WorksheetsKin 224 chapter 24
Total questions: 103
Worksheet time: 52mins
Select all that have regulated reabsorption.
Glucose
Sodium
Water
Calcium
The ___________ transfer urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
ureters
urethras
vas deferens and uterine tubes
efferent arteries
What is the correct sequence of organs for the formation and elimination of urine?
Bladder, urethra,kidney, ureter
Kidney, ureter,bladder, urethra
Kidney, urethra,bladder, ureter
Kidney, bladder,ureter, urethra
Urethra, bladder, kidney, ureter
Which is not a function of the kidneys?
Regulation of blood pressure
Removal of wastes from the blood
Regulation of erythrocyte production
Regulation of lymphocyte production
Regulation of acid-base balance
In response to low blood ________, the kidneys secrete __________.
calcium; renin
oxygen; erythropoietin
sodium; calcitriol
potassium; erythropoietin
glucose; calcitriol
The average adult kidney weighs about 100 grams and measures about
12 cm long, 6.5 cm wide, and 2.5 cm thick.
8 cm long, 4 cm wide, and 1.5 cm thick.
15 cm long, 10.5 cm wide, and 4.5 cm thick.
8 cm long, 10.5 cm wide, and 2.5 cm thick.
12 cm long, 2.5 cm wide, and 8 cm thick.
In order to accommodate the large liver,
the left kidney is about 2 centimeters inferior to the right kidney.
the right kidney is about 2 centimeters inferior to the left kidney.
The kidneys are located ___________ the peritoneum.
within
anterior to
posterior to
From innermost to outermost, the protective layers on the kidney are the
fibrous capsule,perinephric fat, renal fascia, paranephric fat.
renal corpuscle,perinephric fat, renal fascia, paranephric fat.
renal fascia,paranephric fat, renal corpuscle, perinephric fat.
renal fascia,perinephric fat, fibrous capsule, paranephric fat.
fibrous capsule,paranephric fat, renal fascia, perinephric fat.
The fibrous capsule of the kidney is composed of
dense irregular connective tissue.
adipose connective tissue.
reticular connective tissue.
reticular
connective tissue.
An adult human kidney typically contains ______ renal pyramid(s).
2 to 5
8 to 15
16 to 24
1
30 to 40
Where are the renal pyramids located within the kidney?
Renal cortex
Renal sinus
Renal pelvis
Renal medulla
Renal papilla
Which of the following choices lists structures in the order in which urine flows through them?
Major calyx, minor calyx, renal pelvis
Renal pelvis, major calyx, minor pelvis
Minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis
Major pelvis, minor calyx, renal pelvis
Major calyx, renal pelvis, minor calyx
The first structure in the kidney to collect newly formed urine is the
renal capsule.
minor calyx.
renal pelvis.
renal sinus.
renal cortex.
Autonomic innervation of the kidney includes
Cranial Nerve V and sympathetic nerves from T1–T2.
Cranial Nerve V and sympathetic nerves from T10–T12.
Cranial Nerve X and sympathetic nerves from T1–T2.
Cranial Nerve X and sympathetic nerves from T10–T12.
Which is not correct regarding the innervation of the kidney?
Parasympathetic innervation is from the vagus nerve.
The kidney is served by the renal plexus.
Sympathetic innervation is from segments T10-T12 of the spinal cord.
Sympathetic stimulation causes vasoconstriction of the renal blood vessels.
Parasympathetic stimulation decreases the rate of filtrate formation.
Pain from the kidneys is usually referred by way of the
autonomic pathways to the inferior pelvic organs.
sympathetic pathways to the T11–L2 dermatomes.
somatic pathways to the left shoulder.
parasympathetic pathways to the T1–T2 dermatomes.
The renal corpuscle is located within the
collecting duct.
renal medulla.
renal cortex.
renal pelvis.
The thick tangle of capillary loops found within a corpuscle is known as the
Bowman.
convoluted capillary bed.
glomerular capsule.
glomerulus.
nephron.
