Energy

Catabolism

Catabolism is the break down of:

Which of the following is a product formed from catabolism?

Which of the following is a product formed from catabolism?

Catabolism is a part of:

Organotrophs use _______ sources as a source of energy

During starvation the main source of energy for brain is

In Glycolysis, this is known as the rate limiting step

This hormone is not involved in carbohydrate metabolism

The extraction of energy by breaking molecules and using this energy to synthesize the building blocks is

Acetyl CoA is not used for the synthesis of

_____ builds molecules required for the body’s functionality.

______ breaks down big complex molecules into smaller, easier to absorb molecules.

The hormones involved in the process of _____ are estrogen, testosterone, growth hormones and insulin.

The hormones involved in the process of _____ are adrenaline, cytokine, glucagon, and cortisol.

Examples of _______ processes are proteins becoming amino acids, glycogen breaking down into glucose and triglycerides breaking up into fatty acids.

The degradative processess can be broadly classified under

Glycolysis is an example of

Pick the correct statement

This has a spiral metabolic pathway

Enzymes, vitamins and hormones are common in

Two types of metabolic pathways

Classify the chemical processes as anabolic or catabolic.

-Synthesis of a protein from amino acids

Classify the chemical processes as anabolic or catabolic.

-Formation of a triacylglycerol from glycerol and fatty acids

Classify chemical processes as anabolic or catabolic.

-Hydrolysis of a polysaccharide to monosaccharides

Classify the chemical processes as anabolic or catabolic.

-Formation of a nucleic acid from nucleotides

DNA replication and RNA synthesis are the function of what cell organelle?

Serves as the Cellular boundary is the function of what part of the cell?

The water-based material of a eukaryotic cell.

Generates most of the energy needed for cell.

What cell organelle contain hydrolytic enzymes needed for cell rebuilding, repair and degradation?

Sites for protein synthesis

Distinguish the outer membrane of mitochondria

Distinguished the Inner membrane of mitochondria

Inner membrane folded into cristae to

Synthesis of ATP occurs on what part of mitochondria?

Several phosphate containing compounds found in metabolic pathways are known as _______.

Strained bond

Strained bonds are represented by sign ~ (squiggle bond) which contains?

Important Nucleotide-Containing Compounds in Metabolic Pathways responsible for Structural component of RNA

Key components of metabolic pathways

A typical cellular reaction in which FAD serves as ______ involves conversion of an alkane to an alkene

A typical cellular reaction in which NAD+ serves as the oxidizing agent is the oxidation of a secondary alcohol to give a ______

A derivative of vitamin B, a specific one

The diagram shows

Begins in mouth (saliva contains starch digesting enzymes), continues in the stomach (gastric juice), completed in small intestine: – Results in small molecules that can cross intestinal membrane into the blood

• End Products of digestion: – Glucose and monosaccharides from carbohydrates – Amino acids from proteins – Fatty acids and glycerol from fats and oils

The small molecules from digestion are further oxidized.

• End product of these oxidations is acetyl CoA

• Primary products include two-carbon acetyl units (which become attached to coenzyme A to give acetyl CoA) and the reduced coenzyme NADH.

• Involves numerous reactions: – Reactions occur both in cytosol (glucose metabolism) as well as mitochondria (fatty acid metabolism) of the cells.

Takes place inside the mitochondria

• In this stage acetyl group is oxidized to produce CO2 (which we exhale during breathing) and energy

• Most energy is trapped and carried by the reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2 to the fourth stage

• Some energy produced in this stage is lost in the form of heat

Takes place in mitochondria

• NADH and FADH2 are oxidized to release H+ and electrons

• H+ are transported to the inter-membrane space in mitochondria

• Electrons are transferred to O2 and O2 is reduced to H2O

• H+ ions reenter the mitochondrial matrix and drive ATP-synthase reaction to produce ATP

_____ are usually proteins that act as biological catalysts and speeds a reaction by lowering the activation energy, changing the reaction pathway that provides a lower energy route for conversion of substrate to product.

An enzyme structure that composed only of protein (amino acid chains) also it is the tertiary structure of the simple enzymes that makes it biologically active

An enzyme structure that has a non-protein part in addition to a protein part

Most commonly named with reference to their function

A substrate is the

Suffix -ase identifies it as an enzyme – e.g., urease, sucrase, and lipase are all enzyme designations – exception: the suffix -in is still found in the names of some

Predict the function of the enzymes.

-Maltase

Predict the function of the enzymes.

-Lactate dehydrogenase

Predict the function of the enzyme.

-Fructose oxidase

Predict the function of the enzymes.

