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WorksheetsMicrobiology 101 Exam 1
Total questions: 143
Worksheet time: 36hrs 45mins
-when tissue freezes
- it's going to shunt blood from your toes, fingers, & nose --> to the heart, lungs, & brain
-The tissue has died
--> the cells aren't rupturing
--> water in the cells freeze
--> The cells expand and burst
Polio
Streptococcus
Frostbite
Lyme disease
--> True anaerobic organism (dies in the presence of oxygen)
--> thrives in dead tissue
- gets into the tissue & kills it --> which could lead to amputation from sent toxins out to kill tissue
--> soil organism
--> its everywhere (in the environment)
streptomyces
Clostridium Perfrigens
coccobacillus
Streptoccus mutans
- an organism that can cause "strep throat"
- in right situation --> cause necrotizing flesh eating bacteria (loosing skin)
Streptococcus
Syphilis
MRSA
Polio
- causes MRSA --> bacteria (very resistant) causes diseases
Measles
Black Death
Staphylococcus aureus
Yersinia Pestis
- STD
- gets into tissue/bone --> it will eat the bone away
- if it gets into the brain --> person goes crazy
Staph
Yersinia Pestis
Black Death
Syphilis
-from tick bite
- likes to attack & lodge itself in joints, knees, fingers, shoulders
- only treatment --> 6 weeks of strong tetracycline or Erythromycin
- put something in your heart for the drug to spread throughout the body
Lyme Disease
measles
flu
rabies
- huge charity (non-profit)
- developed in 1951 by a group of mothers because their children had polio
- research for polio
Lyme disease
Polio
March of Dimes
Antibiotics that don't wear me out
- get the vaccine as a kid (2 days old)
- oral vaccine
- an outbreak (New York) --> immigrants coming into the country w/o being vaccinated and people not getting vaccinated during COVID
- attacks the muscles & cause paralysis
- enters through the mouth (contaminated water), to the stomach and intestinal tract
- sometimes to the blood & attacks the nervous system or muscles
salmonella
ovarian cancer
polio
penicillin
- huge problem in the 50s, w/ the swimming pools. That's why they started to add chlorine to swimming pools
- secreted by an infected person via people material
Flu
Rabies
measles
Polio in swimming pools
- fined $250 for cats & dogs that aren't vaccinated for Rabies
- any warm-blooded animal can transmit it
- The virus --> sits at the base of the brain, then travels to the salivary glands and replicates itself. There it injects contaminated saliva
- humans can transmit the virus as well
- positive test from the nipper bodies (stain them) cut out from the brain
measles
Rabies
elephant mushroom
salmonella
- very infectious
- passes easily through Brinks aerosols
- get extremely hot body temp (fever)
- no treatment --> try to bring body temp down
measles
flu
E.Coli
Listeria
- dogs can get it
- transmits a lot from animal to animal
- "Fido's Food could be making your kids sick"
- Dog food contaminated --> made from all different parts of (bad quality) meat
- dogs eat contaminated food --> gives you wet kisses --> you get it
Salmonella
rabies
Flu
measles
-dog foods contaminated are with ____
- produces lots of toxins
--> alpha toxins, which are very dangerous to you and the dog
- There are species of _________ where they're highly poisonous --> could be dead within a half hour
(a)
- making artificial bacon from 3 million (a)
What gives the violin its amazing sound?
- Stradivarius violin --> the tree used has (a) , which changes the structure of the wood
Ovarian cancer cure? --> A chemical in the bark of the ____ ____
- Found ____ that makes the chemical in the bark --> extract the chemical to make a treatment
(a)
Antibiotics Don't Wear Me Out
Overusing antibiotics --> _______ _____ (resistant)
_____ (harsh environment) --> if you can survive here, you can survive anywhere
(a)
______ ______ was one of the first antibiotics
- A natural anesthesia & anti microbial component
(a)
Discovered by medical doctor named Fleming
Still used today --> _______ grown on canelo
Pharmaceutical Company will purposely infected canelo w/ _______ --> extract the mold & chemicals, you now have insulin
(a)
Designer Jeans --> Made By Microbes
Classic bleached jeans --> added w/ _____ breaks the material down. Gives the washed jean look
Jean clad material --> use microorganisms
Cant plant lots of cotton? --> Instead, microorganisms to make cotton fiber, we spin it and get the material
Bleaching Jeans --> use ________ crocodiles
____ used to make the blue color
(a)
What are Anti Microbial Tiles?
