify and describe emotions
Short temper and general problems with anger
Inability to move facial muscles
Problems with fine movements and skills
Older adults tend to show increased...
Cautiousness
Rigidity
Recklessness
Spontaneity
A deep-seated uneasiness for older adults on the part of the young and the middle-aged.
What is Ageism?
What is Multiple Jeopardy?
What is inoculation Hypothesis?
What is Modernisation Hypothesis?
What is the Terror Management theory for Ageism?
People regard with panic and dread the thought that their lives will someday come to an end
Increasing urbanization and industrialization of Western society is what causes older adults to be devalued
Older individuals who fit more than one discriminated-against category are affected by biases against each of these categorizations
As people become older, age overrides all other ‘‘isms.’’
Older minorities and women have managed to become immune to the effects of ageism through years of exposure to discrimination
What is the Modernisation hypothesis for Ageism?
People regard with panic and dread the thought that their lives will someday come to an end
Increasing urbanization and industrialization of Western society is what causes older adults to be devalued
Older individuals who fit more than one discriminated-against category are affected by biases against each of these categorizations
As people become older, age overrides all other ‘‘isms.’’
Older minorities and women have managed to become immune to the effects of ageism through years of exposure to discrimination
What is the Multiple Jeopardy hypothesis for Ageism?
People regard with panic and dread the thought that their lives will someday come to an end
Increasing urbanization and industrialization of Western society is what causes older adults to be devalued
Older individuals who fit more than one discriminated-against category are affected by biases against each of these categorizations
As people become older, age overrides all other ‘‘isms.’’
Older minorities and women have managed to become immune to the effects of ageism through years of exposure to discrimination
What is the Age-As-Leveller view for Ageism?
People regard with panic and dread the thought that their lives will someday come to an end
Increasing urbanization and industrialization of Western society is what causes older adults to be devalued
Older individuals who fit more than one discriminated-against category are affected by biases against each of these categorizations
As people become older, age overrides all other ‘‘isms.’’
Older minorities and women have managed to become immune to the effects of ageism through years of exposure to discrimination
What is the Inoculation hypothesis for Ageism?
People regard with panic and dread the thought that their lives will someday come to an end
Increasing urbanization and industrialization of Western society is what causes older adults to be devalued
Older individuals who fit more than one discriminated-against category are affected by biases against each of these categorizations
As people become older, age overrides all other ‘‘isms.’’
Older minorities and women have managed to become immune to the effects of ageism through years of exposure to discrimination
The process of optimizing opportunities for health, participation, and security in order to enhance quality of life as people age.
What is Ageism?
What is Active Ageing?
What is Modernisation hypothesis?
What is Tertiary Ageing?
The WHO model for Active/Successful ageing makes explicit the roles of _____.
Autonomy
Independence
Interdependence
Physical Accomidations
Vahia et al 2012 found that women highest in subjectively rated Successful Ageing had high scores in what?
Self-efficacy
Optimism
Positive attitudes towards ageing
Resilience
Vahia et al 2012 found that with women who rated highest in subjectively Successful Ageing, _____ was not an important factor.
Cognitive Functioning
Depression
Self-Efficacy
Positive Attitude towards ageing
Vahia et al 2012 found that women who rated highest in subjectively Successful Ageing had low scores in what?
Cognitive Functioning
Depression
Aggression
Empathy
What are Bergman's (1978) Major Tasks of Old Age?
Accepting the proximity of death
Coping with and adjusting to disabilities and ill-health
Achieving rational dependence on medical, social and family support
Sustaining mutually emotionally gratifying relationships with friends and relatives
What does NSPAA stand for?
National Strategic Policy for Active Ageing
National Scientific Policy for Active Ageing
Natural Steps in Personality during Active Ageing
National Straegic Policy for Ageing Adults
Transforming society’s perception of ageing from one of dependency to active ageing requires _____.
Foreign financial aid
European agreement in policy changes
A paradigm shift
Execution of all Ageists
What are the Four Principles of Adult Development and Ageing?
Changes are continuous over the lifespan
Individuality matters
Only the survivors grow old
Normal ageing is different from disease
Successful ageing requires maintenance of cognitive functions
According to _____, changes that people experience in later adulthood are built on the experiences they had in earlier years.
Continuity Principle
Survivor Principle
Individuality
Interindividual Differences
What is the Survivor Principle?