-Maleate isomerase

Enzymes are grouped into six major classes based on the types of reactions they catalyze EXCEPT ONE

To what main enzyme class do the enzymes that catalyze the following chemical reactions belong?

To what main enzyme class do the enzymes that catalyze the following chemical reactions belong?

To what main enzyme class do the enzymes that catalyze the following chemical reactions belong?

To what main enzyme class do the enzymes that catalyze the following chemical reactions belong?

To what main enzyme class do the enzymes that catalyze the following chemical reactions belong?

To what main enzyme class do the enzymes that catalyze the following chemical reactions belong?

To what main enzyme class do the enzymes that catalyze the following chemical reactions belong?

To what main enzyme class do the enzymes that catalyze the following chemical reactions belong?

To what main enzyme class do the enzymes that catalyze the following chemical reactions belong?

_______ relatively small part of an enzyme’s structure that is actually involved in catalysis:

– where substrate binds to enzyme

– formed due to folding and bending of the protein.

– usually a “crevice like” location in the enzyme

Formed when substrate binds with the active site

Determine what Model for Substrate Binding to Enzyme is in the diagram.

In this model, the active site in the enzyme has a fixed, rigid geometrical conformation – only substrate of specific shape can bind with active site.

Determine what Model for Substrate Binding to Enzyme is in the diagram.

In this model, substrate contact with enzyme will change the shape of the active site – allows small change in space to accommodate substrate (e.g., how a hand fits into a glove) – the enzyme active site, although not exactly complementary in shape to that of the substrate, is flexible enough that it can adapt to the shape of the substrate.

The following are enzyme specificity, EXCEPT ONE!

Predict the function of the enzymes.

-Lactate dehydrogenase

Four factors affect enzyme activity, EXCEPT ONE!

Decreasing the sucrase concentration.

Describe the effect that each of the following changes would have on the rate of a reaction that involves the substrate sucrose and the intestinal enzyme sucrase.

Increasing the sucrose concentration.

Describe the effect that each of the following changes would have on the rate of a reaction that involves the substrate sucrose and the intestinal enzyme sucrase.

Lowering the temperature to 10ºC.

Describe the effect that each of the following changes would have on the rate of a reaction that involves the substrate sucrose and the intestinal enzyme sucrase.

Raising the pH from 6.0 to 8.0 when the optimum pH is 6.2.

Describe the effect that each of the following changes would have on the rate of a reaction that involves the substrate sucrose and the intestinal enzyme sucrase.

A microbial enzyme that is active at conditions that would inactivate human enzymes as well as enzymes present in most other organisms.

Extremophiles that can thrive at 80^o -122^o C and high pressure

Enzymes such as lipase, alkane monooxygenase, esterase, and alcohol dehydrogenase are associated with crude oil degradation.

What type of enzyme inhibitor is in the illustration that inactivates enzymes by forming a strong covalent bond with the enzyme’s active site?

What type of enzyme inhibitor is in the illustration that decreases enzyme activity by binding to a site on an enzyme other than the active site causes a change in the structure of the enzyme and prevents enzyme activity also increasing the concentration of substrate does not completely overcome inhibition.

• Examples: heavy metal ions Pb2+, Ag+, and Hg2+.?

What type of enzyme inhibitor that decreases enzyme activity by binding to the same active site as the substrate.

Mechanism of regulation by production of enzymes in an inactive forms

ACE inhibitors stands for

The graph shows the enzyme kinetics, which line represents the noncompetitive inhibitor?

Clinical Applications of Enzymes

Serum Enzymes used in diagnosis of tissue damage Organ Condition

Diagnostic Enzymes such as (AST) aspartate transaminase used to diagnose

the water-soluble vitamins, which include all B-vitamins and Vitamin C, act as

An organic compound essential for proper functioning of the body also must be obtained from dietary sources because human body can’t synthesize them in enough amounts

develops scurvy, a disease whose symptoms include skin lesions, fragile blood vessels, loose teeth, and bleeding gums

Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine, Folate (folic acid), cobalamin), Biotin these are examples of _____.

a primary alcohol of molecular formula C₂₀H₃₀O; occur only in the animal world, where the best sources are cod-liver oil and other fish-liver oils, animal liver and dairy products

Sunshine Vitamin

The antirachitic vitamin

Necessary for the normal calcification of bone tissue

It controls correct ratio of Ca and P for bone mineralization (hardening)

Alpha-tocopherol is the most active biological active

Greek, promoter of childbirth

• functions in the body as an antioxidant in that it inhibits the oxidation of unsat’d fatty acids by O2

• Primary function: Antioxidant – protects against oxidation of other compounds

Antihemorrhagic vitamin, active in the formation of proteins involved in regulating blood clotting