Directions for cellular function are provided by the ______.

How many chromosomes are in each somatic cell?

Too much or too little genetic material can result in which of the following?

What are alleles?

Which of the following are genes that alters or harms functions?

Genes are organized into 46 paired chromosomes. How many of these pairs are autosomes? How many are sex chromosomes?

Mature gametes (reproductive cells) are ______.

Requirements for chromosome analysis?

A karyotype test looks at the size, shape, and number of your chromosomes. Photographing or using computer imaging allows chromosomes to be displayed from ____ to ____.

Are homozygous alleles identical or different from one another?

The dominant trait is shown by the phenotype. What is a phenotype?

How many autosomal dominant genes are needed to produce the trait?

How many autosomal recessive genes are needed to produce the trait?

X-Linked recessive characteristics: Why is a male at a disadvantage for having a recessive x-linked gene disorder, while females are often not?

Please choose "Single-Gene Abnormalities" to see the answer explanation photo that explains them.

Chromosomal abnormalities are either numeric or structural. Which abnormality does this describe?

Involving added or missing single chromosomes and those with multiple sets of chromosomes.

What key words should be used to remember the difference between numeric chromosomal abnormalities and structural chromosomal abnormalities?

Multifactorial defects are:

Select the risk factors for multifactorial defects.

Teratogens are agents in the fetal environment that either cause a birth defect or increase the likelihood that a birth defect will occur. Select some common teratogens.

One mechanical disruption to fetal development could be oligohydramnios. This is an abnormally small volume of amniotic fluid. What issues could this condition cause in the fetus?

One mechanical disruption to fetal development could be amniotic bands. Which of the following is correct about amniotic bands?

The purpose of genetic counseling is to provide services to help understand genetic disorders and risk of occurrence. Please read page 183-184 in our book to understand availability, focusing on the family, the process, and supplemental services.

Look at the photo in the answer explanation for some diagnostic methods that may be used in genetic counseling.

Gametogenesis is the creation of reproductive cells. Through meiosis, each gamete receives how many chromosomes and autosomes from each parent?

During (possible) conception, the ovum can be fertilized no longer than ____ after ovulation.

How long do most sperm survive?

How long does sperm remain in the female tract?

During fertilization, what two things must happen?

The pre-embryotic period is the first ____ weeks after conception.

When the conceptus (fetilizted ovum) has divided into about 12-16 cells and resembles a mulberry, what is this called?

The outer cells of the morula, secrete fluid, creating a sac of cells that has an inner cell mass within the sac. What is this sac of cells called?

How long after conception is the the zygote lingering in the uterus until implantation? During this time, the zygote is approximately 100 cells.

Which important events happen in the pre-embryotic period?

Where is the "normal" place of implantation?

In the pre-embryotic phase, the zygote secretes human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). What does this secretion signal?

The embryotic period extends from the beginning of the 3rd week to the 8th week after conception. By the end of the 8th week, what has occurred?

During the embryotic period (week 3-8), _________ may cause major structural and function to developing organs.

Please briefly review Table 12.3 in the answer explanation regarding the 3 germ layers.

I tried to come up with an easy way to distinguish between the 3 layers based on whats included in them, but no luck yet.

The ______ period begins 9 weeks after conception until birth.

Which system is vulnerable to damaging agents through the entire pregnancy?

Select the 3 axillary structures.

The placenta is a thick, disk-shaped organ. What are the 3 major functions of this organ?

Where is the umbilical cord attached to the placenta?

The two fetal membranes, amnion (inner membrane) and chorion (outer membrane), together are often called what?

What is amniotic fluid derived from?

What is the primary function of amniotic fluid?

The umbilical cord is made up of what?

What is the course of fetal blood circulation?

Which organ is cushioned with Wharton's Jelly?

There are 3 fetal circulatory shunts that partially bypass the fetal liver and lungs: the ductus venosis, foramen ovale, & ductus arteriosis.

When do these structures close functionally?

Do they ever close permanently?

Monozygotic twins are which type of twins?

Fraternal twins are also known as ______ twins.

During pregnancy, there are changes in many body systems and organs. Which of the following does this describe:

Before conception, this organ is small, pear-shaped, and contained in pelvic cavity. It begins with a capacity of about 10mL. By full-term, the capacity is about 500mL. Growth can be predicted for each trimester (one of the three 13 week periods).

Estrogen causes hyperemia (congestion of blood) of the cervix, resulting in a bluish-purple color of the vagina and labia. This is one of the earliest signs of pregnancy. What is this discoloration called?

Before pregnancy, the cervix has the consistency similar to the tip of the nose. After conception, the cervix softens and feels more like the lips or earlobe. What is this cervical softening referred to as?

During pregnancy, _________ _________ causes the vagina walls, as well as the cervix to appear bluish purple in color.

After conception, the major function of the ovaries is to secrete ________ from the corpus luteum for the first 6-7 weeks of pregnancy. Ovaries secrete this hormone.

