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WorksheetsChapter 16
Total questions: 163
Worksheet time: 8hrs 9mins
A nurse calculates that the 24-hour total oral fluid intake for an afebrile 110 lb client has been 1725 mL. What conclusion is accurate?
The client's oral fluid intake is adequate for the client's weight
The client's oral fluid intake is below the standard for this client
The client's oral fluid intake should be supplemented with IV fluid
The client's oral fluid intake should be increased by approximately 100 mL
A hypertensive client will begin taking Furosemide (Lasix), a potassium-wasting diuretic, every day. The nurse knows that teaching regarding the need for potassium-rich foods is successful when the client makes which of the following statements?
"I can have a daily serving of gelatin."
"I need to have more fruits like bananas and nectarines."
"I will add more servings of broiled white fish."
"I will eat more pasta and cheese."
Following a subtotal thyroidectomy, which client statement is most indicative that the client is experiencing hypocalcemia?
"I don't have much of an appetite."
"I feel so weak when I ambulate."
"Light seems to bother my eyes."
"My lips feel numb and tingly."
A client has been taking aluminum and magnesium hydroxide (Maalox), an antacid, for many days because of gastric discomfort. The nurse suspects that the client's magnesium level is elevated because which symptoms? Select all that apply.
Bradycardia
Hyperventilation
Hypotension
Insomnia
Shivering
(a) can occur with severe renal failure; severe burns; administration of potassium-sparing diuretics; overuse of potassium supplements, salt substitutes or some diet sodas, or potassium-rich foods; crushing injuries; Addison disease; and rapid administration of parenteral potassium salts
(a) are substances that carry an electrical charge when dissolved in fluid
About 60% of the adult human body is water. Most body water is located in _______ ______
(a)
The power to draw water toward an area of greater concentration is referred to as ______ ______
(a)
Hypovolemia results in (a) , a high ratio of blood components in relation to watery plasma, which increases the potential for blood clots and urinary stones and compromises the kidney's ability to excrete nitrogen wastes
(a) is associated with parathyroid gland tumors, multiple fractures, Paget disease, hyperparathyroidism, excessive doses of vitamin D, prolonged immobilization, some chemotherapeutic agents, and certain malignant diseases
In healthy adults, oral fluid intake averages about 2500 mL/day; however, it can range between _______, with a similar volume of fluid loss
2100-3500 mL/day
1500-2200 mL/day
1800-3000 mL/day
3300-4000 mL/day
Normal plasma pH is _______, or slightly alkaline
7.25-7.35
7.45-7.65
7.35-7.45
7.25-7.45
Positively or negatively charged substances
(a)
As excess fluid volume is distributed to the interstitial space, indentations in the skin after compression may be noted. This type of edema usually does not occur, however, until there is a 3-L excess in the intravascular volume
(a)
The concentration of substances in blood
(a)
Causes include profuse watery diarrhea, excessive salt intake without sufficient water intake, high fever, decreased water intake, excessive administration of solutions that contain sodium, excessive water loss without an accompanying loss of sodium, and severe burns
(a)
Positively charged ion
(a)
This electrolyte imbalance may result from renal failure, Addison disease, excessive use of antacids or laxatives that contain magnesium, and hyperparathyroidism
(a)
The main tool for measuring blood pH, CO2 content (PaCO2), and bicarbonate
(a)
Negatively charge ion
(a)
The sodium-potassium pump is an example of this process, which requires an energy source to drive dissolved chemicals from an area of low concentration to an area of higher concentration
(a)
The amount of fluid from the blood filtered by the kidneys each day
(a)
Promotes the movement of fluid and some dissolved substances through a semipermeable membrane according to the pressure differences
(a)
Certain dissolved substances require assistance from a carrier molecule to pass through a semipermeable membrane
(a)
The movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from a dilute area to a more concentrated area
(a)
Requires an energy source, a substance called adenosine triphosphate (ATP), to drive dissolved chemicals from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration
(a)
A physiologic process by which dissolved substances (e.g., electrolytes) move from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration through a semipermeable membrane
(a)
For which of the following conditions would the nurse anticipate administering salt tablets?
Mild deficits of serum sodium
Severe deficits of serum magnesium
Mild deficits of serum potassium
Severe deficits of serum calcium
If a client's parathyroid glands were accidentally removed during a procedure, which condition should the nurse prepare for?
