pertains to the use of an endoscope (flexible fiberoptic tube with a light source and magnifying lens) to examine the interior of a hollow organ or body cavity, such as the gastrointestinal (GI) tract; used for various medical purposes

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the branch of medicine focused on the structure, functions, and disorders of the digestive system

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mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and stomach

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large and small intestines, rectum, and anus

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the body eliminates the indigestible remains after this process of absorption in this process called

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dent/o, odont/o

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gingiv/o

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gloss/o, lingu/o

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or/o, stomat/o

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ptyal/o

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sial/o

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esophag/o

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pylor/o

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duoden/o

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enter/o

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jejun/o

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ile/o

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an/o

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append/o, appendic/o

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proct/o

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rect/o

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sigmoid/o

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cholangi/o

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chol/e

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cholecyst/o

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choledoch/o

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hepat/o

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pancreat/o

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-orexia

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-pepsia

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-prandial

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hypo-

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inflammation of the appendix, typically an acute condition caused by blockage of the appendix followed by infection that is treated with surgical removal of the inflamed appendix and antibiotic therapy

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pathological buildup of fluid in the abdominal (peritoneal) cavity as a result of liver disease, cancer, heart failure, or kidney failure

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gurgling or rumbling sound heard over the large intestine that is caused by gas moving through the intestines

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chronic liver disease characterized by destruction by destruction of liver cells thta eventually leads to ineffective liver function and jaundice

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formation of bulging pouches (diverticula) throughout the colon but most commonly in the lower portion of the colon (includes diverticulosis, diverticular bleeding, and diverticulitis)

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inflammation of the intestine, especially of the colon, caused by chemical irritants, bacteria, or parasites and characterized by diarrhea, colitis, and abdominal cramps

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abnormal tunnel connecting two body cavities, such as the rectum and the vagina (rectovaginal fistula), or a body cavity to the skin, such as the rectum to the outside of the body, caused by an injury, infection, or inflammation

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backflow (reflux) of gastric contents into the esophagus as a result of malfunction of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

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passage of bright red, bloody stools (usually an indication that the colon is bleeding somewhere) commonly caused by diverticulitis or hemorrhoids but may be a symptom of cancer

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mass of enlarged, twisted varicose veins in the mucous membrane inside (internal) or just outside (external) the rectum; also called piles

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protrusion or projection of an organ or a part of an organ through the wall of the cavity that normally contains it

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hernia whose blood supply has been cut off, leading to necrosis with gangrene of the hernial sac and its contents; a condition that is life threatening and requires immediate surgery

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disorder that causes inflammation of the intestines

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chronic IBD that may affect any portion of the intestinal tract (usually the ileum) and is distinguished from closely related bowel disorders by its inflammatory pattern, which tends to be patchy or segmented; also called regional colitis

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chronic IBD of the colon characterized by ulcers, constant diarrhea mixed with blood, and pain

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common colon disorder characterized by constipation, diarrhea, gas, and bloating that does not cause permanent damage to the colon; also called spastic colon

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yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and sclerae of the eyes caused by excessive levels of bilirubin in blood; also called hyperbilirubinemia

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condition in which body weight exceeds the range of normal or healthy, which is characterized as a body mass index (BMI) greater than 25

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more severe obesity in which a person has a BMI of 40 or greater, which is generally 100 lb or greater than ideal body weight

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open sore that may result from a perforation or lesion of the skin or mucous membrane accompanied by sloughing of inflamed necrotic (pathological death of a cell) tissue

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twisting of the bowel on itself, causing obstruction

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radiographic examination of the rectum and colon after administration of barium sulfate (radiopaque contrast medium) into the rectum. BE is used for diagnosis of obstructions, tumors, or other abnormalities, such as ulcerative colitis

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radiographic examination of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine after oral administration of barium sulfate (radiopaque contrast medium); also called upper GI series

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radiographic examination of the bile ducts with a contrast medium to reveal gallstones or other obstruction in the bile ducts

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visual examination of the esophagus (esophagoscopy), stomach (gastroscopy), and duodenum (duodenoscopy) by using an endoscope; also called upper GI endoscopy

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test performed on feces using the reagent gum guaiac to detect presence of blood in feces that is not apparent on visual inspection; also called Hemoccult test

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any of a group of procedures used to treat morbid obesity

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bariatric surgery in which the upper stomach near the esophagus is stapled vertically to reduce it to a small pouch and a band is inserted that restricts and delays food from leaving the pouch, causing a feeling of fullness

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bariatric surgery in which the upper stomach is first stapled to reduce it to a small pouch, and then the jejunum is shortened and connected to the small stomach pouch, causing the base of the duodenum leading from the nonfunctioning portion of the stomach to form a "Y" configuration, which decreases the pathway of food through the intestine, reducing absorption of calories and fats; also called gastric bypass with gastroenterostomy

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excision of a diseased part of the colon and relocation of the remaining end of the healthy colon through the abdominal wall to divert fecal flow to a colostomy bag

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eliminating a stone within the gallbladder or urinary system by crushing it surgically or by using a noninvasive method, such as ultrasonic shock waves, to shatter it

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use of shock waves as a noninvasive method to destroy stones in the gallbladder and biliary ducts

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insertion of a soft plastic nasogastric tube through the nostrils, past the pharynx, and down the esophagus into the stomach to remove substances from the stomach; deliver medication, food, or fluids; or to obtain a specimen for laboratory analysis

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excision of small, tumorlike, benign growths (polyps) that project from a mucous membrane surface

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neutralize acids in the stomach

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control loose stools and relieve diarrhea by absorbing excess water in the bowel or slowing peristalsis in the intestinal tract

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control nausea and vomiting by blocking nerve impulses to the vomiting center of the brain

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relieve constipation and facilitate passage of feces through the lower GI tract

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common condition in which there is an abnormal presence of gallstones (choleliths) or calculi (cholelithiasis) that form in the bile

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severe inflammation of the interior wall of the gallbladder, mostly a consequence of the obstruction of bile ducts by gallstones

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