ORIGIN OF GLOBALIZATION

• It argues that it is difficult to find a single point of origin, but the effort is largely irrelevant since there long have been cycles of globalization and it is those that are utmost importance, not particular phase or point of origin

ORIGIN OF GLOBALIZATION

Globalization occurred sequentially each with its own point of origin

ORIGIN OF GLOBALIZATION

Globalization occurred sequentially each with its own point of origin

PHASE

Agricultural and urban revolutions, migrations, increased trade, and ancient empires grew out of Eurasia

PHASE

Commercial revolutions commenced in the Greco-Roman world, West Asia and East Africa.

PHASE

The world economy emerged alongside the caravan trade in the Middle East.

PHASE

The improvements in productivity and technology emerged throughout East and South Asia, with increased urbanization and development of the silk routes.

PHASE

TTrade expanded across the Atlantic Ocean and into the Americas.

PHASE

Trade expanded across the Atlantic Ocean and into the Americas.

PHASE

MNC’s and global value chains emerged throughout the US, Europe, and Japan and the Cold War Ended.

PHASE

A new geography of trade encompasses East Asia and the emerging economies, with a global rebalancing of power and economic flows.

PHASE

• In Europe (early fifteenth century to mid-eighteenth century). Important developments during this period were the sun-centered view of the universe, the beginnings of modern geography, and the spread of the Gregorian calendar.

PHASE

Among the key developments in this period were the “crystallization of conceptions of formalized international relations,” a “more concrete conception of humankind,” and “[s]harp increases in conventions and agencies concerned with international and transnational regulation and communication” (1990: 26).

PHASE

Among the key developments in this period were the “crystallization of conceptions of formalized international relations,” a “more concrete conception of humankind,” and “[s]harp increases in conventions and agencies concerned with international and transnational regulation and communication” (1990: 26).

PHASE

This period was characterized by war (WW II) and disputes (Cold War) over the still fragile globalization process. The UN was formed during this period.

PHASE

Many global developments occurred during this period including inclusion of the Third World in the global system, end of the Cold War (and bipolarity), spread of nuclear weapons, world civil society, world citizenship, and global media system consolidation.

ORIGIN OF GLOBALIZATION

Many global developments occurred during this period including inclusion of the Third World in the global system, end of the Cold War (and bipolarity), spread of nuclear weapons, world civil society, world citizenship, and global media system consolidation.

ORIGIN OF GLOBALIZATION

There is a sense in this view that change occurred in the last half of the twentieth century. Three of these momentous changes have been identified by scholars as the point of origin of globalization as it exists today

TYPE OF GLOBALIZATION

Countries that trade with many others and have few trade barriers are economically globalised.

TYPE OF GLOBALIZATION

The amount of political co-operation there is between countries.

TYPE OF GLOBALIZATION

A measure of how easily information and ideas pass between people in their own country and between different countries (includes access to internet and social media networks).

CAUSES OF GLOBALIZATION

CAUSES OF GLOBALIZATION

EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION

EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION

POSITIVE Impacts of Globalization in the Government

POSITIVE Impacts of Globalization in the Government

POSITIVE Impacts of Globalization in the Government

NEGATIVE Impacts of Globalization in the Government

NEGATIVE Impacts of Globalization in the Government

POSITIVE Impacts of Globalization in Labor

NEGATIVE Impacts of Globalization in Labor

THE GLOBALIZATION DEBATE

Dominant features: Global capitalism, global governance, global civil society

Summary argument: The end of the nation-state

THE GLOBALIZATION DEBATE

Dominant features: World less interdependent than in 1880s

Summary argument: Internationalization depends on state acquiescence and support

THE GLOBALIZATION DEBATE

Historically unprecedented levels of global interconnectedness

‘Thick’ (intensive and extensive)

Summary argument Globalization transforming state power and world politics

IMF’s FUNDAMENTAL MISSION

Oversees the international monetary system and monitors the economic and financial policies of it’s 189 member countries.

IMF’s FUNDAMENTAL MISSION

Provides loans to member countries experiencing actual or potential balance of payments problems to help them rebuild their international reserves.

IMF’s FUNDAMENTAL MISSION

To modernize economic policies and institutions and train people.

funds provided by a government to enable firms to reduce prices and encourage an increase price and demand.

are "non-tariff barriers" used to limit imports of a particular products.

branch of public health concerned with all aspects of the natural and build environment affecting human health.

A trade and economic policy which advocates replacing foreign imports with domestic production.

a company that operates in two or more countries, leveraging the global environment to approach varying markets in attaining revenue generation. These international operations are pursued as a result of the strategic potential provided by technological developments, making new markets a more convenient and profitable pursuit both in sourcing production and pursuing growth.

an organization with an international membership, scope, or presence.

The idea of a ‘system’ requires the existence of units, among which interactions take place.