Hypomagnesemia
Hyperkalemia
Hypernatremia
Hypocalcemia
A client is having a problem with the absorption of calcium. Which vitamin deficiency would the nurse anticipate in this client?
Vitamin A
Vitamin B
Vitamin C
Vitamin D
Which of the following points should a nurse include in the teaching plan for clients who have a potential for hypovolemia?
Avoid consuming alcohol or caffeine
Increase intake of dried peas and beans
Increase intake of milk and dairy products
Avoid table salt or food containing sodium
For which of the following categories of medications should the nurse monitor a client for lowered serum sodium and potassium levels?
Diuretics
Analgesics
Abx
Sedatives
When the nurse reviews ABG results on several clients, which one indicates a normal blood pH?
7.35-7.45
6.35-6.45
7-8
8.35-8.45
When caring for a client who is dehydrated, the nurse can anticipate that a client may manifest which of the following? Select all that apply.
Postural hypotension
Bounding pulse
Dark yellow urine
Elevated temp
Flushed skin
When a nurse collects data, which s/s is the first one to occur in hypovolemia?
Low BP
Increased thirst
Low urine specific gravity
Mild confusion
A primary provider orders furosemide 40 mg oral solution bid for a client who has difficulty swallowing tablets. Calculate the dose the nurse should administer for a supplied dose of 10mg/mL. ( (a) mL)
Which of the following conditions can the nurse anticipate causing respiratory alkalosis?
Uncontrolled diabetes
Rapid breathing
Chronic respiratory disease
Prolonged vomiting
The nurse who is caring for a client with renal failure notes that the client is dyspneic and crackles are heard when listening to breath sounds in the lungs. Which additional s/s would the nurse expect to note in this client?
Rapid weight loss
Flat hand and neck veins
A weak and thready pulse
An increase in BP
The nurse is reviewing the health records of assigned clients. The nurse would plan care knowing that which client is at risk for a potassium deficit?
The client with Addison's disease
The client with metabolic acidosis
The client with intestinal obstruction
The client receiving NG suction
The nurse reviews a client's electrolyte results and notes a potassium level of 5.5 mEq/L. The nurse understands that a potassium value at this level would be noted with which condition?
Diarrhea
Traumatic burn
Crushing's syndrome
Overuse of laxatives
The nurse reviews a client's electrolyte results and notes that the potassium level is 5.4 mEq/L. What would the nurse look for on the cardiac monitor as a result of this lab value?
ST elevation
Peaked P waves
Prominent U waves
Narrow, peaked T waves
The nurse is reading the primary health care provider's progress notes in the client's record and sees that the provider has documented "insensible fluid loss of approximately 800 mL daily." Which client is at risk for this loss?
The client with a draining wound
The client with a urinary catheter
The client with a fast resp rate
The client with an NG tube to low suction
The nurse is reviewing the health records of assigned clients. The nurse would plan care knowing that which client is at LEAST LIKELY risk for developing third-spacing?
The client with sepsis
The client with cirrhosis
The client with kidney failure
The client with DM
The nurse is reviewing the health records of assigned clients. The nurse would plan care knowing that which client is at risk for fluid volume deficit?
The client with cirrhosis
The client with ileostomy
The client with heart failure
The client with decreased renal function
The nurse is caring for a client who has been taking diuretics on a long-term basis. Which finding would the nurse expect to note as a result of this long-term use?
Gurgling resp
Increased BP
Decreased Hct levels
Increased specific gravity of urine
The nurse reviews electrolyte values and notes a sodium level of 130 mEq/L. The nurse expects that this sodium level would be noted in a client with which condition?
The client with watery diarrhea
The client with diabetes insipidus
The client with an inadequate daily water intake
The client with the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of ADH hormone
The nurse is caring for a client with leukemia and notes that the client has poor skin turgor and flat neck and hand veins. The nurse suspects hyponatremia. Which s/s would the nurse expect to note in this client if hyponatremia is present?
Intense thirst
Slow bounding pulse
Dry mucous membranes
Postural BP changes
The nurse is caring for a client with a diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism. Lab studies are performed and the serum calcium level is 12.0 mg/dL. Based on this lab value, the nurse would take which action?
Document the value in the client's record
Inform the RN of the lab value
Place the lab result form in the client's record
Reassure the client the lab result is normal
The nurse reviews the serum calcium level and notes that the level is 8.0 mg/dL. The nurse understands that which condition would cause this serum calcium level?