The proximal convoluted tubule is lined with a
cuboidal epithelium with a large surface area.
simple columnarepithelium with a slick smooth surface.
stratifiedsquamous epithelium with a large surface area.
stratified squamousepithelium with a tough, durable surface.
simple squamous endothelium that makesa slick surface.
The nephron loop makes a hairpin turn within the ________ and its ________ limb ends
at the distal convoluted tubule.
cortex; ascending
cortex; descending
medulla; ascending
medulla; descending
Which class of nephron is crucially important in establishing a salt concentration gradient in the kidney so that urine concentration can be regulated?
Intercalated nephrons
Juxtamedullary nephrons
Adrenal nephrons
Cortical nephrons
Cortical nephrons have their corpuscles near the _________ edge of the cortex and are the ______ common type of nephron.
deeper; more
deeper; less
peripheral; more
peripheral; less
Which is not correct regarding nephrons?
The renal corpuscle includes the glomerulus and the glomerular capsule.
The renal tubule is composed of the proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, and
distal convoluted tubule.
The nephron is the functional filtration unit in the kidney.
Eighty-five percent of nephrons are cortical nephrons.
The renal corpuscle may be located in the renal cortex or renal medulla.
How are nephrons, collecting ducts, and collecting tubules related to each other?
One collecting duct drains into one nephron, and one nephron drains into one
collecting tubule.
One nephron drains into one collecting tubule, and several collecting tubules empty
into a collecting duct.
One nephron drains into one collecting duct, and several collecting ducts empty into a
collecting tubule.
One collecting tubule drains into one nephron, and several nephrons drain into one
collecting duct.
One nephron drains into several collecting tubules, and all tubules eventually lead to
one collecting duct.
Which type of epithelial cell within collecting tubules and collecting ducts are responsive to aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone?
Type A cells
Type B cells
Principal cells
Intercalated endocrine cells
The juxtaglomerular apparatus is located
within the renal sinus.
in the renal papilla.
in the perinephric fat.
inside the tubular pole of the glomerulus.
near the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle.
The main parts of the juxtaglomerular apparatus are the
principal cells and macula densa.
granular cells and macula densa.
granular cells and intercalated cells.
intercalated cells and principal cells.
principal cells and granular cells.
Stimulation of granular cells by the sympathetic nervous system causes them to
contract.
relax.
release calcitriol.
increase endocytosis.
Granular cells synthesize and release the enzyme
angiotensinogen.
antidiuretic hormone.
renin.
calcitriol.
Macula densa cells monitor the concentration of
glucose in the blood.
antidiuretic hormone in the urine.
sodium chloride in the fluid within the distal convoluted tubule.
calcium in the fluid of the proximal convoluted tubule.
aldosterone in the afferent arteriole.
Which is the correct sequence of arteries that a drop of blood would flow through as it entered the kidney and moved toward a glomerulus?
Segmental artery - interlobar artery - interlobular artery - renal artery - arcuate artery
Interlobar artery - segmental artery - interlobular artery - renal artery - arcuate artery
Renal artery - interlobar artery - segmental artery - arcuate artery - interlobular artery
Renal artery - segmental artery - interlobar artery - arcuate artery - interlobular artery
Arcuate artery - interlobular artery - segmental artery - interlobar artery - renal artery
The capillaries of the glomerulus differ from most other capillary networks in the body because they
carry only deoxygenated blood.
drain into an arteriole instead of a venule.
contain no endothelium.
absorb nutrients from the glomerular capsule.
secrete mucus.
An obstruction in the glomerulus would affect the flow of blood into the
renal artery.
proximal convoluted tubule.
efferent arteriole.
distal convoluted tubule.
afferent arteriole.
Immediately before blood enters arterioles of the kidney, it travels through small arteries that project peripherally into the renal cortex. These arteries are the
arcuate arteries.
interlobular arteries.
segmental arteries.
lobar arteries.
peritubular arteries.
As it is leaving the kidney, blood passes directlyfrom the arcuate vein to the
renal vein.
vasa recta.
segmental vein.
interlobar vein.
interlobular vein.