(a)
What is Sherwin Williams Antibacterial Paint?
(a)
What Astronauts Do?
- To stay clean & healthy --> ____ & _____
- keeps microbial organisms down
- keeps the odor down
- heavy metals to combat microorganisms
- put their water in grass containers --> kills _______
(a)
- treatable early
- soaked materials, excellent way of killing organisms —> phenol
- thought to be transmitted through the air you breathe, but it’s actually from a bite (fleas)
- not really any controls in 1700s
E. Coli
Streptococcus mutans
Lyme Disease
Black Death
- Bacteria digests & metabolizes —> produces energy
- The Engineering & Environmental Science (Solan Hall), took a bucket of sludge out of a pond and powered Christmas lights
Bacterial Battery
Ovarian Cancer
Antibiotic Treatments
Methane Gas
Round Structure (Prokaryotic cell)
(a)
What is a Coccus example?
(a)
Long rod structure (Prokaryotic cell)
(a)
What is a Bacillus example?
(a)
Cucumber shape, pretty individual, curved rod (prokaryotic cell)
(a)
What is a Vibrio example?
(a)
wavy structure organisms
(a)
cork screw shape organism
(a)
cocci in clusters
(a)
clusters of 4
(a)
spiral-shaped cells
(a)
fungi
(a)
fruiting bodies
(a)
Diplo --> ___ _____
(a)
Strepto --> ____ __ ______
EX: Streptococcus
(a)
packets in groups
(a) ---> looks like grapes
Biofilms
-a little ecosystem
- distinct ______
- can withstand high ______ & _____
pressures
&
temps
volume
&
pressures
temps
&
volume
attachment
motility
Slime Layer
- loose structure Glycocalyx (sugar/protein)
Ex: ______ _____ ____
Manatees
dry itchy throat
bad breath bacteria
Teeth
("Morning Yuck")
_____________ ______ ---> normal flora bacteria
Streptococcus pneumonia
Lysteria
staplococcus
aureus
Streptoccus Mutans
Problems with Normal Flora Bacteria
1. Teeth cleaning _____ _____ supply then attaches to heart values and causes Endocarditis
2. _____ Joints
--> (surgery) can't get your teeth cleaned for a year
3. Cathers- medical use
4. River Rocks
5. Manatees
enters blood, Artificial
leaves blood, weak
attacks blood, fragile
circulates blood, tensile
_______ ---> Glue of Life
- tight structure Glycocalys (sugar/protein)
- Ex: Disease cause microbes
Pilus
Slime layer
Biofilm
Capsule
___________ ___________ (capsule)
1) Attaches to lung tissue
--> causes pneumonia
2) Protects microbe
--> Prevents "phagocytosis by
macrophages"
E. Coli
Gonorrhea
Streptococcus Pheumoniae
Bacillus Anthracis
________ ________ (capsule)
-Bioterroism Microbe
(After 911)
Lysteria
Bacillus Anthracis
Streptococcus Pheumoniae
Staphylococcus aureus
- protein/sugar
- dense structure
- attach to host cells movement
- Ex: E.Coli. (GI Tract)
- Tract --> produce cytotoxins
- Gonorrhea --> STD
Flagellum
Pilus
Capsule
Fimbriae
- protein/sugar
- loose structure
- attachment to host cells
- E. coli --> GI Tract
--> produce cytotoxins & endotoxins
Flagellum
Pilus
Fimbriae
Capsule
What prokaryotes is used for anchoring?
—> very unique structure
- Energy source (ATP) produced in cell membrane ( Electron Transport Chain)
- Filament—> breaks, regrow
Flagellum
Pilus
Capsule
Fimbriae
what is the structural feature of a Flagella?