Only survivors grow old
Changes in old age occur against backdrop of prior history
Differences between people
Normal aging is different from disease
Individuality in ageing can be split into...
Interindividual and Intraindividual differences
Active and inactive ageing
Continuous and Discontinuous development
Successful and Unsuccessful
A.) _____ are differences between people.
B.) _____ refer to the variations in performance within the same individual.
a.) Interindividual Differences
b.) Interindividual Differences
a.) Intraindividual Differences
b.) Intraindividual Differences
Even within a single construct such as intelligence, an individual may show gains in one area, losses in another. This is known as what?
Multidirectionality
Interindividual differences
Intraindividual differences
Continuity Principle
What is Primary Ageing?
Changes built into the ageing process
Changes which occur with greater frequency as you age, such as disease (not a necessary accompaniment)
The rapid and marked physical deterioration immediately prior to death
What is Secondary Ageing?
Changes built into the ageing process
Changes which occur with greater frequency as you age, such as disease (not a necessary accompaniment)
The rapid and marked physical deterioration immediately prior to death
What is Tertiary Ageing?
Changes built into the ageing process
Changes which occur with greater frequency as you age, such as disease (not a necessary accompaniment)
The rapid and marked physical deterioration immediately prior to death
What age range is Middle Adulthood?
40-65
65-74
20-40
18-29
What age range is Emerging Adulthood?
40-65
65-74
20-40
18-29
What age range is Young Adulthood?
40-65
65-74
20-40
18-29
What age range is Old Young?
40-65
65-74
20-40
75-84
What age range is Old Old?
40-65
65-74
20-40
75-84
What do you call someone above 110 years old?
Supercentenarian
Ultracentenarian
Megacentenarian
Gramps
_____ is the average number of years of life remaining to the people born within a similar period of time.
Life Expectancy
Health Expectancy
_____ estimates whether or not longer life is accompanied by an increase in the time lived in good health or bad health.
Life Expectancy
Health Expectancy
The concept that the illness burden to a society can be reduced if people become disabled closer to the time of their death.
Compression of morbidity
Expansion of morbidity
The concept that the illness burden to a society can be reduced if people become disabled closer to the time of their death.
Compression of morbidity
Expansion of morbidity
The concept that the illness burden to a society can be increased if people become disabled much earlier than their time of their death.
Compression of morbidity
Expansion of morbidity
What was the leading cause of death in Malta in 2004?
Cerebrovascular disease
Ischemic heart disease
Lower respiratory infection
Trachea, bronchia or lung cancer
What was the second leading cause of death in Malta in 2004?
Cerebrovascular disease
Ischemic heart disease
Lower respiratory infection
Trachea, bronchia or lung cancer
What was the average life expectancy for Maltese males in 2018?
80.6
84.4
75.2
90.1
What was the average life expectancy for Maltese females in 2018?
80.6
84.4
75.2
90.1
According to Formosa (2018), Malta was 1st place in _____ in the EU.
Health expectancy
Life expectancy
Adolescent pregnancy
Diabetes Mellitus
In Malta there are _____ as many women as there are men in the 90+ cohort
Just
Twice
Three times
Half
What does ADL stand for?
Activities of Daily Living
Arrangement of Dementia Life-cycle
Aging with a Detrimental Lifestyle
Association for Desolate Living
What are 3 prominent models of developmental science with regards to ageing?
Organismic Model
Mechanistic Model
Interactionist Model
Edification Model
What is the Interactionist Model of development?
Genetics and environment interact to produce their effects on the individual and individuals actively shape their own development
People’s behaviour changes gradually over time, shaped by the outside forces that cause them to adapt to their environments
Individuals are genetically programmed to exhibit certain behaviours at certain ages with distinct differences between stages of life
What is the Organismic Model of development?
Genetics and environment interact to produce their effects on the individual and individuals actively shape their own development
People’s behaviour changes gradually over time, shaped by the outside forces that cause them to adapt to their environments
Individuals are genetically programmed to exhibit certain behaviours at certain ages with distinct differences between stages of life
What is the Mechanistic Model of development?