Prolonged bed rest
Adrenal insufficiency
Hyperparathyroidism
Excessive ingestion of vitamin D
The nurse is caring for a client with a suspected diagnosis of hypocalcemia. Which s/s would be an indication of this electrolyte imbalance?
Twitching
Positive Trousseau's sign
Hyperactive bowel sounds
Generalized muscle weakness
The nurse is instructing a client on how to decrease the intake of calcium in the diet. The nurse would tell the client that which food item is least likely to contain calcium?
Milk
Butter
Spinach
Collard greens
The nurse is caring for a client with hyperparathyroidism and notes that the client's serum calcium level is 13 mg/dL. Which prescribed medication would the nurse plan to assist in administering to the client?
Calcitonin
Calcium chloride
Calcium gluconate
Large doses of vitamin D
A client has the following lab values: a pH of 7.55, an HCO3- level of 22 mEq/L, and a PCO2 of 30 mmHg. Which action would the nurse plan to take?
Perform Allen's test
Prepare the client for dialysis
Administer insulin as prescribed
Encourage the client to slow down breathing
The nurse is told that the ABG results indicate a pH of 7.50 and a PCO2 of 32 mmHg. The nurse determines that these results are indicative of which acid-base disturbance?
Metabolic acidosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Resp acidosis
Resp alkalosis
A client is scheduled for blood to be drawn from the radial artery for an ABG determination. The nurse assists with performing an Allen's test before drawing the blood to determine adequacy of which?
Ulnar circulation
Carotid circulation
Femoral circulation
Brachial circulation
The nurse is caring for a client with a NG tube that is attached to low suction. The nurse monitors the client closely for which acid-base disorder that is MOST LIKELY to occur in this situation?
Met acidosis
Met alk
Resp acidosis
Resp alk
The nurse is caring for a client with severe diarrhea. The nurse monitors the client closely, understanding that this client is at risk for developing which acid-base disorder?
Met acidosis
Met alk
Resp acidosis
Resp alk
The nurse observes that a client with diabetic ketoacidosis is experiencing abnormally deep, regular, rapid resp. How would the nurse correctly document this observation in the medical record?
Apnea
Bradypnea
Cheyne-Stokes
Kussmaul's resp
The nurse is caring for a client with a diagnosis of COPD. The nurse would monitor the client for which acid-base balance?
Met acidosis
Met alk
Resp acidosis
Resp alk
Which clients would the nurse determine to be at risk for development of metabolic alkalosis? Select all that apply.
Client with emphysema
Client admitted with aspirin overdose
Client with chronic kidney disease
Client who has been vomiting for 2 days
Client receiving oral furosemide 40 mg/day
The nurse is caring for a client with resp insufficiency. The ABG results indicate a pH of 7.50 and a PCO2 of 30 mmHg and the nurse is told that the client is experiencing resp alkalosis. Which additional lab value would the nurse expect to note?
A sodium level of 145 mEq/L
A potassium level of 3.0 mEq/L
A magnesium level of 1.3 mEq/L
A phosphorus level of 3.0 mg/dL
The RN reviews the results of the ABG values with the LPN and tells the LPN that the client is experiencing resp acidosis. The LPN would expect to note which on the lab result report?
pH 7.50, PCO2 52 mmHg
pH 7.35, PCO2 40 mmHg
pH 7.25, PCO2 50 mmHg
pH 7.50, PCO2 30 mmHg
Substances that carry an electrical charge when dissolved in fluid
(a)
Substances that release hydrogen into fluid
(a)
Substances that bind with hydrogen
(a)
Body water located within cells
(a)
Body water located outside cells
(a)
Extracellular fluid including water between cells
(a)
Plasma (serum) portion of blood
(a)
The movement of water though a semipermeable membrane-one that allows some but not all substances in a solution to pass through from a diluted area to a more concentrated area
(a)
Promotes the movement of fluid and some dissolved substances through a semipermeable membrane according to pressure differences
(a)
A physiologic process by which dissolved substances (e.g., electrolytes) move from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration through a semipermeable membrane
(a)
The process in which certain dissolved substances require the assistance of a carrier molecule to pass from one side of a cellular membrane to the other
(a)
Specialized neurons that sense the serum osmolality, or concentration of substances, in blood.
(a)
Concentration of substances in the blood.