In political theory, the ultimate overseer, or authority, in the decision-making process of the state and in the maintenance of order.

one of the most controversial ideas in political science and international law—is closely related to the difficult concepts of state and government and of independence and democracy

Is a term associated with non verbal communication that refers to how people use space (territory) to communicate ownership or occupancy of areas and possessions.

Is the act of or something that obstructs or hinders.

THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE OF INTERSTATE SYSTEM

just like human individuals, states are rational actors and their primary concern is to maximize their self - interest.

It also assumes that the structure of the international system is anarchy.

THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE OF INTERSTATE SYSTEM

just like human individuals, states are rational actors and their primary concern is to maximize their self - interest.

It also assumes that the structure of the international system is anarchy.

THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE OF INTERSTATE SYSTEM

concerned with the relationship between units and structures. It answers how we can understand the relationship between states and anarchy. It argues that both state interests and anarchy are socially constructed, that is, they are created by the state themselves.

THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE OF INTERSTATE SYSTEM

concerned with the relationship between units and structures. It answers how we can understand the relationship between states and anarchy. It argues that both state interests and anarchy are socially constructed, that is, they are created by the state themselves.

THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE OF INTERSTATE SYSTEM

ocial theory that aims to scrutinize and critique the underlying foundations upon which contemporary world system is built.

the world is primarily divided along economic lines, between the core developed states and the peripheral developing states

regards globalization as an exogenous process that is making a profound impact on states affairs. States become powerless to the forces of the market.

The implication is that globalization is undermining the contemporary interstate system.

Globalization recognizes that states are the ones influencing the level of global interconnectedness today.

It emphasizes that globalization is not an independent phenomenon that takes place in a vacuum.

Also known as lateral integration.

The merger of two or more companies that occupy similar levels in the production supply chain..

Is a competitive strategy by which a company takes complete control over one or more stages in the production or distribution of a product.

Business activities are expanded to include control of the direct distribution or supply of a company's products.

Process in which a company purchases or internally produces segments of its supply chain.

the combination of two or more business entities engaged in entirely different businesses that fall under one corporate group ,usually involving a parent company and many subsidiaries.

TYPE OF BUSINESS

provides intangible products(products within physical form).Service type firms offer professional skills,expertise,advice, and other similar products.

TYPE OF BUSINESS

buys products at whole sale price and sells the same at retail price. They are known as "buy and sell" businesses. They make profit by selling the products at prices higher than their purchase costs.

TYPE OF BUSINESS

buys products with the intention of using them as materials in making a new product.Thus, there is a transformation of the products purchased.

combines raw materials, labor, and factory over head in its production process.

The manufactured goods will then be sold to customers.

TYPE OF BUSINESS

companies that may be classified in more than one type of business.

companies may be classified according to their major business interest.

FORM OF BUSINESS

a business owned by only one person. It is easy to set-up and is the least costly among all forms of ownership.

FORM OF BUSINESS

business owned by two or more persons who contribute resources into the entity. The partners divide the profits of the business among themselves.

FORM OF BUSINESS

business organization that has a separate legal personality from its owners. Ownership in a stock corporation is represented by shares of stock.

FORM OF BUSINESS

are hybrid forms of business that have characteristics of both a corporation and a partnership.

not incorporated;hence,it is not considered a corporation.

FORM OF BUSINESS

business organization owned by a group of individuals and is operated for their mutual benefit.The persons making up the group are called members. may be incorporated or unincorporated.

- with one quarter of the world population—controls four-fifths of the income earned anywhere in the world. 90% of the manufacturing industries are owned by and located in the North.

—with one quarter of the world populations—has access to one-fifth of the world income. As nations become economically developed, they may become part of the North; similarly, any nations that do not qualify for developed status are in effect to be part of the south.

•The Underdevelopment of Certain States or Peoples and their Lack of Representation in Global Political Process is a Reality

•Imbalances of Aggregate Economic and Political Power Between States

•Generally assumes that the international system is inherently disorderly and relations are anarchic because primary actors are perpetually locked against a struggle for power and security.

The behaviours and actions of these states are directed toward the promotion of their self-interest.

Specifically argues that the instability in the international system results from different facets of class struggle

that the rejection of power politics is the only possible outcome of international relations

•Considers international politics as a real of interaction influenced by the identities and practices of actors and directed further by the incessantly changing norms.

•

•The motivation behind the behaviours and actions of a state is shaped by their interactions with other states and actors

•Global economic integration is not only inevitable given the rise of new technologies; it is more importantly, a normative international goal.

•Dominant ideology of colonialism and the logic that shaped the birth of the international order

•Outlined historical progress in terms of a society’s capacity to produce and consume material goods.

In political theory, the ultimate overseer, or authority, in the decision-making process of the state and in the maintenance of order.

one of the most controversial ideas in political science and international law—is closely related to the difficult concepts of state and government and of independence and democracy