Genetics and environment interact to produce their effects on the individual and individuals actively shape their own development
People’s behaviour changes gradually over time, shaped by the outside forces that cause them to adapt to their environments
Individuals are genetically programmed to exhibit certain behaviours at certain ages with distinct differences between stages of life
_____ propose that aging and death are built into the hard-wiring of all organisms and therefore are part of the genetic code.
Programmed Ageing
Good genes gone bad
Theory of Replicative Senescence
Random Error theories
_____ propose that aging genes take over in the post-reproductive years and lead to the ultimate destruction of the organism.
Programmed Ageing
Good genes gone bad
Theory of Replicative Senescence
Random Error theories
_____ proposes that aging through genetics are based on the loss of the ability of cells to reproduce.
Programmed Ageing
Good genes gone bad
Theory of Replicative Senescence
Random Error theories
_____ are based on the assumption that aging reflects unplanned changes in an organism over time.
Programmed Ageing
Good genes gone bad
Theory of Replicative Senescence
Random Error theories
Identity vs. _____
Diffusion
Isolation
Stagnation
Despair
Intimacy vs. _____
Diffusion
Isolation
Stagnation
Despair
Generativity vs. _____
Diffusion
Isolation
Stagnation
Despair
Ego integrity vs. _____
Diffusion
Isolation
Stagnation
Despair
According to _____, norms, roles, and attitudes about age have an impact on the shape of each person’s life
Life Course Perspective
Activity theory
Disengagement theory
Continuity theory
What is the view that older adults are most satisfied if they are able to remain involved in their social roles?
Life Course perspective
Activity theory
Disengagement theory
Continuity theory
_____ proposed that the normal and natural evolution of life causes older adults to loosen purposefully their social ties.
Life Course perspective
Activity theory
Disengagement theory
Continuity theory
What is the proposal that whether disengagement or activity is beneficial to the older adult depends on the individual’s personality.
Life Course perspective
Activity theory
Disengagement theory
Continuity theory
_____ is a disturbance in attention, reduced ability to direct focus and shift attention and awareness.
Delirium
Major Neurocognitive Disorder
Mild Neurocognitive Disorder
Alzheimer's
Those with Neurocognitive disorders may have impaired _____, which is the ability to think about mental states, both your own and those of others.
Theory of Mind
Alexythimia
Neural Cognition
Apathy
Personality disorders are...
Egosyntonic
Egodystonic
Inflexible and pervasive
Chronic
Temporal
An inflexible and maladaptive organising pattern of cognitions, emotions and behaviours.
What is a Personality Disorder?
What is a Clinical Syndrome?
What is a Neurocognitive Disorder?
What is Aeitiology?
Which of these terms best describes Personality Disorders, as opposed to Clinical Syndromes?
Trait not state
Often unconscious
Less intense
Egodystonic
What Personality Disorders are odd/eccentric, paranoid, schizoid and schizotypal?
Cluster A
Cluster B
Cluster C
What Personality Disorders are dramatic, emotional and erratic?
Cluster A
Cluster B
Cluster C
What Personality Disorders are anxious, avoidant, dependent or obsessive-compulsive?
Cluster A
Cluster B
Cluster C
A disorder characterized by unreasonable, excessive suspiciousness and mistrust, and irrational feelings of being persecuted by others.
Paranoid Personality Disorder
Schizoid Personality Disorder
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Borderline Personality Disorder
A disorder characterized by detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression.
Paranoid Personality Disorder
Schizoid Personality Disorder
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Borderline Personality Disorder
Acute discomfort in close relationships, cognitive or perceptual distortions, eccentricities of behaviour.
Paranoid Personality Disorder
Schizoid Personality Disorder
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
Disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others.
Paranoid Personality Disorder
Schizoid Personality Disorder
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
Instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image and affects, and marked impulsivity.
Borderline Personality Disorder
Histrionic Personality Disorder
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Excessive emotionality and attention-seeking behaviour.
Borderline Personality Disorder
Histrionic Personality Disorder
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
A pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration and lack of empathy.
Borderline Personality Disorder
Histrionic Personality Disorder
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Social Inhibition, feelings of inadequacy and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation.
Borderline Personality Disorder
Avoidant Personality Disorder
Dependent Personality Disorder
Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder
Submissive and clinging behaviour related to an excessive need to be taken care of.
Borderline Personality Disorder
Avoidant Personality Disorder
Dependent Personality Disorder
Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder
Preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism and control.