(a)
Stretch receptors in the aortic arch and carotid sinus that signal the brain to release ADH when blood volume decreases by 10%, systolic BP falls below 90 mmHg, or the right atrium is underfilled
(a)
A series of chemicals released to increase both BP and blood volume (_____-_____-_____ ______)
(a)
Hormone-like substances that act in opposition to the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
(a)
Results when the volume of body fluid is significantly reduced in both extracellular and intracellular compartments
(a)
A high ratio of blood components in relation to watery plasma, increases the potential for blood clots and urinary stones and compromises the kidney's ability to excrete nitrogen wastes
(a)
A fluid volume that exceeds what is normal for the intravascular space and can potentially compromise cardiopulmonary function.
(a)
Indentations in the skin after compression
(a)
Edema in body areas most affected by gravity, such as the feet, ankles, sacrum, or buttocks
(a)
A reduced ratio of blood components to watery plasma
(a)
(Fluid volume excess) means there is a high volume of water in the intravascular fluid compartment
(a)
______-_____ describes the translocation of fluid from the intravascular or intercellular space to tissue compartments, where it becomes trapped and useless
(a)
Positively and negatively charged particles, such as potassium, magnesium, sodium, phosphate, sulfate, calcium, chloride, HCO3-, protein, and organic acids
(a)
Positively charged electrolyte
(a)
Spasms of the facial muscles when the facial nerve is tapped is referred to as (a) sign
Cardopedal spasms are referred to as (a) sign
Major chemical regulator of plasma pH is the ______-______ ____ _____ _____
(a)
Excessive accumulation of acids or excessive loss of bicarbonate in body fluids
(a)
Excessive accumulation of bases or loss of acid in body fluids
(a)
The difference between sodium and potassium cation (positive ion) concentrations and the sum of chloride and bicarbonate anions (negative ions) in the extracellular fluid
(a)
Negative ions
(a)
What is the average mL intake/day?
2500
1700
3200
3500
Concentration of substances dissolved in water
(a)
Draw water toward area of higher concentration
(a)
Large sized substances (albumin, globulins) contribute to fluid concentration
(a)
Urine excretion and thirst is regulated by osmoreceptors in the (a)
Sodium lab value
145-155 mEq/L
130-145 mEq/L
135-145 mEq/L
135/140 mEq/L
Normal potassium lab value
3-5 mEq/L
3.3-5.5 mEq/L
33-53 mEq/L
3.5-5.3 mEq/L
Normal calcium lab value
9-11 mg/dL
10-11 mg/dL
9-12 mg/dL
Normal magnesium lab value
1.4-2.2 mEq/L
1.3-2.2 mEq/L
1.3-2.1 mEq/L
1.2-3.1 mEq/L
Normal CO2 (PaCO2) lab value
30-40
24-35
22-26
35-45
Normal bicarb (HCO3) lab value
22-26
23-27
35-45
37-45
Low sodium
(a)
High sodium
(a)
Causes include profuse diaphoresis & diuresis, large ingestion of plain H2O or nonelectrolyte IV fluids, prolonged vomiting, GI suctioning, draining fistulas, Addison's disease
Hyponatremia
Hyperkalemia
Hyponatremia
Hypocalcemia
Manifestations:
Mental confusion, muscular weakness, anorexia, restlessness, elevated body temp, tachycardia, N/V, personality changes
Hypercalcemia
Hypokalemia
Hypovolemia
Hyponatremia
Causes: Profuse watery diarrhea, excessive salt intake without suffienct H2O intake, pyrexia, decreased H2O intake, excessive IV solutions with sodium, burns, H2O loss without loss of Na
Hypernatremia
Hypokalemia
Hypermagnesemia
Hypervolemia
Low potassium
(a)
Chief cation in extracellular fluid
(a)
High potassium
(a)
The chief intracellular electrolyte
(a)
Causes:
Potassium-wasting diuretics, severe vomiting or diarrhea, draining intestinal fistulae, prolonged suctioning, large doses or corticosteroids, IV insulin and glucose, and nonelectrolyte IV fluids
Hypernatremia