(a)
What is the 2nd function of the Flagellum—-> ______ - attachment
-Ex: Helibacter pylori
—> stomach/ ulcers
-Ex: campylobacter jejuni
—-> cattle, chicken
—-> intestinal tract
—> food borne pathogen
Anchor
Morph
water absorption
Equilibrium
What is the 3rd function of the Flagellum—-> _____ _____ _____
- Ex: Lysteria Sp.
-travels to fetus —> kills fetus
Develops peptoglycogin layer
Dilutes pH content
Absorbs into membrane
Move through tissue
___ ___ —> tells shape of bacteria
-Gram positive
—> purple stain
-Gram negative
—> pink stain
-Atypical
(a)
Gram (a) cell wall
- thick peptidoglycan layer
- protein/ sugar structure
- a series of of glycan rods held together by tetra peptide chains
- very sensitive to heating acids
- penicillin
An example of a Gram Positive cell wall?
E. Coli
Mycolic acid
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus perifigin
Gram (a) Cell wall
- thin peptidoglycan layer
- Has LPS —> Lipopoly Saccharide
What is an example of a Gram Negative Cell Wall—-> __ ____
(a)
What is a Gram Negative bacteria that…
1. Releases endotoxins causing—> Full
Body Shut Down (destroys heart, liver, kidneys)
2. Hard to treat
3. Can’t use antibiotics
(a)
(a) Cell Wall
- comprised of a thick hydrophobic waxy lipid (mycolic acid) and cholesterol cell wall
- pleomorphic (various) structure ( very long, branching, etc.)
-very hard to treat
What is are examples of a Atypical cell wall—-> __________ &
_____
—> Erodes tissue (likes fingers, toes, nose, cheeks)
—-> Armadillo (very common carrier)
(a)
___ _______ —-> selective barrier
- Cholesterol
—> makes sure the cell won’t freeze or melt
Cytokines
Cell membrane
Cytoskeleton
Cytoplasm
(a) Diffusion
- water, some acids, vitamins, and minerals can passively go across the cell membrane
(a) Diffusion
- use transporter proteins (channels)
(a) Transport
- goes against the concentration gradient
(a) —-> a very specific protein that allows the movement of water.
- brings water into cell quickly (to dilute/equilibrium of cell)
A prokaryotic cell membrane has
______, ______ ______, ________
Flagella
Electron transport chain (ATP)
Mitochondria
No mitochondria
Ribosome
_________ ——> internal protein structure (shape)
-attached inside cell membrane
- Has Binary Fission (bacteria replication)
-protein structure
- helps during cell division
Cytokines
Cell membrane
Cytoskeleton
Cytoplasm
________ ——> semi-solid materials
1) stores nutrients
- minerals
- vitamins
- Amino Acids
-Carbs
- Lipids
- Water
2) Location of Protein Synthesis
a) Transription
b) Translation
3) Energy Production
4) Organize Cellular Materials
Cytoplasm
Cytokines
Cytoskeleton
Cell Membrane
________ ________ ——> storage of materials
-nutrients
- metals —> Iron, Lead, Zinc, Oil (eating bacteria)
Plasmid
Inclusion Granules
Gas Vesicles
Ribosome
___ _____ —-> small rigid structures that allow buoyancy of the cell (float up or down)
Plasmid
Ribosome
Gas Vesicles
Inclusion Granules
_______ —-> made up of two subunits (prokaryote)
—> 1 small (30)
—-> 1 large (50)
Complete (70)
Gas Vesicle
Ribosome
Inclusion Granules
Plasmid
______ ________ ——> “ To make Protein”
——> “S” Suedberg Unit- sedimentation rate
(a)
Ribosome Structure in Bacteria:
Small Subunit :__s
Large Subunit: __s
70s structure very sensitive to antibiotics
Ex: Streptomycin
Gentamicin
(a)
Ribosome Structure in You:
-Small Subunit: __s
-Large Subunit: __s
Complete: __s
(a)
(a) (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
- Alpha helix ∝
- Double Bonded
- 5 carbon sugar --> deoxyribose phosphate backbone
- Base Pairs
-Adenine (A)--(T) Thymine
-Guanine (G)--(C) Cytosine
What is the structural shape of bacterial DNA---> (a)
- DNA --> circular
--> gene ties protein "cookbook"/ information
What is the name of the extra piece of DNA in bacterial cells? What is its function? ----> (a)
- extra piece of DNA
- can code for "antibiotic resistance"
What is the name for Bacterial Replication? --> _____ _______
(a)
Why are Endospores Formed?