Fluid contained within the lumen of a nephron loop is called
plasma.
tubular fluid.
filtrate.
urine.
In the process of urine formation, first
filtrate is formed, then tubular fluid, then urine.
tubular fluid is formed, then filtrate, then urine.
Place the regions of the nephron in the correct order for the process of urine formation.
a: Capsular space of glomerulus
b: Nephron loop
c: Collecting duct
d: Distal convoluted tubule
e: Proximal convoluted tubule
a, c, b, e, d
e, d, b, a, c
b, e, c, d, a
b, d, c, e, a
a, e, b, d, c
Urine passes from the renal papilla into a
major calyx, then to a minor calyx, then to a ureter.
minor calyx, then to a major calyx, then to the renal pelvis.
ureter, then to a minor calyx, then to a major calyx.
renal pelvis, then to a major calyx, then to a ureter.
collecting duct, then to a minor calyx, then to a major calyx.
Which step(s) in the process of urine formation occur(s) in the renal tubule?
Filtration only
Secretion only
Reabsorption only
Filtration, secretion, and reabsorption
Secretion and reabsorption only
How are the processes of reabsorption and secretion related?
They both involve movement of material from the blood into the tubular fluid.
Materials move in opposite directions: reabsorption moves materials into the blood,
whereas secretion removes them from the blood.
Materials move in opposite directions: secretion moves materials into the blood,
whereas reabsorption removes them from the blood.
They both involve movement of material from the tubular fluid into the blood.
The active transport of solutes out of the blood and into the tubular fluid is called
filtration.
tubular reabsorption.
tubular secretion.
fenestration.
titration.
The endothelium of the glomerulus is made up of _________ capillaries.
fenestrated
continuous
The basement membrane of the glomerulus is composed of glycoproteins and
_________, and it restricts the passage of _________.
phospholipids; plasma ions
phospholipids; plasma proteins
proteoglycans; plasma ions
proteoglycans; plasma proteins
Podocytes are cells with foot-like processes called pedicels. Podocytes are found in the
basement membrane of the glomerulus.
visceral layer of the glomerular capsule.
periphery of the distal convoluted tubule.
endothelium of the glomerulus.
Generally, negatively charged plasma proteins are
moved across the filtration membrane by active transport pumps.
attracted by the positive charge of the filtration membrane.
repelled by the negative charge of the filtration membrane.
engulfed by endocytosis and reabsorbed at the filtration membrane.
Mesangial cells help keep the basement membrane clean by
secreting emulsifying agents that dissolve trapped particles.
engulfing macromolecules caught in its basement membrane.
opening larger pores in the membrane so that trapped particles move across.
secreting antibodies that attack the molecules caught in the endothelium.
Blood pressure in the glomerulus is _______ than in other capillaries due to the relatively
large diameter of ________ arterioles.
higher; afferent
higher; efferent
lower; afferent
lower; efferent
Glomerular hydrostatic pressure is the pressure of
blood in the nephron capsule.
tubular fluid in the glomerular capsule.
blood in the glomerular capillaries.
filtrate in the glomerular capillaries.
solutes in the tubular fluid.
The presence of proteins in the plasma tends to
push fluid across the filtration membrane.
draw fluid back into the glomerulus.
The capsular hydrostatic pressure is generally ______ than the glomerular hydrostatic pressure; increases in capsular hydrostatic pressure _________ the formation of additional filtrate.
larger; facilitate
larger; impede
smaller; facilitate
smaller; impede
Net filtration pressure is equal to the
capsular hydrostatic pressure plus the sum of the blood colloid osmotic pressure and
the glomerular hydrostatic pressure.
glomerular hydrostatic pressure minus the sum of the blood colloid osmotic pressure
and capsular hydrostatic pressure.
capsular hydrostatic pressure minus the sum of the blood colloid osmotic pressure
and glomerular hydrostatic pressure.
blood colloid osmotic pressure minus the capsular hydrostatic pressure.
glomerular hydrostatic pressure plus blood colloid osmotic pressure minus capsular
hydrostatic pressure.