During pregnancy, the breasts change in size and appearance. _______ stimulates the growth of mammary ductal tissue. ________ promotes the growth of the lobes, lobules, and alveoli.

During pregnancy, if the increase in breast size is extensive, lineal tears in the connective tissue striae gravidarum may develop. What is the common term for striae gravidarum?

How early in the pregnancy is colostrum present? Which trimester can it be readily expressed?

During pregnancy, which is the following increases?

Supine hypotensive syndrome occurs because the gravid uterus partially occludes the vena cava and aorta when the mother is _______?

Please refer to the answer explanation to review the 5 major changes in blood flow during pregnancy.

Which of the following allow for the oxygen needs to be met during pregnancy?

During pregnancy, the GI system experiences changes. Which of the following are some of those changes?

During pregnancy, how does the urinary system change?

A ______ _______ is the darkened line that marks the longitudinal division of the midline of the abdomen.

Which are some names for the areas of pigmentation (including brownish patches) over the forehead, cheeks, and nose?

During pregnancy circulation to the skin increases causing increased activity of________?

Cutaneous vascular changes during pregnancy include the blood vessels dilating, an effect of estrogen. Changes in surface blood vessels are obvious during pregnancy, especially in women with fair skin. Which of the following are some examples of this?

T or F: Hair grows more rapidly during pregnancy.

During pregnancy, fetal demands for calcium increase, especially in the 3rd trimester. Calcium is stored in the woman's body beginning in the 1st trimester to meet later needs of the fetus. The amount of calcium transferred to the fetus is _______ in comparison to how much the mother stores.

Postural changes:

Musculoskeletal changes are progressive. Because of estrogen and progesterone allow for increased mobility of the __________, which allow for pelvic joint relaxation and therefore pelvic instability, the mother may assume a wide gait to compensate for a changing _______.

During the 3rd trimester, the abdominal muscles may become so stretched that the rectus abdominus muscle _______.

1. ______ prepares breasts for milk production.

2. Hyperplaia and vascularity cause the ______ to enlarge during pregnancy.

3. Changes in the _______ causes fluctuations in insulin production and alterations in maternal blood glucose.

4. _______ cause significant changes in hormone levels.

hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) is the hormone that stimulates production of estrogen and progesterone until the placenta is developed enough to assume function (approx. 10-12 weeks after conception). This hormone can cause which 2 things?

Select the 3 main functions of estrogen.

Which are some of the main functions of progesterone during pregnancy?

hCS (human chorionic somatomammotropin) increases the avalibility of _____ to the fetus.

Which changes in metabolism are seen during pregnancy?

During pregnancy, the immune system function is altered to allow for the fetus to grow _______.

During pregnancy, which of the following are impacted?

Select some indications of pregnancy.

Select some probable signs of pregnancy.

Calculate the following woman's GTPAL:

A woman is 6 months pregnant with. She previously had one spontaneous abortion, and one elected abortion in the 1st trimester. She has a son who was born at 40 weeks gestation, and a daughter who was born at 34 weeks.

What is her GTPAL?

Calculate the following woman's GTPAL:

A woman is 2 months pregnant. She has a child who was born with a chromosomal disorder at 34 weeks, and another daughter who was born at 39 weeks. The mother also has had a miscarriage previously at 25 years of age.

What is her GTPAL?

A complete menstrual history is necessary to establish an EDD (established due date). What is often used to do this?

Pre-eclampsia is a common complication of pregnancy that can result in the baby needing to be delivered early (sometimes). What are some s/s of this?

Please review the photo of the book in the answer explanation for the complete list of s/s of pregnancy complications.

Amniocentesis is aspiration of amniotic fluid from the sac for examination. Why is this procedure done in the 2nd trimester?

Amniocentesis is aspiration of amniotic fluid from the sac for examination. Why is this procedure done in the 3rd trimester?

Why is ultrasound used as a prenatal test?

A doppler ultrasound blood flow assessment is used in pregnancies complicated by which of the following?

Alpha-Fetoprotein Screening is ideally preformed at 16-18 weeks of gestation. What does this test identify?

If the multiple marker screening is positive, what is recommended?

Chrionic Villus Sampling is a test done by using trancervical or transabdominal sampling to obtain villi.

What information can Chrionic Villus Sampling provide?

Percutaneous Umbilical Blood Sampling (PUBS or condrosentesis) involves aspirating fetal blood from the umbilical cord near the placenta. What can this test detect?

Maternal assessment of fetal movement is also known as ______.

Antepartum Fetal Surveillance:

The ______ stress test evaluates fetal heart reat (FTR) with or without fetal movement. FHR reactivity with accelerations is a reassuring sign.

Antepartum Fetal Surveillance:

The _______ stress test is also known as the Oxytocin Challenge test. This is used to determine if the fetal heart responds to uterine contractions that temporarily decrease fetal blood flow.

A Biophysical Profile (BPP) provides info on which parameters?