Borderline Personality Disorder
Avoidant Personality Disorder
Dependent Personality Disorder
Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder
Co-morbidity for Personality Disorders is _____ within clusters than among clusters.
Higher
Equal
Lower
Personality Disorders can be _____ with Mental Disorders, (e.g. a Dependent Personality Disorder can be manifested into a Major Depressive Disorder)
Co-Morbid
Concurrent
Synchronised
Regulated
The _____ of Personality Disorders derive from patterns of thought and behaviour that are hard wired into the CNS in childhood
Aetiology
Frequency
Co-Morbidity
Treatment
Personality Disorder treatment is focused on what?
Adaptation
Medication
ECT
Psychoanalysis
What are the Ego's functions within a personality?
Cognition
Defence Mechanisms
Affect Regulation
Reality Testing
Identity Integration
In Freud's Tripartite theory, Cognition, Defence Mechanisms, Affect Regulation, Reality Testing and Identity Integration are all functions of what?
Id
Ego
Superego
Ultra-mega-superego
In Kernberg's view, the healthiest level of Ego functioning is called the _____ level of organization.
Neurotic
Psychotic
Borderline
In Kernberg's view, the middle level of Ego functioning is called the _____ level of organization.
Neurotic
Psychotic
Borderline
In Kernberg's view, the most disorganised level of Ego functioning is called the _____ level of organization.
Neurotic
Psychotic
Borderline
Each level of Ego functioning (1. Neurotic, 2. Borderline, 3. Psychotic) is determined by what?
Type of defence mechanism employed
Whether or not there is reality testing
Identity integration or identity diffusion
Level of cognitive abilites
What are Vaillant's Mature defence mechanisms?
Altruism
Sublimation
Humour
Displacement
What are Vaillant's Neurotic defence mechanisms?
Altruism
Repression
Reaction-Formation
Displacement
What are Vaillant's Immature defence mechanisms?
Projection
Repression
Hypochondriasis
Acting out
What are Vaillant's Psychotic defence mechanisms?
Hypochondriasis
Delusional projection
Denial
Distortion
Older adults use more A.) _____ defence mechanisms, young adults use more B.) _____ defence mechanisms.
a.) Mature
a.) Primitive
b.) Mature
b.) Primitive
Organisation, ambition and self-discipline are traits of...
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
Openness to experience
Receptiveness to new ideas, approaches, and experiences...
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
Openness to experience
Preference for social interaction and lively activity...
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
Openness to experience
Selfless concern for others, trust, and generosity...
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
Openness to experience
According to Five-Factor theory...
Outward changes may occur but traits do not change
Inward changes may occur as traits often change
Identity may change while personality remains stable
Personality reflects inherited dispositions
Data from men and women aged 21 to 96 years showed evidence of small declines in _____ that might be attributed to maturation
Activity
Positive emotions
Openness to actions
Depression
Which of the facets of Conscientiousness shows the most marked decrease?
Self discipline
Order
Competence
Dutifulness
Personalities that are more competitive, highly organised, ambitious, impatient, highly aware of time management and/or aggressive are known as...
Type A
Type B
Which personality type is more associated with depression, coronary disease and other stress related ailments?
Type A
Type B
Those with high _____ are at risk of developing Cardiovascular Disease.
Neuroticism
Conscientiusness
Openness to experience
Agreableness
Those with low _____ are at risk of higher BMI, weight gain and smoking.
Neuroticism
Conscientiusness
Openness to experience
Agreableness
High _____ is linked to longevity due to engagement in more preventive behaviours.
Neuroticism
Conscientiusness
Openness to experience
Agreableness
Low _____ is linked to lower mortality rates.
Neuroticism
Conscientiusness
Openness to experience
Agreableness
A.) _____ and B.) _____ are linked to lower mortality rates.
a.) Low Neuroticism
a.) Low Conscientiousness
b.) High Conscientiousness
b.) High Neuroticism
Risk of Alzheimer's disease is related to...
Concientiousness
Neuroticism
Openness
Agreeableness
Data purporting to show that hypochondriasis increases in the elderly are confounded by _____
Real health changes with age
People lying on their tests
Personal bias
Experimenter bias
_____ which propose that people regard events in their lives from the standpoint of how relevant these are to their own sense of self.