The units for measurement of glomerular filtration rate are
mm Hg.
mm Hg per minute.
liters.
liters per minute.
If the filtration membrane were made more porous, how would you expect the glomerular filtration rate to change?
Increase
Decrease
No change
Sympathetic nervous system influences on glomerular filtration rate are considered ________ controls.
intrinsic
extrinsic
The myogenic response that occurs within afferent arterioles of the kidney is an __________ control of GFR.
intrinsic
extrinsic
If there is an increase in systemic blood pressure, the resulting stretch of afferent arterioles results in reflexive
vasoconstriction of efferent arterioles to raise GFR.
vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles to keep GFR normal.
vasodilation of efferent arterioles to lower GFR.
vasodilation of afferent arterioles to keep GFR normal.
The tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism responds to an increase in
systemic blood pressure by signaling for a decrease in heart rate through blood-
borne hormones.
urine production by signaling for a decrease in urine production through the hormone
ADH.
NaCl concentration in tubular fluid by signaling for afferent arteriole constriction
with local chemical messengers.
glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure by signaling for afferent arterioles
to constrict and increase filtration rate.
If someone is bleeding severely, the body's adaptive response is to
increase sympathetic stimulation of the kidney and therefore increase GFR.
increase sympathetic stimulation of the kidney and therefore decrease GFR.
decrease sympathetic stimulation of the kidney and therefore decrease GFR.
decrease sympathetic stimulation of the kidney and therefore increase GFR.
Sympathetic stimulation causes
mesangial cells to release angiotensin, which ultimately leads to granular cell
contraction.
mesangial cells to release angiotensin, which ultimately leads to granular cell
relaxation.
granular cells to release renin, which ultimately leads to mesangial cell contraction.
granular cells to release renin, which ultimately leads to mesangial cell relaxation.
inhibited release of erythropoietin and contraction of granular and mesangial cells.
Sympathetic stimulation of the kidney results in
constriction of afferent arterioles and an increase in the surface area of the
glomerulus.
constriction of afferent arterioles and a decrease in the surface area of the glomerulus.
dilation of afferent arterioles and an increase in the surface area of the glomerulus.
dilation of afferent arterioles and a decrease in the surface area of the glomerulus.
ANP is a hormone that causes
constriction of the afferent arterioles and release of renin.
constriction of the afferent arterioles and inhibition of renin release.
dilation of the afferent arterioles and release of renin.
dilation of the afferent arterioles and inhibition of renin release.
The hormone ANP is released from the heart and causes the urinary system to
increase urine volume and blood volume.
increase urine volume and decrease blood volume.
decrease urine volume and blood volume.
decrease urine volume and increase blood volume.
Most tubular reabsorption occurs in the
proximal convoluted tubule, where cells have many flagella.
proximal convoluted tubule, where cells have many microvilli.
distal convoluted tubule, where cells have many flagella.
distal convoluted tubule, where cells have many microvilli.
Peritubular capillaries tend to exhibit
high hydrostatic pressure and high colloid pressure.
high hydrostatic pressure and low colloid pressure.
low hydrostatic pressure and low colloid pressure.
low hydrostatic pressure and high colloid pressure.
The largest possible amount of a substance that can be reabsorbed or secreted across a kidney tubule wall in a given duration of time is known as the
glomerular filtration rate.
renal threshold.
transport maximum.
net filtration pressure.
renal clearance exponent.
The renal threshold of a substance refers to
the number of protein transporters for the substance per tubule.
the plasma concentration of the substance below which it does not appear in the urine.
the concentration of the substance found in the kidney before the
substance becomes toxic.
the concentration of the substance in the urine that results in an overall increase in
urine volume.
For glucose to be reabsorbed from the tubule lumen, it is transported into the tubule cell by means of a
glucose uniporter.
Na + /glucose symporter.
glucose protein channel.
Na + /glucose antiporter.
