Basic unit of all matter consists of protons, neutrons and electrons

(a)  

Number of protons in the nucleus

(a)  

Positively charged protons and neutral neutrons

(a)  

Total number pf protons and neutrons

(a)  

The energy needed to overcome electrostatic force that binds electron to the nucleus. It is a conceptual basis of ionization.

(a)  

Process by which ions are formed by gain or loss of an electron from an atom or molecule

(a)  

High energy particles, x rays and uv radiation have sufficient energy to displace electrons fro their orbitals and ionize atoms

(a)  

Visible lights, infrared and microwave radiations

(a)  

Transmission of energy through space and matter

(a)  

Movement of energy through space as a combination of electric and magnetic fields; y rays, x rays (a)  

Considers electromagnetic radiation as small discrete bundles of energy called photons

(a)  

Shows relationship between photon wavelength and energy and the physical properties pf various portions of the spectrum

(a)  

Maintains that radiation is propagated in the form of waves

(a)  

Any subatomic particles such as protons neutrons and high speed electrons

(a)  

When large atoms Break up and release alpha or beta particles or gamma rays

(a)  

Produce x rays that pass through a patients tissues and strike a digital receptor or film to make a radiographic image

(a)  

For intraoral x rays the tube head is supported by an arm which is usually mounted to a wall

(a)  

Required to step up the mains voltage of 240 volts to the high voltage required across x ray tube.

(a)  

to minimize leakage

(a)  

Facilitate heat removal

(a)  

Required to step down the mains voltage of 240 volts to the low voltage current required to heat the filament

(a)  

Remove harmful low energy x rays

(a)  

Metal disc with central aperture to shape and limit the beam size to rectangle or round maximum of 6cm in diameter

(a)  

Indicates direction of beam and setting the ideal distance from focal spot on the target to the skin

(a)  

Consists of a heated filament of tungsten that provides source of electrons

(a)  

Consists of target a small piece of tungsten set into angled face of large copper block to allow efficient removal of heat

(a)  

Aims the stream of electrons at the focal spot on the target

(a)  

High energy connected between cathode and anode accelerates the electron from negative filament to positive target

(a)  

Composed of cathode and anode enclosed in an evacuated glass casing or tube

(a)  

Positive electrode acquires electrons and consists of a filament and focusing cup

(a)  

Source of electrons within x ray tube usually made from tungsten wire approximately 2mm in diameter and 1cm or less in length consists 1% thorium

(a)  

Where filament lies; negatively charged

(a)  

Small rectangular area on anode where focusing cup directs the electrons

(a)  

Negative electrode release electrons

(a)  

Embedded in copper stem to dissipate heat and prevent tungsten target from melting

(a)  

Efficient x ray production

(a)  

Withstand heat produced during production

(a)  

Dissipate heat away from target

(a)  

Maintain the vacuum in tube at high operating temperature.

(a)  

Target is placed at an angle to the electron beam inclined approximately 20 degrees to central ray of the xray beam

(a)  

Targets is in beveled disk form that rotates during x ray production

(a)  

Contained in x ray head together with x ray tube; provide low-voltage current to heat the x ray tube filament

(a)  

Flow of electrons from cathode to the anode generates current across x ray tube

(a)  

Kilovolt peak selector adjust high voltage transformer to boost peak voltage of incoming line current 110 or 220 V

(a)  

Half the cycle is positive and other half is negative only positive half can ensure that the electrons from filament are always drawn toward target

(a)  

Provides constant potential between anode and cathode

(a)  

Control length of time that high voltage is applied to the tube and time during x rays are produced

(a)  

Bremsstrahlung Radiation

Characteristic radiation

(a)  

Small deflections of the bombarding electrons are the most common producing many low-enegry photons

(a)  

Wide range of photon energies

(a)  

Removal of low energy photons from beam

(a)  

Desirable to keep it as short as possible to minimize blurring from patient motion

(a)  

Proportional in settings affects the quality of radiation produced by the x ray tube

(a)  

Increases kinetic energy of electrons increasing the kVp of an x ray machines

(a)  

metallic barrier to shape and restrict the size of xray

(a)  

Intensity of x ray beam varies with distance from focal spot

(a)  

Number of photons in x ray beam

(a)  

Mean energy of an x ray beam

(a)