Hypocalcemia
Hypokalemia
Hyponatremia
Manifestations:
Fatigue, weakness, anorexia, N/V, cardiac arrhythmias, leg cramps, muscle weakness, paresthesias
Severe cases: Hypotension, flaccid paralysis, even death
Hyperkalemia
Hypokalemia
Hypomagnesemia
Hypovolemia
Causes:
Renal failure, severe burns, use of K+- sparing diuretics, overuse of K+ supplements, salt substitutes, K+ rich foods, crushing injuries, Addison's disease, rapid parenteral adm of K+ rich salts
Hypercalcemia
Hyperkalemia
Hypomagnesemia
Hypervolemia
Manifestations:
Diarrhea, nausea, muscle weakness, paresthesia, cardiac arrhythmias
Hyperkalemia
Hypovolemia
Hypernatremia
Hypokalemia
Necessary for blood clotting, smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscle function, transmission of nerve impulses, Vit D is needed for absorption
(a)
Low calcium
(a)
High calcium
(a)
Causes:
Vit D deficiency, hypoparathyroidism, burns, pancreatitis, drugs, blood transfusions, intestinal malabsorption disorders, accidental removal of parathyroid gland
Hypervolemia
Hypomagnesemia
Hyponatremia
Hypocalcemia
Manifestations:
Tingling of extremities & around mouth, abdominal cramps, Trousseau’s sign, Chvostek’s sign, bleeding, mental changes, laryngeal spasms, tetany, seizures, and cardiac arrhythmias
Hypocalcemia
Hypovolemia
Hyponatremia
Hypokalemia
Causes;
Parathyroid gland tumors, multiple fractures, Pagets’s disease, hyperparathyroidism, large doses of Vit D, immobilization, chemo agents, malignant diseases
Hypocalcemia
Hypernatremia
Hypovolemia
Hypercalcemia
Manifestations:
Deep bone pain, constipation, anorexia, N&V, polyuria, thirst, pathologic fractures, mental changes (decreased memory & attention span), kidney stones
Hypervolemia
Hypercalcemia
Hyponatremia
Hypokalemia
Essential for maintaining normal nerve and muscle activity, regulating osmotic pressure, and preserving acid-base balance
(a)
Important for transmission of nerve impulses and muscle excitability and activates enzymes
(a)
Low magnesium
(a)
High magnesium
(a)
Causes:
Alcoholism, DKA, renal disease, burns, malnutrition, pregnancy-induced hypertension, intestinal malabsorption syndrome, drug induced diuresis, hyperaldosteronism, gastric suction
Hypomagnesemia
Hyponatremia
Hypervolemia
Hypercalcemia
Manifestations:
Tachycardia, arrhythmias, neuromuscular irritability, paresthesia of extremities, leg & foot cramps, hypertension, mental changes, Chvostek’s & Trousseau’s signs, dysphagia, & seizures
Hypermagnesemia
Hypocalcemia
Hypomagnesemia
Hyperkalemia
Causes:
Renal faliure, Addison’s dz, use of antacids/laxatives (may require dialysis), hyperparathyroidism
Hypokalemia
Hypomagnesemia
Hyponatremia
Hypermagnesemia
Manifestations:
Flushing, warmth, hypotension, lethargy, drowsiness, bradycardia, muscle weakness, depressed respirations, coma.
Hypermagnesemia
Hypocalcemia
Hypokalemia
Hypercalcemia
S/S:
Kussmaul resp., anorexia, N/V, HA, confusion, flushing, lethargy, malaise, drowsiness, abd. pain, weakness, cardiac dysrhythmias, stupor, coma, death
Resp acidosis
Met acidosis
Resp alk
Met alk
S/S:
Anorexia, N/V, circumoral paresthesias, confusion, carpopedal spasm, hypertonic reflexes, tetany
Resp alk
Resp acidosis
Met acidosis
Met alk
Causes:
Pneumothorax, hemothorax, pulomary edema, acute bronchial asthma, atelectasis. hyaline membrane disease or other resp distress in NB, pnx, OD, head injuries, emphysema, bronchiectasis, bronchial asthmas, CF
Met alk
Resp alk
Resp acidosis
Met acidosis
S/S:
Resp insufficiency, frantic efforts to breathe, breathe slowly or irregularly or stop breathing, moist or absent lung sounds, tachycardia, cardiac arrhythmia, cyanosis, mental confusions, tremors, muscle twitching, flushed skin, HA, weakness, stupor, or coma
Resp acidosis
Met alk
Resp alk
Met acidosis
Causes:
Tachypnea (blowing off of CO2): anxiety, high fever, thyrotoxicosis, ASA poisoning, hypoxemia, mechanical ventilation
Met acidosis
Met alk
Resp alk
Resp acidosis
S/S:
Increased RR, lightheadedness, numbness, tingling of fingers and toes, circumoral paresthesias, sweating, panic, dry mouth, severe cases: convulsions
Met alk
Resp acidosis
Met acidosis
Resp alk
S/S:
Elevated Hct, high specific gravity of UA, low BP, rapid, weak, thready pulse, scent, dark UA, warm, flushed, dry skin, decreased urination, stimulates aldosterone
(a)
Factors that contribute to (a) :
< fluid intake
Hemorrhage
Prolonged vomiting and diarrhea
Wound loss (burn)
Profuse urination or perspiration
Third spacing
Causes:
Excess oral intake, rapid IV infusions, and heart failure, kidney disease
(a)
May have pitting edema with excess of ______ or more excess of intravascular volume
1L
2L
3L
4L
Factors that contribute to (a) :
Altered cardiac or kidney function
Increased ADH production, may accompany brain trauma
Corticosteroid therapy, rapid IV infusions, albumin
Water drinkers
Ingest large amts of salt
Assessment findings of (a) include:
Weight gain
Distended jugular veins
Swollen eyes
Inhibits ADH
Moist resp, crackles with breath sound
Low Hct
Light yellow UA with low spec gravity
Pitting-brawny edema
Third spacing S/S are similar to ________ w/o wt loss
Hypovolemia
Hypervolemia
May accompany hypoalbuminemia, burns, allergic rxns
(a)
ABG trends in acid-base imbalances:
pH:7.35-7.45; HCO3: 22-26; PaCO2: 35-45
Full compensated resp alk
Partially compensated met alk
Normal values
Uncompensated met acidosis
ABG trends in acid-base imbalances:
pH: <7.35; HCO3: <22; PaCO2: normal
Uncompensated met acidosis
Normal values
Partially compensated resp alk
Uncompensated met alk
ABG trends in acid-base imbalances:
pH: <7.35; HCO3: <22; PaCO2: <35
Fully compensated resp alk
Uncompensated resp acidosis
Partially compensated met acidosis
Uncompensated resp alk
ABG trends in acid-base imbalances:
pH: 7:35-7.45; HCO3: <22; PaCO2 <35
Full compensated resp alk
Uncompensated resp acidosis
Fully compensated met acidosis
Normal values
pH: >7.45; HCO3: >26; PaCO2: Normal
Uncompensated met alk
Partially compensated resp alk
Uncompensated met acidosis
Normal values
pH: >7.45; HCO3: >26; PaCO2: >45
Fully compensated met alk
Uncompensated met alk
Partially compensated met alk
Partially compensated met acidosis
pH: >7.45; HCO3: >22; PaCO2: >45
Uncompensated met alk
Fully compensated resp alk
Partially compensated resp acidosis
Fully compensated met alk
pH: <7.35; HCO3: Normal; PaCO2: >45
Uncompensated resp acidosis
Partially compensated met acidosis
Normal values
Uncompensated met alk
pH:<7.35; HCO3: >26; PaCO2: >45
Normal values
Uncompensated resp alk
Partially compensated resp acidosis
Fully compensated resp acidosis
pH: 7.35-7.45; HCO3: >26; PaCO2: >45
Fully compensated resp acidosis
Uncompensated resp acidosis
Partially compensated resp acidosis
Fully compensated resp alk
pH: 7.45; HCO3: Normal; PaCO2: <35
Fully compensated resp alk
Uncompensated met alk
Uncompensated met acidosis
Uncompensated resp alk
pH: 7.45; HCO3: <22; PaCO2: <35
Uncompensated met acidosis
Fully compensated resp acidosis
Partially compensated resp alk
Normal values
pH: 7.35-7.45; HCO3: <22; PaCO2: <35
Uncompensated met acidosis
Fully compensated resp alk
Fully compensated met alk
Fully compensated resp acidosis
-Should never be administered to a client with insufficient kidney function
-As IV bolus, depresses heart contraction, causing bradycardia and cardiac arrest
-Client may experience burning with IV infusion
Calcium
Sodium
Potassium
Magnesium
______ replacement is given cautiously to clients with a history of kidney stones because high _____ levels in the kidney tubules may contribute to stone formation. (ONE WORD)
(a)