Nutrients such as glucose and amino acids within the tubular fluid
are completely secreted.
are completely reabsorbed.
have half of their plasma concentration secreted.
have a little less than half of their tubular fluid concentration reabsorbed.
have concentrations in the filtrate and urine that match their transport maximum.
Proteins that are recaptured from tubular fluid are transported into the luminal membrane by way of
diffusion.
pinocytosis.
secondary active transport with a symporter.
primary active transport with a protein pump.
facilitated diffusion with a carrier.
Generally, a very _______ percent of Na + in the tubular fluid is reabsorbed, and the reabsorption takes place _________.
high; only in the nephron loop
high; along the entire tubule
small; only in the nephron loop
small; along the entire tubule
Aldosterone is a steroid hormone that __________ synthesis of Na + /K + pumps and Na+ channels in principal cells of kidney tubules.
stimulates
inhibits
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
stimulates reabsorption of both calcium and phosphate.
stimulates reabsorption of calcium but inhibits phosphate reabsorption.
inhibits reabsorption of calcium but stimulates phosphate reabsorption.
inhibits reabsorption of both calcium and phosphate.
The primary mechanism of water reabsorption in the kidney is
primary active transport by means of a protein pump.
osmosis through aquaporins.
secondary active transport by means of a sodium-water symporter.
bulk transport by means of endocytosis.
Generally, most water reabsorption in a nephron occurs at the
nephron loop and is called obligatory water reabsorption.
nephron loop and is called facultative water reabsorption.
proximal convoluted tubule and is called obligatory water reabsorption.
proximal convoluted tubule and is called facultative water reabsorption.
Dehydration results in
increased ADH secretion and increased water reabsorption.
increased ADH secretion and decreased water reabsorption.
decreased ADH secretion and increased water reabsorption.
decreased ADH secretion and decreased water reabsorption.
Someone with a diet that is high in vegetables but low in animal protein is likely to have very active
type A cells, which secrete HCO 3 - and reabsorb H + .
type A cells, which reabsorb HCO 3 - and secrete H + .
type B cells, which secrete HCO 3 - and reabsorb H + .
type B cells, which reabsorb HCO 3 - and secrete H + .
Which of the following is a nitrogenous waste product produced from nucleic acid breakdown in the liver?
Urea
Deoxyribose
Uric acid
Creatinine
Which processes does urea undergo within the kidney?
It is filtered but neither reabsorbed nor secreted.
It is filtered and can be reabsorbed and secreted.
It is filtered and can also be secreted but not reabsorbed.
It is not filtered nor reabsorbed but can be secreted.
It is not filtered but can be secreted and reabsorbed.
Which accurately describes the handling of urea by the kidney?
All of the urea that reaches the kidney is excreted in the urine.
About half of the urea that is filtered is excreted in the urine.
None of the urea that reaches the kidney is excreted in the urine.
Pregnancy tests often involve checking the urine for the presence of
bilirubin from the fetus.
human chorionic gonadotropin.
sulfonamides.
epinephrine and prostaglandin.
The countercurrent multiplier is a system by which the
nephron loop multiplies the concentration of salts in the interstitial fluid of the
kidney medulla.
nephron loop dilutes the concentration of solutes in the tubular fluid at its hair pin turn.
vasa recta secretes multiple amounts of metabolic wastes against their concentration
gradient.
vasa recta becomes more concentrated with nitrogenous wastes than the urine.
The word "countercurrent" within "countercurrent multiplier" refers to the opposite direction of flow of
sodium and potassium across the wall of the nephron.
tubular fluid within the ascending and descending limb of the nephron loop.
salts and water across the wall of the renal tubule.
tubular fluid in the proximal convoluted tubule and collecting tubule.
As blood flows through the vasa recta alongside the ascending limb of the nephron loop,
the blood is flowing
toward the cortex.
deep into the medulla.
To measure GFR, an individual's urine is examined for the concentration of a test
substance that they received by injection. How is that test substance treated by the kidney?
It is filtered, reabsorbed, and excreted, but it is not secreted.
