_________ is a categorical measurement expressed not in terms of numbers, but rather by means of a natural language description.

_________ is a numerical measurement expressed not by means of a natural language description, but rather in terms of numbers.

A characteristic that varies from one observation to the next.

A characteristic that varies with respect to time, place or person is known as variable.

Heights of students of a college.

Prices of calculators in a market.

Ages of workers of a factory.

Blood groups of students of a school.

Incomes of government servants of a city.

Colour of cars on the road.

A variable is one that takes only the values in whole numbers within a given interval. A variable represents Count Data.

For Example

Number of a students in a college.

Number of books in a library.

Number of children in a family.

Number of rooms in a school.

A Variable is one that can take any value (numerical or fractional) within a given interval. A variable represents measurement data.

For Example

Age of a student.

Temperature at a place.

Weight of a person.

Time it takes to complete a work.

Distance covered by a care.

Deals with descriptions.

Data can be observed but not measured.

Colors, Texture, Smells, Tastes, Appearance, Beauty, Etc.

Qualitative Quality

Deals with numbers.

Data which can be measured.

Length, height, area, volume, weight, speed, time, temperature, humidity, sound levels, cost, members, ages, etc.

Quantitative Quantity

Oil Painting

Blue, Green Color, Gold frame. Smells old and musty.

Texture shows brush strokes of oil paint. Peaceful Scene of the country.

Masterful brush strokes.

Oil Painting

Picture is 10” by 14”

with frame 14” by 18”

weight 8.5 pounds

surface area of painting is 140 sq. in. cost $300

Measurement is the process of assigning numbers or labels to objects, persons, states, or events in accordance with speci
c rules to represent quantities or qualities of attributes.

We do not measure speci
c objects, persons, etc., we measure attributes or features that de
ne them.

There must be distinct classes but these classes have no quantitative properties.

Therefore, no comparison can be made in terms of one category is higher than the other.

For Example - there are two classes for the variable gender - males and females.

There are no quantitative properties for this variable or these classes and, therefore, gender is a nominal variable.

Sometimes numbers are used to designate category membership

Example: Country of Origin

1 = United States 2 = Mexico

3 = Canada

4 = Other

There are distinct classes but these classes have a natural ordering or ranking. The difference can be ordered on the basis of magnitude.

For Example -
nal position of horses in a thoroughbred race is an ordinal variable. The horses
nish
rst, second, third, fourth, and so on. The difference between
rst and second in not necessarily equivalent to the difference between second and third, or between third and fourth.

Does not assume that the intervals between numbers are equal

For Example

Finishing place in a race (1st place, second place)

It is possible to compare difference in magnitude, but importantly the zero point does not have a natural meaning.

It captures the properties of nominal and ordinal scales - used by most psychological tests.

Example - Celsius temperature is an interval variable. It is meaningful to say that 25 degrees Celsius is 3 degrees hotter than 22 degrees Celsius, and that 17 degrees Celsius is the same amount hotter (3 degrees) than 14 degrees Celsius. Notice, however, that 0 degrees Celsius does not have a natural meaning That is, 0 degrees Celsius does not mean the absence of heat!

It is the highest level for measurement This level has all the three attributes:

Magnitude Equal Interval

Absolute Zero Point

It represent continuous values

Biophysical Parameters

Weight

Height

Volume

Blood Pressure

The word ‘Statistics’ seems to have been derived from the Latin word ‘STATUS’ or the Italian word ‘statista’ or the German word ‘statistik’ each of which means a ‘political state’.

Sir Ronald A Fisher (1890-1962)

The Father of Statistics

“Statistics may be de
ned as the science of collection, presentation analysis and interpretation of numerical data from the logical analysis."

1.Collection of Data

2.Presentation of Data

3.Analysis of Data

4.Interpretation of Data

1.Condensation

2.Comparison

3.Forecasting

4.Estimation

It deals with the collection, Presentation and analysis of data.

It Deals with the conclusions drawn about an entire set of data (i.e population) using only a part of such data (i.e sample).

It is that branch of statistics which is concerned with describing the population under study.

Organize, analyze and present data in a meaningful way.

Charts, Graphs and Tables

To describe a situation.

It explains the data, which is already known, to summarize the sample.

It is a type of statistics, that focuses on drawing conclusions about the population, on the basis of sample analysis and observation.

Compares, test and predictor date.

Probability

To explain the changes of occurrence of an event.

It attempts to reach the conclusion to learn about the population, that extends beyond the data available.

A ______________ is a collection of all possible individuals, objects, or measurements of interest.

A ___________ is a portion, or part, of the population of interest

A number describing a whole population (e.g., population mean),

A number describing a sample (e.g., sample mean).