Cognitive Self Theories
Five Factor Theory
Tripartite Theory
Intricate Indexing Theories
Unlike Minor or Major Neurocognitive disorder, Delirium is...
Transient
Chronic
Delirium occurs as a result of disruption in metabolism or neurotransmitters due to...H
Medication poisoning
Alcohol or drug abuse
Head injury
Malnutrition
Infection
What is the most common cause of Neurocognitive Disorder?
Alzheimer's Disease
Lewy Body degenaration
Parkinson's Disease
Huntington's Disease
Alzheimer's is caused by problems in which chromosomes?
19
21
28
42
Beta-amyloid plaques are caused by which genes?
Presenilin genes 1 and 2
Not me
Not me either
Don't look at me!
Alzheimer's medication targets what?
Acetylcholinesterase
Serotonin
Acetylcholine
Adrenaline
Alzheimer's causes damage in which brain areas?
Frontal lobe
Cerebellum
Parietal lobe
Thalamus
80% of Parkinson patients also develop...
Lewy Body disease
Huntington's disease
Vascular disease
Alzheimer's disease
RBANS, MoCA and MMSE are used to measure what disorder?
Major Depressive Disorder
Bi-Polar Disorder
Neurocognitive Disorder
Szhizophrenia
A Dementia Intervention Team consists of what?
Dementia Care Co-Ordinatior
Practice Nurse
Occupational Therapist
Larry who makes really good paella
Reality Orientation, Cognitive Stimulation, Reminiscence Therapy, Validation Therapy are used for which disorder?
Neurocognitive Disorder
MDD
Bi-Polar Disorder
Schizophrenia
Who is the invincible second patient of NCD patients?
Family caregivers
Nurses
Doctors
Neurologists
NCD (Neurocognitive Disorder) patient's family members may be referred to as what?
Invisible second patients
Family heroes
Loved ones
Substitute medical staff
"Depression without sadness" is more common in _____ adults with MDD.
Older
Younger
Middle aged
Adolescent
Pseudo-dementia is a possible symptom in older adults with what?
MDD
Bi-Polar Disorder
Schizophrenia
NCD
What are the possible mood episodes in Bi-Polar patients?
Mania
Depression
Mixed episodes
Hypomania
Lithium is a frequent medication in patients with what?
MDD
NCD
Schizophrenia
Bi-Polar disorder
Panic disorder, agoraphobia, generalised anxiety disorder and social anxiety disorder may occur in patients with what?
Anxiety Disorder
NCD
Bi-Polar Disorder
MDD
Beck Anxiety Inventory and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory are measurements of what?
Anxiety Disorder
NCD
Bi-Polar Disorder
MDD
Psychosis may occur in what disorders?
Schizophrenia
Bi-Polar Disorder
Delusional Disorder
MDD
_____ may be Erotomanic, Grandiose, Persecutory, Somatic or Nihilistic.
Delusions
Mania
Mixed episodes
Hallucinations
People with psychosis often have disturbed, confused and disrupted patterns of thought. This is known as what?
Disorganised Thinking
Depression
Hallucination
Mania
Formal Thought Disorder is another term for what?
Mania
Depression
Hallucination
Thought disorder
Up to 75% of older adults who die by suicide visited a physician within _____ before death
1 year
5 years
6 months
1 month
What is the highest group of suicide in Malta?
14-29
30-49
50-69
70-98
_____ is a structured psychotherapy in which the patient is supported by the therapist in learning about and applying a structured approach to address problems that are causing symptoms
Problem Solving Therapy
Interpersonal Therapy
Cognitive Therapy
Cognitive Behaviour Therapy
The therapeutic focus in _____ is limited to current interpersonal relationships in four broad areas: abnormal grief, role transition, role dispute, and interpersonal deficits
Problem Solving Therapy
Interpersonal Therapy
Cognitive Therapy
Cognitive Behaviour Therapy
The therapeutic focus in _____ emphasises changing dysfunctional thoughts, rather than attempting to alter depressed mood directly
Problem Solving Therapy
Interpersonal Therapy
Cognitive Therapy
Cognitive Behaviour Therapy
The behavioural component of _____ aims to break a depressive cycle through graded task assignments that are enjoyable and goal directed, resulting in an increased sense of achievement and
Problem Solving Therapy
Interpersonal Therapy
Cognitive Therapy
Cognitive Behaviour Therapy