It is neither filtered nor reabsorbed, but it is secreted.
It is filtered but neither reabsorbed nor secreted.
It is filtered and secreted, but not reabsorbed.
It is not filtered, but it is secreted and reabsorbed.
To calculate GFR, the concentration of a marker molecule is measured in both the blood and the urine, and the total volume of urine produced is also measured. Which of the following sets of results indicates the highest GFR?
High concentration of the marker in the blood, high volume of urine, low
concentration of the marker in the urine
High concentration of the marker in the urine, high volume of urine, low
concentration of the marker in the blood
High concentration of the marker in the urine, low volume of urine, high
concentration of the marker in the blood
High concentration of the marker in the blood, low volume of urine, high
concentration of the marker in the blood
Substances that are both filtered and reabsorbed have a renal plasma clearance that is _________ the GFR.
higher than
lower than
the same as
Careful measurements of GFR are made by injection of _______, but approximations of GFR can be made more simply by measuring renal plasma clearance of _________.
creatine phosphate; insulin
insulin; creatine phosphate
inulin; creatinine
creatinine; inulin
Renal plasma clearance
is lower than GFR for substances that are both filtered and secreted.
is the same as GFR for substances that are both filtered and secreted.
is the amount of water loss from the plasma to the urine over the course of one hour.
is the volume of plasma that can be entirely cleared of a substance in one minute.
The normal pH for urine
is anything below7.0.
is anything above7.0
ranges between 4.5and 8.0.
ranges between 3.0and 6.0.
ranges between 8.0 and 9.0 for someone with a diet high in protein.
Normal urine has a specific gravity that is ________ than the specific gravity of pure water; dehydration leads to a __________ in the specific gravity of urine.
higher; increase
higher; decrease
lower; decrease
lower; increase
Urine flow from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder is produced by
ciliary action in the renal pelvis.
suction from the urinary bladder.
peristalsis of the ureters.
hydrostatic pressure from the small intestine.
contraction of the detrusor muscle.
Which layer is not found in the wall of the ureter?
Adventitia
Muscularis
Mucosa
Submucosa
What is the value of transitional epithelium in the urinary system?
Its cilia help propel the urine.
It can contract to produce peristalsis.
It allows distension.
It protects against trauma.
It provides cushioning.
Where in the urinary tract is transitional epithelium found?
Urinary bladder
Urethra
Ureters, urinary bladder, and prostatic urethra
Ureters
Ureters and urinary bladder
Which layer is not found in the wall of the urinary bladder?
Adventitia
Muscularis
Mucosa
Submucosa
No exceptions; all layers are found in the wall of the urinary bladder
Which is not correct regarding the urinary bladder?
There are two ureteral openings.
The inferior portion of the bladder is called the apex.
The mucosa has rugae for distension.
The peritoneum covers only the superior surface of the bladder.
The muscularis layer of the urinary bladder is commonly called the _____ muscle.
detrusor
trigone
extrusor
extrinsic
Within the urinary system, the storage reflex involves
contraction of both the detrusor muscle and the internal urethral sphincter.
contraction of the detrusor muscle and relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter.
relaxation of the detrusor muscle and contraction of the internal urethral sphincter.
relaxation of both the detrusor muscle and the internal urethral sphincter.
Micturition
is another name for urination.
is a reflex triggered by stretch receptors in the urinary bladder.
requires the opening of two sphincters.
requirescontraction of the muscularis layer of the urinary bladder.
All of the choices are correct.
Put the portions of the male urethra in the correct order, from the urinary bladder to the exterior.
a: Spongy part
b: Urethral orifice
c: Prostatic part
d: Membranous part
b, c, a, d
c, a, d, b
b, c, d, a
c, d, a, b
b, a, c, d
Which of the following is the correct formulat for calculation of net filtration pressure (NFP)?
NFP = HP g - OP g - HP c
NFP = HP g + OP g - HP c
NFP = HP c- OP g - HP g
NFP = HP c- OP g + HP g