(a)
What are two unique structural features of an Endospore
thin waxy membrane
thicker peptidoglycan layer (cell wall)
double membrane
thin peptidoglycan layer (cell wall)
Give two examples of bacteria that produces endospores
Streptococcus pneumonia's
Clostridium Tetani ---> Tetanus
Escherichia coli --> E. Coli
Bacillus Anthracis ---> anthrax
What is Biofilm and give an example
- mixtures of flagella and cholesterol in the membrane
-ex: streptococcus pheumoniae
-a little ecosystem
- ex: Streptoccus Mutans
- surrounding layer over membrane
-- ex: Streptoccus Mutans
-a little ecosystem
-ex: streptococcus pheumoniae
Give two examples why we need food macromolecules?
(a)
Our Building Blocks Consist of:
__ Minerals
__ Vitamins (water soluble)
__ Vitamins (fat soluble)
____ ---> sugars
____ --> produce 20 Amino Acids
___ --> Triglycerides
____ --> H20
(a)
What are some of our Fat soluble Vitamins
(a)
What is the function for Vitamin K
cell health
Blood clots
Energy production
Eye sight
What is the function for Vitamin A
blood clots
Eyes, produce mucus (goblet cells)
calcium absorption
cell health
What is the function for Vitamin D
bone health
cell health
calcium absorption
blood clots
eye sight
What is the function for Vitamin E
blood clots
cell health
calcium absorption
antioxidant
cellular division
What are some of our water soluble vitamins
(a)
What is the functions for Vitamin C
Bone health
Collegen production
Energy production (ATP)
antioxidant
Calcium absorption
What are some Vitamin B examples?
(a)
Carbon is the ____ __ ____ in both Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes
(a)
Oxygen is used for ___ _______ in both Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes
(a)
Hydrogen is used for __, __ ____, ___ ______ in Prokaryotes
(a)
Hydrogen is used for __, __ ____, ___ ______, _____ ______, __ in Eukaryotes
(a)
What is Nitrogen used for with Prokaryotes & Eurkayotes
DNA/mRNA
Protein
pH
Amino Acids
lipid bilayer
What is Phosphate used for with Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes
ATP
phospholipids
DNA backbone
pH
mRNA
What is Sulfur used for with Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes
Protein Structure
H+ protons
Disulfide bonds
DNA
ATP Production
What is Iron used for with Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes
DNA
ATP Production
Protein Synthesis
RBC Production
What is Zinc used for with Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes
ATP Production
Cell growth
Antioxidant
Eyesight
What are some carbohydrate examples in Prokaryotes
(a)
What are some carbohydrate examples in Eukaryotes
(a)
What is the path of ATP Production in YOU
What is the path of ATP Production in Bacteria
What are the functions of Triglycerides in Prokaryotes
1 Tri. = 129 ATP
helps cell membrane
Protection
Insulation
cell regrowth
What are the functions of Triglycerides in Eukaryotes
1 Tri= 129 ATP
Cell regrowth
Protection
Insulation
Antioxidant
All Cell Membranes (Eukaryote & Prokaryote) have a (a) bilayer
- Animals
-Plants
-Bacteria
-Organelles
-Delay in puberty (2 to 5yrs) --> lack of (a)
-(for women only) --> don't make sex hormones until ≈ 10yrs
-males have sex hormones when they're born
What is Cholesterol involved in with Prokaryotes ---> ___ ________ & ______ ____ _____
(a)
What is Cholesterol involved in with Eukaryotes ---> ____________ & ____ __________
(a)
How are Protein functions involved with Prokaryotes:
Has a high heat capacity
Antibiotic Transport Cell
Involved w/ Hair, nails, muscles, transport proteins, sperm
Gram + Cell Wall
Involved w/ capsule, slime layer, pili, fimbrae, sex pili, flagella, enzymes, & toxins
What are the functions of water?
1) High ____ Capacity
--> H-bonds absorb heat & maintain body heat
2) _____ Chemical Bonds
---> Hydrolysis
3) ____Chemical Bonds
---> Dehydration & Condensation (water --> subproduct)
4) Transport System/ Solvent
--> Hydration Shell
5) Cooling/_____
6) pH Potential Hydrogen
H20---> H+ + OH-
(Donate/accept H+)
7) H+ ---> proton for energy production
8) Impact/_______
-Joints, eyes, spinal fluid, fetal development
(a)
What is osmosis?
How your cells are regulating water
process of moving water from hight to low concentrations
process of moving water against the concentration gradient
the movement of water when its in Isotonic stage
______ ________ —-> no net movement of water; cells do not change in size or shape
(a)
________ _________ —-> water diffuses outward; cells shrink
(a)
________ __________ ——> water diffuses inward; cells swell
(a)
Explain three methods by which "Genetic Variation" occurs in prokaryotic cells?
(a)
___________: some bacteria take up outside genetic information (naked DNA) from the environment.
-Griffith's Experiment 1928
—> 2 strains (forms) Streptococcus Pneumoniae
-Smooth (capsule) cause disease (mouse dies)
-Rough (no capsule) don't cause disease (mouse doesn’t die)
Transformation
Transduction
Translation
Conjugation
_________: process where one bacteria transfers genetic information to another bacteria through direct contact (sex pili).
- 1 Donor Bacteria —> carries DNA sequence (F-factor)
—> F-Factor produces the pili, which connects the two together
- 1 Receiver Bacteria
Transduction
Transformation
Conjugation
Translation
_________: process by which a bacteria transfers genetic information from one bacteria to another.
- the bacteriophages are able to infect bacterial cells and use them as hosts to make more bacteria
Conjugation
Translation
Transformation
Transduction
List two unique structures or characteristics of bacterial flagellum
1) Located on ___ ________
2) Rotate ______
(a)
List two positives and negative stimuli that bacteria use their flagella for:
Positives: ______, _______
Negatives: ______, _____
(a)
List bacteria w/ an Atypical cell wall: _______, _______
What animal is a carrier of an Atypical Cell Wall Microbe: _______
(a)
Define "Denature"
Why is this concept important?
(a)
What Phospholipids (Function) does humans have?
(a)
Give two examples of bacteria that produce endospores
(a)
What Structure protects a microbe from phagocytosis?
(a)
List two mineral and their function in prokaryotic cells
Oxygen- ATP production
Nitrogen- ATP production
Hydrogen- ATP production
Carbon-ATP production
List one function of human flagella: ____
What type of eukaryotic cell has a flagella: _______________
(a)
List two unique structural features of an Endospores
spins 1000 times
double cell membrane
thin peptidoglycan layer
thick peptidoglycan layer
Why is the ribosome size difference important?
(a)
List two unique anatomical structure that allow bacteria to produce Biofilms
Fimbriae
Capsule
Biofilm
Slime layer
What Cholesterol (function) does E. Coli have?
Endospores
Gram Positive Cell Wall
Atypical cell wall
Gram Negative Cell Wall
Microbiology encompasses a large area of microbes. What are some benefits or some that cause disease of bacteria.
Benefits: _________ ______
Disease: _______ _________, __________ __________
(a)
What phospholipid (function) does E. coli have?
(a)
What structure would an antibiotic NOT be used and why: ______ ______ cell wall
- it has two peptidoglycan layer between membranes which makes it harder to penetrate
(a)
What Triglyceride (function) does E. Coli have
Bone growth
Cell growth
Insulation
ATP Production
Which structure would an antibiotic be used: _____ ______ Cell Wall
- has one outer layer of peptidoglycan layer which antibiotics can inhibit the production, making the wall weak
(a)
What are protein structures found in humans (eukaryotic)
nails
hair
Flagellum
Pilus
sperm
What is the structural shape of bacterial DNA: ______ shaped
What is it called: ______
(a)
